The ReActiveMicro Apple II Wiki - User contributions [en]

User talk:Pcreager

2026-05-11T21:34:53Z

RMHenry: Welcome!

'''Welcome to ''The ReActiveMicro Apple II Wiki''!'''
We hope you will contribute much and well.
You will probably want to read the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Contents help pages].
Again, welcome and have fun! [[User:RMHenry|RMHenry]] ([[User talk:RMHenry|talk]]) 14:34, 11 May 2026 (PDT)

User:Pcreager

2026-05-11T21:34:53Z

RMHenry: Creating user page for new user.

Went from Apple ][+ in 1979 to a ROM 03 Apple IIGS in 1989.

User talk:Pbauer43

2025-10-20T18:29:28Z

RMHenry: Welcome!

User:Pbauer43

2025-10-20T18:29:27Z

RMHenry: Creating user page for new user.

Retired MIT Engineer since 2020. Worked as Aerospace engineer in the Dept. of Aeronautics at MIT>

Apple II Plus Rev 7 RFI

2025-10-20T01:55:21Z

RMHenry: /* Kit Assembly */

[[Image:Title_Apple_II_Plus.svg|700px|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/5/5b/Title_Apple_II_Plus.svg]]

[[Image:IMG_20200206_085701304_HDR-Store-tiny.png|thumb|Apple II Plus Rev 7 RFI, Current Version|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/3/33/IMG_20200206_085701304_HDR1-Wiki-tiny.png]]

The Apple II ''plus'' Rev 7 RFI motherboard replacement was started on April 20th, 2019 by Henry from [[ReActiveMicro]], and was officially released on February 15th, 2020. The 27-Series version of the motherboard was officially released on April 1st, 2020.

This marks the first full computer product released by ReActiveMicro. The concept is a factory new replacement motherboard which is reliable and fully tested, to be used as a replacement for the original motherboard. This will allow the user a better experience and less issues moving forward. In contrast, most original motherboards now require constant maintenance in order to stay in a dependable running state. Compounding the situation, the original motherboard has low quality sockets, and old DRAMs and ICs which are power hungry and are well past their lifespan ratings.

Product Status: Actively sold by ReActiveMicro.

Support: Post on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME}}|Discussion]] page (link above) or email [https://store.reactivemicro.com/contact-us/ ReActiveMicro Support].

Sales: Visit the [https://store.reactivemicro.com/shop/ ReActiveMicro Store].

==Kit Assembly==
The Apple II ''plus'' Rev 7 RFI Kit is a total of 2160 pads or "''solder joints''" for the 93-Series kit, and 2174 pads for the 27-Series kit. It takes about 5 hours to fully assemble a kit if you have a decent iron, flux, and solder. The parts included with your kit and the PCB have basic labels. Those with intermediate knowledge should have little trouble assembling the kit from the labels on the parts, the bag, and the PCB. The images below of the motherboards can also be used for reference or to determine orientation, such as the diodes.

'''To assemble your kit we recommend adding parts in groups and then soldering them. This will be the fastest way to assemble the PCB rather than adding one part at a time then soldering it.'''

* Start with the small passive parts like caps and resistors. Some of the location labels will be hard to see if you start with the sockets or other parts. Each time a part is added you can simply bend over a leg on each side to help hold the part to the PCB which allows the board to be turned over and prevents parts from falling out. It is most simple to load all the parts in groups and then solder and clip the legs as needed.
* Once the passive parts are installed next should be the IC sockets. When a socket is loaded on the board bending the corner pins of the sockets helps hole it to the PCB which allows group loading and soldering. The sockets are all the same thickness. So if you solder on a flat surface then this will also help hold all the sockets flat to the PCB and give a more uniform appearance when completed. '''Be sure ALL pin 1 'notches' '''are facing towards the keyboard end. The CPU socket 'notch' should be towards the Game IO / Video side, and the ROM SPCL should be facing towards the crystal side.
* End with the larger parts, like jacks, and finally the slots. Don't bend over these parts pins/legs as they will be too hard. You will need to hold them in place as you solder a few pins before you can group solder.

'''A good loupe (magnifying glass) is recommended for helping identify and confirm parts, like the markings on some small caps. It also helps with solder joint inspection. An illuminated 40 x 25mm and a 35 x 50mm loupe are well worth the investment and can be had for about $10 each on eBay.'''

<gallery class="center" heights=350px widths=280px>
File:IMG 20200206 085701304 HDR1-Wiki-tiny.png|93-Series ROM|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/3/33/IMG_20200206_085701304_HDR1-Wiki-tiny.png
File:IMG_20200330_171638153_HDR-Wiki.png|27-Series ROM|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/9/9e/IMG_20200330_171638153_HDR-Wiki.png
</gallery>

'''On June 7th, 2020 Chris Torrence posted a build video of the Apple II ''plus'' Rev 7 RFI kit. We highly recommend watching the video before starting your kit as well as fully reviewing this Wiki page.'''

{{#ev:youtube|lXXvktZ9Xls|400|center|Chris Torrence: Building the RM Apple II ''plus'' Kit: Part 1|frame}}

'''Note: '''Cautionary care needs to be taken while installing capacitors and diodes.

If your kit includes Aluminum or Tantalum capacitors, or "caps" for short, then be sure to install them in the correct orientation. The PCB will be clearly marked with "+" signs for all cap locations when the orientation of the part matters, or a polarized part is normally used. Sometimes a non-polarized part is used in place of a polarized one and then its orientation does not matter, however install a polarized cap backwards and you will damage it. An Aluminum Electrolytic will have a strip pointing to the NEGATIVE end lead. A Tantalum Electrolytic will generally have a marking or stripe to denote (not always pointing to) the POSITIVE lead.
* Install the 10uF Aluminum caps at locations C17 and C27. Be sure to install correctly as they are polarized. All caps will have value markings on them. "106" is 10uF, and "104" is .1uF. 10uF is also typically physically larger than .1uF. This should help identify the ceramic caps in the kit. They along with the Electrolytic caps can also clearly be seen in the assembled pic above.
* Install a 47pF cap at location "C3 (COLOR TRIM)". This can be from any of the two pads on the right to the one pad on the left. A diode also has a marking on it, and needs to be installed correctly as it only allows current to flow in one direction. Install it backwards and you won't usually damage it, however the circuit will no longer operate as intended. They can also clearly be seen in the assembled pic above.
* Install the diode at location CR1. Be sure to install with the line side down (towards the "A" row).

'''Example illustrations of different caps, a diode, and their related markings.'''

<gallery class="center" widths=400px heights=250px>
File:Caps_Chart.svg|Caps Markings|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/d/d1/Caps_Chart.svg
File:Diode_Anatomy.svg|Diode Markings|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/e/e9/Diode_Anatomy.svg
</gallery>

* .001uF Ceramic Cap, 20%, 10v+, Z5R+ Radial-Disc-.250mil, C18-26, C28-53, 35 units total

* .1uF Ceramic Cap, 20%, 10v+, Z5R+ Radial-.200mil, C4, C9-15, C54-86, C1, A1, 45 units total

Your kit also includes resistors. They should be the less precise "4 band" style which are typically 5% tolerance. You can also use the more precise "5 band" style which are typically 1% tolerance. Here are some charts on how to read them to help make matching locations on your PCB more easy.

<gallery class="center" widths=400px heights=400px>
File:4_Band_Resistor_Chart.svg|4-band Resistor Markings|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/8/85/4_Band_Resistor_Chart.svg
File:5_Band_Resistor_Chart.svg|5-band Resistor Markings|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/2/29/5_Band_Resistor_Chart.svg
</gallery>

<center>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;
!colspan="20" style="font-size: 100%;" | Here is a list of resistors on the PCB:
|-
! scope="col"| PCB Location
! scope="col"| Value
|-
! scope="row"| R9
| 10 ohms
|-
! scope="row"| R10, R25
| 27 ohms
|-
! scope="row"| R2, R4
| 47 ohms
|-
! scope="row"| R18, R20-23
| 100 ohms
|-
! scope="row"| R3
| 150 ohms
|-
! scope="row"| A1
| 330 ohms
|-
! scope="row"| R5, R14, R28, R31-32
| 1k ohms
|-
! scope="row"| R7
| 1.5k ohms
|-
! scope="row"| R8
| 2k ohms
|-
! scope="row"| R6
| 2.7k ohms
|-
! scope="row"| R27
| 4.7k ohms
|-
! scope="row"| R12, R16-17,R19,R29-30
| 12k ohms
|-
! scope="row"| R24
| 47k ohms
|-
! scope="row"| R15
| 1M ohms
|-
! scope="row"| R26
| 2.2M ohms
|-
! scope="row"| R13
| 3.3M ohms
|-
|}
</center>

Related to the resistors are the Resistor Network Arrays. These are the SIP (single inline pin) parts for RA01-RA03. Each has a 'dot' on the part and PCB to determine Pin1.
* RA01 has the Pin1 towards the REAR of the PCB (slot end).
* RA02 and RA03 have Pin1 toward the keyboard end.
* RA01 has the silk screen border around all pads for the part. RA02 and RA03 has the silk screen border around only the inner 6 pads. Pin1 and Pin8 are outside the boarder.

'''Note:''' Some ICs are NOT as marked on the motherboard due to changes in the past 40+ years since the release of the Apple II ''plus''. New ICs which are equivalent have been included and are installed in the original locations. Here is a list of those ICs and their locations.
<center>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;
!colspan="20" style="font-size: 100%;" | Here is a list of equivalent ICs and locations:
|-
! scope="col"| PCB Location
! scope="col"| PCB Marking
! scope="col"| New IC Name
|-
! scope="row"| H3
| 8T97
| 74LS367
|-
! scope="row"| H4
| 8T97
| 74LS367
|-
! scope="row"| H7
| 8T97
| 74LS367
|-
! scope="row"| F14
| 9334
| 74LS259
|-
|}
</center>

==Issues, Fixes, And Repairs==
General guide to issue resolution and how to fix common issues.

===Description of issue: The motherboard won't beep. Stationary video image of rows or columns.===
* Start with replacing the PSU with a known good unit. If it's an original PSU it's likely starting to have regulation issues and unable to fully power your motherboard. Fully rebuild or replace the PSU in this case and retest. ReActiveMicro sells the [https://www.reactivemicro.com/product/universal-psu-kit/ Universal PSU Kit] for those wanting to replace the guts of their original PSU. We also offer an [https://www.reactivemicro.com/product/service-power-supply-rebuild/ upgrade service] to install the Universal PSU Kit in case you want it done for you. Or we also sell the [https://www.reactivemicro.com/product/universal-enclosure-psu/ Universal Enclosure PSU] for those looking to retire their original PSU and keep it intact for their collection. You can also add meters and fans as an option.
 

* Next remove all but the first bank of RAM (closest to the keyboard end) and all ROMs but the F8 ROM (farthest left). If it boots then slowly add back the ROMs, then the DRAMs.

If still no boot, then replace the bank 1 DRAMs one at a time with the pulled DRAMs from bank 2-3. If needed, repeat process with all DRAMs you have. [https://www.reactivemicro.com/product/16k-x-1bit-dram/ You can also obtain known good DRAMs from ReActiveMicro to help speed up this process.]
 

* Next reseat and/or clean the pins of all ICs. With 35+ year old ICs and sockets it's also likely something is tarnished and no longer making good contact. Apple also didn't use the best quality sockets. Some QD Electrical Cleaner may also be a good idea for suspected socket tarnish.

If lucky one of the above processes will solve the issue. If unluckily, something like a dying/dead PSU or lack of line filter (Tripp Lite LC1800) or good and power strip (Panamax P360) could be the reason and possibly several ICs are now dead. For this kind of issue you can usually use a known good working board and swap ICs around to see if you can find the issue. [https://www.reactivemicro.com/.../apple-ii-plus-rev-7.../ Known good replacement boards can be purchased from ReActiveMicro]. Or just use the new board to retire the old one and enjoy another 30+ years of trouble free use rather than fixing issues like this a few times a year.

===Description of issue: The motherboard won't beep. Displays rolling blocks on the screen. Removal of F13 produces the issue.===
Location: F13, 74LS138, or sometimes a partly defective H10, or 8304.
[[Image:II_Screen-Issue1.jpg|thumb|left|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/1/12/II_Screen-Issue1.jpg]]

 

==Project Differences: 93-Series/27-Series==
The Apple II ''plus'' Rev 7 RFI project from ReActiveMicro comes is two different variations, the 93-Series and the 27-Series boards.

Both motherboards operate exactly the same in all aspects, and are an exact clone of the original from Apple. The only difference is which family of system ROMs are natively supported on the board. The two options are the original 93-Series, and the later and more common 27-Series.

The concept for the 93-Series project is allowing users to retire their existing Apple II, II ''plus'' board and rely on the new motherboard board for a modern, rock solid replacement while maintaining that original look and feel. Users only need to swap their existing system ROMs and install the new board. It’s much simpler and less time consuming than a rebuild or to hunt for issues with an original 40 year old board that was built on a budget and not with longevity in mind. In contrast, the high quality parts and sockets used on the new motherboard will last at least another 40 years without issues. No more worry about intermittent issues from month to month. As noted, this version of the project DOES NOT COME with any system ROMs, users are required to swap their existing system ROMs.

The concept for the 27-Series project has all the same benefits listed for the 93-Series project, however this version of the project comes with system ROMs preinstalled. These ROMs are the more common 27-series ICs currently available. This also allows users a more simple option for firmware development and installing other ROMs found online.

==ROM Differences (Technical): 93-Series/27-Series==
"93" and 27" refer to the family or technology of a ROM IC. The 93-series ROMs were introduced in the early 70's, whereas the 27-Series ROMs were introduced in the late 70's. A lot had changed during this time in the industry.

The original Apple II and II ''plus'' use 9316 ROMs which have 2k storage each. These were 'masked' ROMs which were produced in a factory to Apple's specifications. At the time Apple started designing the II the 93-series ROMs were the only option available at a reasonable price. Later however the 27-series ROMs would be introduced which were less expensive and became the industry standard for several decades.

One of the enhancements of the Apple II ''plus'' was that it uses a 27-series ROM for its Character Generator since it was less expensive and the code stored was able to be customized at any time during production unlike a masked ROM. Apple however decided to keep the system ROMs in the II ''plus'' compatible with the original ROMs of the II and didn't change over to the 27-series. So 27-series ROMs will not work in an original II or II ''plus'' system, and an adapter would be needed.

==ROMX and the 93-Series/27-Series Motherboards==
The ROMX project is an add-on device that replaces the system ROM’s (D0-F8) and your Video ROM in your Apple II or II Plus computer. It stores up to 15 ROM images, and presents them for selection via an on-screen menu system on boot. In addition, the menu system itself (the ROMX firmware) and ROM images are updateable in-system.

The ROMX works as-is with the 93-series motherboards since they are a direct clone of Apple's design. So it installs and works the same exact way as the original Apple II or II Plus. The 27-series RM motherboard however utilitzes 27-series ROMs in place of the old 93-series System ROMs. This has the advantage to allowing 'standard' EPROMs to be used on the motherboard, but at the disadvantage of the ROMX not working as simply as on the 93-series boards.

The fix however is quite simple. The user of a 27-series board simply removes the 74LS04 at location H11 and installs a jumper between pins 8 and 9. The ROMX "27-series" version is sold with an easy to install DIP-14 Plug meant to replace the 74LS04 at location H11. This way users have the best of both worlds, the newer standard EPROMs and the ability to install and use the ROMX.

Here is a pic of the ROMX 27-Series DIP Plug adapter installed in H11. Notice the black on black arrow to denote Pin1 or the 'notch'. Install with arrow facing the keyboard end of the motherboard.
<gallery class="center" heights=250px widths=200px>
File:IMG_20210520_155754422-Wiki-tiny.png|ROMX 27-Series DIP Plug Adapter|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/5/54/IMG_20210520_155754422-Wiki-tiny.png
</gallery>

The TheROMExchange did a write up on this mod as well here: [https://theromexchange.com/blog/2nd-march-2021 https://theromexchange.com/blog/2nd-march-2021]

==Differences: Apple II Revision 0 and Apple II ''plus'' Rev 7 RFI==
There are several key differences between the Apple II Revision 0 and Apple II ''plus'' Rev 7 RFI. Basically they are the same board, however the Rev 7 RFI has some key enhancements

*Power On Reset: The Rev 0 has no power on reset - the user must do it manually or have a Disk II Controller installed. The Rev 7 auto-resets itself on power up.
*ROMs: The Rev 0 came standard with Integer BASIC. The Rev 7 comes standard with Applesoft BASIC.
*RAM: The Rev 0 can use 4k and 16k DRAMs. The Rev 7 is 'hard set' to only use 16k DRAMs.
*Character Generator: The Rev 0 uses a 2513 ROM which is 5-bits. The Rev 7 uses a more common 27-series EPROM which is a full 8-bits.
*Video: The Rev 0 has several video issues which make them hard to use and limited 4 color palette for low and high-res. The Rev 7 fixed the video issues and expanded to color palette to 16 color low-res, and 6 color high-res.
*Timing: There were several timing issues that were fixed in the Rev 7 design.
*Power: The Rev 7 was enhanced with better power filtering to help prevent intermittent lockup issues reported in the Rev 0 design.

==Notices==
;Character Generator / Video ROM (location A5)
:The ROM on the Rev 7 RFI board is pinned for a 2716 EPROM. A 2732 also works as however the A11 address line is held 'high' on the motherboard, so only the 'top' half of the ROM is used. When programming a 2732 the firmware is loaded in to address 0800-0FFF.

:Also note worthy is the speed of the ROM used. Some ROMs with an access time of 350nS tend to cause artifacts on the screen when used. 300nS or better should be used. It has been getting harder to find 250-300nS speed grades for 2716 EPROMs, so 2732 ROMs are used to address this issue.

==PAL and 50Hz Mod==
Apple designed the Apple II and II ''plus'' to be used with a PAL display as an option. A small mod is required, and can easily be undone if desired.

* Locate the following bow-ties of the mid-lower right side of motherboard: 12, 13, 14, 15, and 16. A "bow-tie" is a small, exposed trace, usually in a shape that resembles a formal dress black tie, that is designed to be soldered to make connection, or cut to break a connector. They are from an era before shunt jumpers. Bow-ties on the Rev 7 PCB all have small white boxes as an outline and a number close by to allow them to be more easily found and identified.

* Solder the pads together for 13, 14, and 15 bow-ties. And cut the trace between the arrows at bow-ties 12 and 16.

* Change out the crystal out at A1 to 14.25045MHz. Not all crystals are created equal, and you will need to find one with the correct ESR (about 25 ohms), load capacitance (series), and form factor (HC49).

* Done!

'''Note:''' Users may want to install square header pins and jumpers for the bow-ties. This would make changing setting a lot simpler in the future and is very inexpensive. Also, adding a socket designed for crystals or just a couple loose machined pins would be a good idea and is also inexpensive.

<gallery class="center" heights=175x widths=200px>
File:Apple II Plus - 50 Hz Mod - Pic1.jpg|Bow-ties on motherboard|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/a/af/Apple_II_Plus_-_50_Hz_Mod_-_Pic1.jpg
File:Apple II Plus - 50 Hz Mod - Pic2.jpg|Bow-tie 12-13|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/5/55/Apple_II_Plus_-_50_Hz_Mod_-_Pic2.jpg
File:Apple II Plus - 50 Hz Mod - Pic3.jpg|Bow-tie 14-16|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/9/93/Apple_II_Plus_-_50_Hz_Mod_-_Pic3.jpg
File:Apple II Plus - 50 Hz Mod - Pic4.jpg|Jumper idea|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/e/ef/Apple_II_Plus_-_50_Hz_Mod_-_Pic4.jpg
File:Apple II Plus - 50 Hz Mod - Pic7.jpg|Crystal and socket|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/f/f5/Apple_II_Plus_-_50_Hz_Mod_-_Pic7.jpg
</gallery>

'''Credit:''' Thomas Gutmeier [http://www.8bit-homecomputermuseum.at/repair/apple%20ii%20europlus%20color%20mod/apple_ii_europlus_color_mod.html / 8-bit Home Computer Museum]

[[Category:Hardware]]
[[Category:Apple]]
[[Category:ReActiveMicro Projects]]

No-Slot Clock

2025-09-17T00:56:25Z

RMHenry: /* WDC CPUs */

[[Image:Title_RM_No_Slot_Clock.svg|440px|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/1/11/Title_RM_No_Slot_Clock.svg]]

[[Image:IMG_20200110_152844526_HDR-Store-tiny.png|thumb|No-Slot Clock v1.0|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/2/28/Nsc.png]]

The No-Slot Clock project was started about mid 2014 by Henry from [[ReActiveMicro]], and was officially released on April 12th, 2015. It was inspired by his work on the [[DClock]] project. The No-Slot Clock will fit in the Apple //c and //c Plus, however not with RAM Card installed.

Theory of Operation: The "/CE" Chip Enable signal from the motherboard's DIP Socket passes through the DS1215 Clock IC. When the DS1215 Clock IC recognizes a certain sequence of bits on address lines A0 and A2 the ROM's "/CE pin" is held high by the DS1215 Clock IC which ''disconnects'' the ROM from the data bus. This allows software to communicate directly with the DS1215 Clock IC without conflicting the ROM.

Product Status: Actively sold by ReActiveMicro. RM is working on other versions of this project, specifically for the II, II ''plus'' and the IIc. We will post links to those pages once the projects have officially started.

Support: Post on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME}}|Discussion]] page (link above) or email [https://store.reactivemicro.com/contact-us/ ReActiveMicro Support].

Sales: Visit the [https://store.reactivemicro.com/shop/ ReActiveMicro Store].

== Installation & Information ==
See [[#Downloadable Files|Downloadable Files]] section for install guides with pictures and more in-depth information. This section is for basic instructions.

Install the No-Slot Clock under the CD or CF ROM in the IIe, and under the MON ROM in the IIc. It can also be installed under most slot based card ROMs which are 28 pins. Be sure to always install the IC with the 'notches' all in the same direction or you will damage your ROM and possibly the No-Slot Clock.

It is recommended to start all the legs of the ROM entering the No-Slot Clock socket. Then lay the No-Slot Clock on the face of the ROM on a flat serface like a desk. Then press from the bottom of the No-Slot Clock to seat the ROM. This prevents any stress being placed on the legs of the No-Slot Clock. Alternatively, you could first install the No-Slot Clock in the ROM's socket. Then install the ROM in the No-Slot Clock. Whatever you chose to do, don't try to install the ROM in to the No-Slot Clock by just pressing down with the No-Slot Clock legs supporting the pressure or you may bend them and cause one or more to break.

<gallery class="center" widths=300px heights=220 caption="Align Notches">
File:IMG_20200110_153749318-Wiki-tiny.png|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/b/b8/IMG_20200110_153749318-Wiki-tiny.png
</gallery>

The time and date for the No-Slot Clock can set using the setup utility. See [[#Downloadable Files|Downloadable Files]] section for disk image download.

The No-Slot Clock comes with two preinstalled CR1025, 10mm, coin cell batteries. These should last about 1 year of the computer remaining off. The set time may drift slightly when the No-Slot Clock and the Apple II aren't powered up for long periods of time. 'BAT1' is the primary battery. When it is too exhausted to keep the oscillator running the Real Time Clock IC will automatically switch over to 'BAT2'. You can remove either battery, one at a time, without losing the set time. However if you remove both at once then you will lose settings.

'''For the best possible reliability it is recommended replacing both batteries once a year to provide the best experience and to minimize any possibility of damage due to leakage. Be sure to always use a well reviewed brand of battery'''.

You are not required to use both coin cell slots at once. If you only want to use one cell, that's allowed. However it's recommended to not leave the slot open/not connected. Placing a small ball of tinfoil would be a good option to close the circuit. And in the future the foil could be removed and a new cell reinstalled. Another option is you can solder a small wire or even a set of header pins to allow use of an external (3v) battery. We added a small exposed copper area on the bottom side of the cell slot area to allow for more simple soldering. The other wire/jumper pin would be soldered to the cell slot body.

<gallery class="center" widths=320px heights=200 caption="Connection Of External Power">
File:IMG_20200110_153542854_HDR-Wiki-tiny.png|Example Of Header Pins|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/0/00/IMG_20200110_153542854_HDR-Wiki-tiny.png
</gallery>

To remove the ROM from the No-Slot Clock we recommend using a tool such as an IC Lifter. The Wiha PN: 26810 is such a lifter that is well suited for this task. Be sure to only pry on the edges of the ROM, nearest to the socket. Do not pry up on the ROM from the center as is accustomed. If you do you risk prying on the battery which can damage the cell, cause it to leak, and also flatten the cell's holding tab and the cell to become lose. If you remove the ROM from the No-Slot Clock and notice the coin cell is not as secure as it once was, you can remove the cell and bend the holding tab slightly more down in the center of the cell holder. Replace the cell and you should notice it's more secure.

<gallery class="center" widths=320px heights=200 caption="Removal Of ROM">
File:IMG_20200110_153749318-1Wiki-tiny.png|Only Pry Here|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/9/91/IMG_20200110_153749318-1Wiki-tiny.png
</gallery>

== History ==
While working on the DClock project Henry learned how phantom real time clocks work. With this understanding he was able to see how a new and better No-Slot Clock design could be produced.

When Henry started the No-Slot Clock project he purchased back stock of the DS1215 Clock ICs from James Littlejohn of 8bitsystem.com on June 13th, 2014. James had abandoned the DClock project and wasn't using the stock Henry had previously sold to him.

Henry then started CAD and design work for his version of the No-Slot Clock to come up with a better design that didn't use two DIP Sockets soldered together, as Dallas did with their "SmartWatch" Clock design. The reason for this is not all signals are passed from the systems data bus to the ROM or RAM IC the DS1216E No-Slot Clock is installed under.

The initial v1.0 project was an Ultimate-Micro collaboration. All Ultimate-Micro releases bare the UM logo. The last UM revision was v1.3 which was discontinued in 2016 when ReActiveMicro returned from hiatus.

Henry restarted Active development of the project in 2019. And on January 10, 2020 v1.0 of the project was officially release.

== UM Versions ==
All previous UM versions are very similar. They all use SMT pads for the CR1025 Battery Holder, the Crystal, and DS1215 Clock IC. They all also offer two SMT pads for connection of an auxiliary power source. This could be supplied by soldering two .025 mil Square Pins to the SMT pads and using the [[IIgs_ROM0/1_Battery_Caddy]] or similar 2x AA/AAA Battery Caddy.

The footprint for the Crystal is designed in such a way to allow for several body styles. 1206, 4-SMD, and Surface Mount Cylindrical Can styles can all be used.

A CR1025 Battery Holder isn't available for the custom footprint on the PCB. As a result, when a unit is assembled the Battery Holder is modified to fit the board.

There is also a custom footprint used for the SIP Header Pins. They are used as the Socket for the ROM, and pass-through the PCB to make contact to the systems' DIP Socket on the motherboard. You will notice in the pics of the PCB that one via pad is NOT drilled out. This is to isolate the /CE signal as mentioned above. During assembly Henry uses a drill to make a hole on the top side that doesn't fully pass through the board. He then clips the leg from the SIP Header pin which allows the rest of the pins to fully seat flush to the PCB while maintaining the isolation of the /CE signal. He then solders the clipped pin leg to the bottom of the board.

*v1.0 was produced about November 2014. While working with this design Henry noticed that some of the DS1215 Clock IC had issues. Some were slow. Some were fast. Some didn't advance the time at all. Henry assumed this was due to the Crystal and changed stock a few times in an attempt to resolve the issue. Henry also noticed the CR1025 Battery Holder could easily be broken off the PCB. Only a few v1.0 units were produced and mostly sent to beta testers.

*v1.1 was produced about January 2015. This design allowed for a more sturdy PCB mounting of the CR1025 Battery Holder. The SMT pads now covered a lot larger area and were not as easily ripped off the PCB. This design however still suffered from the same issues with keeping time as with v1.0.

*v1.2 was produced around April of 2015, however the design had an error. The solid pad for the /CE signal was drilled out. So this design could not work.

*v1.3 was produced around August of 2015, however the design also had the same error as v1.2. The CAD software used was EZ-PC CAD and it is somewhat hard to control pads and layers. Henry then switched to KiCAD and fully relaid out the design. This version is the first to sport the new "UM" logo. It also was an attempt to resolve the time keeping issue. Henry found that the length of the connection between the DS1215 Clock IC and Crystal mattered, even as short as they were on the design. There most likely was a resonance issue. Henry also added a ground plane shield under the Crystal.

*v1.3 March of 2016. Henry now used KiCAD and had much better control of the design, which really shows in this version. The via for the /CE signal is now correct and not drilled out. The grounding plane shield now extends the full Crystal area and now runs under the DS1215 Clock IC. The connections between the DS1215 Clock IC and Crystal are now of the same length and also shielded with the ground plane. There is also the new, now legible "UM" logo as well as larger name and version information. Lastly, this design now features the "notch" area and marking to allow the user to more easily identify Pin1 of the design when installing the No-Slot Clock.

'''v1.3 was the last stable release version from UM.''' ''All issues mentioned above have been resolved.''

<gallery class="center" widths=200px heights=200px caption="Different versions of the UM collaboration PCB">
File:2014-11-29_NSC_v1.0.png|NSC v1.0
File:2015-01-22_NSC_v1.1.png|NSC v1.1
</gallery>

<gallery class="center" widths=200px heights=200px>
File:2015-08-15_NSC_v1.3.png|NSC v1.3 EZ-PC CAD
File:2016-03-08_NSC_v1.3.png|NSC v1.3 KiCAD
</gallery>

<gallery class="center" widths=200px heights=100 caption="Assembled Units">
File:NSC-Dallas1.jpg|Height Comparison with Dallas
File:NSC-Dallas2.jpg|Height Comparison with Dallas
File:2016-05-31_NSC_v1.3.png|Top of Assembled Unit
</gallery>

'''Notable Design Issue.'''

Using SIP Header Pins in old, inferior quality Sockets on the motherboard can cause "Socket Stretch". This is where the spring contacts in the motherboard Socket are deformed when the thicker SIP Header Pin is inserted.

The issue only becomes apparent when the original ROM is reinserted into the motherboard Socket and doesn't make good contact. Symptoms mainly show as a system not booting and acting like the ROM isn't inserted in the motherboard Socket. Sometimes pressing firmly on the ROM will cause it to make temporary contact with the stretched Socket and the computer will start to work, only to fail again when pressure is removed from the ROM or the motherboard lightly tapped.

The only solution is to replace the damaged Socket with a new, high quality one.

A majority of Apple II systems seem to have issues with Socket Stretch, which is why ReActiveMicro products have started to make the move to use DIP Plugs and Lead Frame pins in place of Header Pins. Some Apple II systems don't exhibit Socket Stretch, however there is no known way to tell what systems won't be affected or were manufactured with lower quality Sockets. They all visually appear the same.

== ReActiveMicro Revision ==

'''No-Slot Clock v1.0 proto.''' 
Development started in late 2019 once Henry was able to source Lead Frame pins. The pin allow 'legs' to be mounted to the edge of a PCB, which creates a DIP module. The legs are identical to DIP ICs, so there's no longer any socket stretch issues as with all past UM designs. And the new design also allows for the project to be factory assembled to help reduce costs and allow for better stock and quality control.

<gallery class="center" widths=150px heights=125 caption="New ReActiveMicro No-Slot Clock Design">
File:IMG_20191123_124327410-FB%26Wiki-tiny.png|RM No-Slot Clock v1.0 Prototype
File:IMG 20191123 124341785-FB&Wiki-tiny.png|RM No-Slot Clock v1.0 Prototype
</gallery>

<gallery class="center" widths=150px heights=125>
File:IMG_20200110_152844526_HDR-Store-tiny.png|RM No-Slot Clock v1.0.4 Prototype Initial Release For Sale
File:IMG_20200110_152931480-Wiki-tiny.png|RM No-Slot Clock v1.0.4 Prototype Initial Release For Sale
File:IMG_20200110_153056955-Wiki-tiny.png|RM No-Slot Clock v1.0.4 Prototype Initial Release For Sale
File:IMG_20200110_153033427-Wiki-tiny.png|Closeup Of v1.0.4 Revision Information
</gallery>

== Compatibility Issues ==

The RM No-Slot Clock design has been well tested in many Apple II Personal Computer Systems.

=== Microsoft Z-80 SoftCard ===
The original driver's probe routine will lock up the machine if a Microsoft Z-80 SoftCard is installed.

InexorableTash's[https://github.com/a2stuff/prodos-drivers] updated driver (available in the "Downloadable Files" section of this page) does not have this issue.

=== WDC CPUs ===
The W65C02S and W65C816S microprocessors from Western Design Center appear to have a timing or level incompatibility that prevents the No-Slot Clock from being detected. 
This can sometimes be resolved by changing the 74S02 below Slot 6 to a 74HC02. We suspect a timing or level issue is the cause. We have also found that sometimes replacing the HAL with a slower speed GAL, 15 or 25 speed grade, does help with the HC02 change. Oddly enough, replacing the LS224's with HCT224's don't seem to help the issue. Also, sometimes adding a 8-12" hanging flywire to Pin 11 (A2) of the CPU allows the NSC to be detected and becomes more stable. You results may vary. 
If someone would like to take timing and level captures, perhaps the reason for the WDC inconsistency can be identified, and an actual fix be created.

Products affected by this issue include, but are not limited to:

* [[UltraWarp]] by ReActiveMicro
* FastChip //e by A2Heaven
* Homebrew CPU replacements per the [https://www.westerndesigncenter.com/wdc/AN-002_W65C02S_Replacements.php Western Design Center application note]

This can be ameliorated by installing the No-Slot Clock underneath the ROM on a card that interfaces to the Apple ][ bus with a 74LS245 bus transceiver, such as an Apple Super Serial Card or a Videx Videoterm 80-column card (but see below).

Bobbi Webber-Manners has reported that inserting a load from somewhere in $C0xx in NS.CLOCK.SYSTEM results in proper detection of a No-Slot Clock installed on a card; this scheme does not work if the No-Slot Clock is installed underneath the CD ROM on the logic board.

Her modified NS.CLKUW.SYSTEM can be found [https://github.com/bobbimanners/ProDOS-Utils here]

This workaround has been incorporated into the updated NS.CLOCK.SYSTEM driver by InexorableTash (available in the "Downloadable Files" section of this page)

=== 24-pin ROMs ===

The No-Slot Clock is designed to be installed under 28-pin ROMs, and therefore is not compatible out-of-the-box with 24-pin ROMs.

However, the No-Slot Clock can be modified to work with a 24-pin ROM. ReActiveMicro takes no responsibility for any resulting damage if the end user decides to perform the following modification.

With that disclaimer out of the way, here's how:

* connect pins 1, 26, 27, and 28 on the No-Slot Clock
* install the No-Slot Clock into the 24-pin ROM socket with the bottom pins aligned (i.e., No-Slot Clock pin 3 connected to socket pin 1, 14 to 12, 15 to 13, and so forth)

== Downloadable Files ==

<div class="new_window">
<gallery class="center" widths=150px heights=80 caption="RM No-Slot Clock (NSC)">

File:5.25floppy.jpg|InexorableTash's ProDOS Drivers|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/0/00/Prodos-drivers-20231004.po

File:5.25floppy.jpg|Current Setup and Test Disk|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/1/10/SMT_1.4.dsk

File:PDF_ICON.svg|Installation Guide //e 2019|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/2/25/No_Slot_Clock_Installation_Guide_IIe_2019.pdf

File:PDF_ICON.svg|Installation Guide //c 2019|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/9/9f/No_Slot_Clock_Installation_Guide_IIc_2019.pdf

File:RM_Icon_File_Server.svg|Assorted Files|link=http://www.downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/No-Slot_Clock/
</gallery>
</div>

[[Category:Hardware]]
[[Category:Apple]]
[[Category:ReActiveMicro Projects]]

No-Slot Clock

2025-09-05T22:53:50Z

RMHenry: /* WDC CPUs */

[[Image:Title_RM_No_Slot_Clock.svg|440px|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/1/11/Title_RM_No_Slot_Clock.svg]]

[[Image:IMG_20200110_152844526_HDR-Store-tiny.png|thumb|No-Slot Clock v1.0|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/2/28/Nsc.png]]

The No-Slot Clock project was started about mid 2014 by Henry from [[ReActiveMicro]], and was officially released on April 12th, 2015. It was inspired by his work on the [[DClock]] project. The No-Slot Clock will fit in the Apple //c and //c Plus, however not with RAM Card installed.

Theory of Operation: The "/CE" Chip Enable signal from the motherboard's DIP Socket passes through the DS1215 Clock IC. When the DS1215 Clock IC recognizes a certain sequence of bits on address lines A0 and A2 the ROM's "/CE pin" is held high by the DS1215 Clock IC which ''disconnects'' the ROM from the data bus. This allows software to communicate directly with the DS1215 Clock IC without conflicting the ROM.

Product Status: Actively sold by ReActiveMicro. RM is working on other versions of this project, specifically for the II, II ''plus'' and the IIc. We will post links to those pages once the projects have officially started.

Support: Post on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME}}|Discussion]] page (link above) or email [https://store.reactivemicro.com/contact-us/ ReActiveMicro Support].

Sales: Visit the [https://store.reactivemicro.com/shop/ ReActiveMicro Store].

== Installation & Information ==
See [[#Downloadable Files|Downloadable Files]] section for install guides with pictures and more in-depth information. This section is for basic instructions.

Install the No-Slot Clock under the CD or CF ROM in the IIe, and under the MON ROM in the IIc. It can also be installed under most slot based card ROMs which are 28 pins. Be sure to always install the IC with the 'notches' all in the same direction or you will damage your ROM and possibly the No-Slot Clock.

It is recommended to start all the legs of the ROM entering the No-Slot Clock socket. Then lay the No-Slot Clock on the face of the ROM on a flat serface like a desk. Then press from the bottom of the No-Slot Clock to seat the ROM. This prevents any stress being placed on the legs of the No-Slot Clock. Alternatively, you could first install the No-Slot Clock in the ROM's socket. Then install the ROM in the No-Slot Clock. Whatever you chose to do, don't try to install the ROM in to the No-Slot Clock by just pressing down with the No-Slot Clock legs supporting the pressure or you may bend them and cause one or more to break.

<gallery class="center" widths=300px heights=220 caption="Align Notches">
File:IMG_20200110_153749318-Wiki-tiny.png|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/b/b8/IMG_20200110_153749318-Wiki-tiny.png
</gallery>

The time and date for the No-Slot Clock can set using the setup utility. See [[#Downloadable Files|Downloadable Files]] section for disk image download.

The No-Slot Clock comes with two preinstalled CR1025, 10mm, coin cell batteries. These should last about 1 year of the computer remaining off. The set time may drift slightly when the No-Slot Clock and the Apple II aren't powered up for long periods of time. 'BAT1' is the primary battery. When it is too exhausted to keep the oscillator running the Real Time Clock IC will automatically switch over to 'BAT2'. You can remove either battery, one at a time, without losing the set time. However if you remove both at once then you will lose settings.

'''For the best possible reliability it is recommended replacing both batteries once a year to provide the best experience and to minimize any possibility of damage due to leakage. Be sure to always use a well reviewed brand of battery'''.

You are not required to use both coin cell slots at once. If you only want to use one cell, that's allowed. However it's recommended to not leave the slot open/not connected. Placing a small ball of tinfoil would be a good option to close the circuit. And in the future the foil could be removed and a new cell reinstalled. Another option is you can solder a small wire or even a set of header pins to allow use of an external (3v) battery. We added a small exposed copper area on the bottom side of the cell slot area to allow for more simple soldering. The other wire/jumper pin would be soldered to the cell slot body.

<gallery class="center" widths=320px heights=200 caption="Connection Of External Power">
File:IMG_20200110_153542854_HDR-Wiki-tiny.png|Example Of Header Pins|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/0/00/IMG_20200110_153542854_HDR-Wiki-tiny.png
</gallery>

To remove the ROM from the No-Slot Clock we recommend using a tool such as an IC Lifter. The Wiha PN: 26810 is such a lifter that is well suited for this task. Be sure to only pry on the edges of the ROM, nearest to the socket. Do not pry up on the ROM from the center as is accustomed. If you do you risk prying on the battery which can damage the cell, cause it to leak, and also flatten the cell's holding tab and the cell to become lose. If you remove the ROM from the No-Slot Clock and notice the coin cell is not as secure as it once was, you can remove the cell and bend the holding tab slightly more down in the center of the cell holder. Replace the cell and you should notice it's more secure.

<gallery class="center" widths=320px heights=200 caption="Removal Of ROM">
File:IMG_20200110_153749318-1Wiki-tiny.png|Only Pry Here|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/9/91/IMG_20200110_153749318-1Wiki-tiny.png
</gallery>

== History ==
While working on the DClock project Henry learned how phantom real time clocks work. With this understanding he was able to see how a new and better No-Slot Clock design could be produced.

When Henry started the No-Slot Clock project he purchased back stock of the DS1215 Clock ICs from James Littlejohn of 8bitsystem.com on June 13th, 2014. James had abandoned the DClock project and wasn't using the stock Henry had previously sold to him.

Henry then started CAD and design work for his version of the No-Slot Clock to come up with a better design that didn't use two DIP Sockets soldered together, as Dallas did with their "SmartWatch" Clock design. The reason for this is not all signals are passed from the systems data bus to the ROM or RAM IC the DS1216E No-Slot Clock is installed under.

The initial v1.0 project was an Ultimate-Micro collaboration. All Ultimate-Micro releases bare the UM logo. The last UM revision was v1.3 which was discontinued in 2016 when ReActiveMicro returned from hiatus.

Henry restarted Active development of the project in 2019. And on January 10, 2020 v1.0 of the project was officially release.

== UM Versions ==
All previous UM versions are very similar. They all use SMT pads for the CR1025 Battery Holder, the Crystal, and DS1215 Clock IC. They all also offer two SMT pads for connection of an auxiliary power source. This could be supplied by soldering two .025 mil Square Pins to the SMT pads and using the [[IIgs_ROM0/1_Battery_Caddy]] or similar 2x AA/AAA Battery Caddy.

The footprint for the Crystal is designed in such a way to allow for several body styles. 1206, 4-SMD, and Surface Mount Cylindrical Can styles can all be used.

A CR1025 Battery Holder isn't available for the custom footprint on the PCB. As a result, when a unit is assembled the Battery Holder is modified to fit the board.

There is also a custom footprint used for the SIP Header Pins. They are used as the Socket for the ROM, and pass-through the PCB to make contact to the systems' DIP Socket on the motherboard. You will notice in the pics of the PCB that one via pad is NOT drilled out. This is to isolate the /CE signal as mentioned above. During assembly Henry uses a drill to make a hole on the top side that doesn't fully pass through the board. He then clips the leg from the SIP Header pin which allows the rest of the pins to fully seat flush to the PCB while maintaining the isolation of the /CE signal. He then solders the clipped pin leg to the bottom of the board.

*v1.0 was produced about November 2014. While working with this design Henry noticed that some of the DS1215 Clock IC had issues. Some were slow. Some were fast. Some didn't advance the time at all. Henry assumed this was due to the Crystal and changed stock a few times in an attempt to resolve the issue. Henry also noticed the CR1025 Battery Holder could easily be broken off the PCB. Only a few v1.0 units were produced and mostly sent to beta testers.

*v1.1 was produced about January 2015. This design allowed for a more sturdy PCB mounting of the CR1025 Battery Holder. The SMT pads now covered a lot larger area and were not as easily ripped off the PCB. This design however still suffered from the same issues with keeping time as with v1.0.

*v1.2 was produced around April of 2015, however the design had an error. The solid pad for the /CE signal was drilled out. So this design could not work.

*v1.3 was produced around August of 2015, however the design also had the same error as v1.2. The CAD software used was EZ-PC CAD and it is somewhat hard to control pads and layers. Henry then switched to KiCAD and fully relaid out the design. This version is the first to sport the new "UM" logo. It also was an attempt to resolve the time keeping issue. Henry found that the length of the connection between the DS1215 Clock IC and Crystal mattered, even as short as they were on the design. There most likely was a resonance issue. Henry also added a ground plane shield under the Crystal.

*v1.3 March of 2016. Henry now used KiCAD and had much better control of the design, which really shows in this version. The via for the /CE signal is now correct and not drilled out. The grounding plane shield now extends the full Crystal area and now runs under the DS1215 Clock IC. The connections between the DS1215 Clock IC and Crystal are now of the same length and also shielded with the ground plane. There is also the new, now legible "UM" logo as well as larger name and version information. Lastly, this design now features the "notch" area and marking to allow the user to more easily identify Pin1 of the design when installing the No-Slot Clock.

'''v1.3 was the last stable release version from UM.''' ''All issues mentioned above have been resolved.''

<gallery class="center" widths=200px heights=200px caption="Different versions of the UM collaboration PCB">
File:2014-11-29_NSC_v1.0.png|NSC v1.0
File:2015-01-22_NSC_v1.1.png|NSC v1.1
</gallery>

<gallery class="center" widths=200px heights=200px>
File:2015-08-15_NSC_v1.3.png|NSC v1.3 EZ-PC CAD
File:2016-03-08_NSC_v1.3.png|NSC v1.3 KiCAD
</gallery>

<gallery class="center" widths=200px heights=100 caption="Assembled Units">
File:NSC-Dallas1.jpg|Height Comparison with Dallas
File:NSC-Dallas2.jpg|Height Comparison with Dallas
File:2016-05-31_NSC_v1.3.png|Top of Assembled Unit
</gallery>

'''Notable Design Issue.'''

Using SIP Header Pins in old, inferior quality Sockets on the motherboard can cause "Socket Stretch". This is where the spring contacts in the motherboard Socket are deformed when the thicker SIP Header Pin is inserted.

The issue only becomes apparent when the original ROM is reinserted into the motherboard Socket and doesn't make good contact. Symptoms mainly show as a system not booting and acting like the ROM isn't inserted in the motherboard Socket. Sometimes pressing firmly on the ROM will cause it to make temporary contact with the stretched Socket and the computer will start to work, only to fail again when pressure is removed from the ROM or the motherboard lightly tapped.

The only solution is to replace the damaged Socket with a new, high quality one.

A majority of Apple II systems seem to have issues with Socket Stretch, which is why ReActiveMicro products have started to make the move to use DIP Plugs and Lead Frame pins in place of Header Pins. Some Apple II systems don't exhibit Socket Stretch, however there is no known way to tell what systems won't be affected or were manufactured with lower quality Sockets. They all visually appear the same.

== ReActiveMicro Revision ==

'''No-Slot Clock v1.0 proto.''' 
Development started in late 2019 once Henry was able to source Lead Frame pins. The pin allow 'legs' to be mounted to the edge of a PCB, which creates a DIP module. The legs are identical to DIP ICs, so there's no longer any socket stretch issues as with all past UM designs. And the new design also allows for the project to be factory assembled to help reduce costs and allow for better stock and quality control.

<gallery class="center" widths=150px heights=125 caption="New ReActiveMicro No-Slot Clock Design">
File:IMG_20191123_124327410-FB%26Wiki-tiny.png|RM No-Slot Clock v1.0 Prototype
File:IMG 20191123 124341785-FB&Wiki-tiny.png|RM No-Slot Clock v1.0 Prototype
</gallery>

<gallery class="center" widths=150px heights=125>
File:IMG_20200110_152844526_HDR-Store-tiny.png|RM No-Slot Clock v1.0.4 Prototype Initial Release For Sale
File:IMG_20200110_152931480-Wiki-tiny.png|RM No-Slot Clock v1.0.4 Prototype Initial Release For Sale
File:IMG_20200110_153056955-Wiki-tiny.png|RM No-Slot Clock v1.0.4 Prototype Initial Release For Sale
File:IMG_20200110_153033427-Wiki-tiny.png|Closeup Of v1.0.4 Revision Information
</gallery>

== Compatibility Issues ==

The RM No-Slot Clock design has been well tested in many Apple II Personal Computer Systems.

=== Microsoft Z-80 SoftCard ===
The original driver's probe routine will lock up the machine if a Microsoft Z-80 SoftCard is installed.

InexorableTash's[https://github.com/a2stuff/prodos-drivers] updated driver (available in the "Downloadable Files" section of this page) does not have this issue.

=== WDC CPUs ===
The W65C02S and W65C816S microprocessors from Western Design Center appear to have a timing incompatibility that prevents the No-Slot Clock from being detected.
This can be resolved by changing the 74S02 below Slot 6 to a 74HC02. We suspect a timing or level issue is the cause.

Products affected by this issue include, but are not limited to:

* [[UltraWarp]] by ReActiveMicro
* FastChip //e by A2Heaven
* Homebrew CPU replacements per the [https://www.westerndesigncenter.com/wdc/AN-002_W65C02S_Replacements.php Western Design Center application note]

This can be ameliorated by installing the No-Slot Clock underneath the ROM on a card that interfaces to the Apple ][ bus with a 74LS245 bus transceiver, such as an Apple Super Serial Card or a Videx Videoterm 80-column card (but see below).

Bobbi Webber-Manners has reported that inserting a load from somewhere in $C0xx in NS.CLOCK.SYSTEM results in proper detection of a No-Slot Clock installed on a card; this scheme does not work if the No-Slot Clock is installed underneath the CD ROM on the logic board.

Her modified NS.CLKUW.SYSTEM can be found [https://github.com/bobbimanners/ProDOS-Utils here]

This workaround has been incorporated into the updated NS.CLOCK.SYSTEM driver by InexorableTash (available in the "Downloadable Files" section of this page)

=== 24-pin ROMs ===

The No-Slot Clock is designed to be installed under 28-pin ROMs, and therefore is not compatible out-of-the-box with 24-pin ROMs.

However, the No-Slot Clock can be modified to work with a 24-pin ROM. ReActiveMicro takes no responsibility for any resulting damage if the end user decides to perform the following modification.

With that disclaimer out of the way, here's how:

* connect pins 1, 26, 27, and 28 on the No-Slot Clock
* install the No-Slot Clock into the 24-pin ROM socket with the bottom pins aligned (i.e., No-Slot Clock pin 3 connected to socket pin 1, 14 to 12, 15 to 13, and so forth)

== Downloadable Files ==

<div class="new_window">
<gallery class="center" widths=150px heights=80 caption="RM No-Slot Clock (NSC)">

File:5.25floppy.jpg|InexorableTash's ProDOS Drivers|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/0/00/Prodos-drivers-20231004.po

File:5.25floppy.jpg|Current Setup and Test Disk|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/1/10/SMT_1.4.dsk

File:PDF_ICON.svg|Installation Guide //e 2019|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/2/25/No_Slot_Clock_Installation_Guide_IIe_2019.pdf

File:PDF_ICON.svg|Installation Guide //c 2019|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/9/9f/No_Slot_Clock_Installation_Guide_IIc_2019.pdf

File:RM_Icon_File_Server.svg|Assorted Files|link=http://www.downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/No-Slot_Clock/
</gallery>
</div>

[[Category:Hardware]]
[[Category:Apple]]
[[Category:ReActiveMicro Projects]]

MicroDrive/Turbo

2025-06-09T17:50:33Z

RMHenry:

[[Image:Title_Micro_Drive_Turbo.svg|512px|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/8/82/Title_Micro_Drive_Turbo.svg]]

[[Image:RM_MicroDriveTurbo-Object.png|thumb|MicroDrive Turbo from ReActiveMicro|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/4/4d/RM_MicroDriveTurbo-Object.png]]

The MicroDrive Turbo is an IDE Mass Storage Device that is Apple IIGS and Apple II, II Plus, or //e compatible. It emulates a Hard Disk Drive by utilizing Solid-State Compact Flash (CF) Cards.

MicroDrive Turbo (aka - MDT) is currently sold by [[ReActiveMicro]]. They sell it with a preloaded 256 MB Compact Flash Card to enable new users to start using the MicroDrive/Turbo right out of the box. Software included is GS/OS v6.0.1, IIGS Memory Testers, ShrinkIt (8 and 16 bit), Copy II+, MicroDrive Utilities, DiskMaker8, DSK2File, DOS.MASTER and different AE Memory Testers for your //e. Everything needed to start transferring and unpacking software from the Internet, and start using your Apple II Personal Computer once again.

Product Status: Actively sold by [http://store.reactivemicro.com/product/microdriveturbo-storage-controller/ ReActiveMicro].

Support: Post on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME}}|Discussion]] page (link above) or email [http://store.reactivemicro.com/contact-us/ ReActiveMicro Support].

Sales: Visit the [http://store.reactivemicro.com/shop/ ReActiveMicro Store].

== History ==
The MicroDrive Turbo was designed by Joachim Lange of ///SHH Systeme and released in 1996. This was the first Apple II IDE Controller that used DMA.

In 2004 Gerber Street Enterprises started reselling select items from ///SHH Systeme, however the offering was only a couple of items and stock was very limited.

Mid-2006 ReActiveMicro took over reselling all ///SHH Systeme items in an effort to provide better service and a larger product variety to the Apple II Community.

==Board Revisions==
Pre-2006 versions of the card were all hand assembled by Joachim Lange of ///SHH Systeme. After ReActiveMicro took over sales in 2006 the units were hand assembled by Henry from ReActiveMicro till mid 2015. ReActiveMicro then started their structured move to a more automated vendor and set their sights to have projects assembled on a larger scale. The MicroDrive Turbo was the first such project to be fully assembled. However due to a learning curve and testing different vendors Henry continued to hand assemble some MicroDrive Turbo units until 2016. During that year all projects moved to being fully assembled as well as offering kit versions of most projects.

From March 19th 2018 until the 25th ReActiveMicro had a sale in which they jokingly played on the fact that Henry "defaced" several cards by signing them. Thus the cards would be sold at a discount due to his signature being of negative value and actually subtracting from the total worth of the card. This was in fact a joke made from the recent CFFA3000 sales where Rich Dreher sold "limited edition" cards where he signed them and charged $200USD more. It's noteworthy that Henry was not actually thrilled with signing cards and "felt like a total ass" the entire time doing so. He's not into celebrity or thinking his signature or efforts are anything special. He's more happy being able to supply demand and knowing that products he makes are being used in the retro spirit. "Limited editions" or signed products will not be a staple in the ReActiveMicro.com future, and will always be made in a self deprecating fashion.

<gallery class="center" widths=400px heights=200px caption="Example of signed MicroDrive Turbo.">
File:MDT_Signed1.jpg|MicroDrive Turbo. March 19th-25th 2018 Sale {51 units signed total}.
</gallery>

== Features ==

[[Image:MicroDrive_DMA.svg|200px|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/4/43/MicroDrive_DMA.svg]]

DMA: Looking for the fastest storage solution available for your Apple II? The MicroDrive Turbo is faster that any other Mass Storage controller since it uses DMA for reads and writes. As the name implies, it performs Direct Memory Access which bypasses the CPU and allows for a whopping 40% faster read and write speeds when compared to conventional controllers. For example, with an accelerator installed in your IIGS you can boot GS/OS in as fast as 7 seconds! The DMA option can be disabled using the Setup utility.

[[Image:40_Pin_Connector.svg|200px|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/b/ba/40_Pin_Connector.svg]]

40 Pin IDE Interface: The 40 Pin IDE interface on the MicroDrive/Turbo IDE is a standard 16 bit IDE port. It is capable of addressing "Primary" and "Secondary" IDs on the IDE chain.

IDE to Dual CF Adapter: The MicroDrive/Turbo comes standard with a 40 Pin IDE to Dual CF Adapter. Users can control which of the two CF Slots is "Primary" and "Secondary" using a Jumper on the Adapter. The Adapter however can be removed if so desired and a standard IDE Cable and devices attached.

Note: Dual mode unavailable when using the IIe Firmware; Only available when using the IIGS Firmware.

[[Image:CF_Card.svg|200px|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/9/9e/CF_Card.svg]]

Compact Flash: Why use Compact Flash Cards? They are readily available, inexpensive, low power, noiseless, shock proof, removable, and last almost forever - things that can't be said about mechanical Hard Drives. However, it is still possible to use some older IDE Hard Drives with the MicroDrive/Turbo Controller if desired. See "[[#Support: Using Mechanical Hard Drives|Support: Using Mechanical Hard Drives]]" below. Do you download software from the Internet and wonder how to get it to your Apple II or spend lots of time doing so? With the MicroDrive/Turbo it's now super easy! Just remove the Compact Flash Card from your MicroDrive/Turbo, insert it in to your PC and using [http://a2ciderpress.com/ CiderPress] (Windows only) you can read and write directly to the Compact Flash Card. Using your PC for transferring files and backing up has never been so quick and painless!

ProDOS 8 and 16: The MicroDrive/Turbo is ProDOS compatible. It's recognized as a 'standard' Mass Storage Device just like any Hard Disk Drive on your Apple II. Large Volume DOS 3.3 support is provided through the use of a program called DOS.MASTER (preloaded on CF Card).

Boot Options: By default, Volume 1 is set to boot. However when setting up a new CF Card the user sets which Volume they desire to boot. Or on an existing CF Card the Setup utility can modify the default boot Volume. However the MicroDrive/Turbo also offers a temporary option to boot to ANY volume. When powering on the Apple II the user will press and hold the Open Apple key. This will pause the MicroDrive/Turbo's splash screen. The user then presses the corresponding Volume's number key, and the MicroDrive/Turbo will boot to that Volume.

Apple IIGS and II/Plus/e Operation: The MicroDrive/Turbo comes standard with the Apple IIGS Firmware. You can however order one with IIe Firmware, or buy an upgrade ROM to convert a IIGS MicroDrive/Turbo for use in an II/Plus/e.

== Conflicts ==
The ReActiveMicro Drive/Turbo card is known to conflict with the Z80-CP/M card. There is currently no known way to resolve this conflict.

== Reviews ==
{{#ev:youtube|1JLJUPMVwDE|400|right|MicroDrive/Turbo (left) VS CFFA (right)|frame}}
On October 13th, 2018 Russell McGhee did a comparison of the MicroDrive/Turbo (left) VS CFFA (right). The IIGS on the right has a TWGS installed and is part of the delay when the system is first powered on. However you can see the IIGS boot screen simply enough and can compare between the two.

{{#ev:youtube|Wjy6_qnTnv0|400|right|Apple II Mass Storage Mega Roundup|frame}}
On August 13, 2016 Joe Strosnider from the YouTube channel "[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCyfwZvTPPJV4peBHupd6Ckw Joe's Computer Museum]" posted a review of several Mass Storage options for the Apple II, and the MicroDrive/Turbo was among them. He gives some very good feedback regarding the differences between the boards, and how the MicroDrive/turbo performs under real world conditions.

== Support: Backing Up - Setup Utility ==
'''The first thing you should do before using your MicroDrive/Turbo is to make a backup of the MicroDrive/Turbo Setup Utility.''' Without this Utility you will be unable to re-setup your CF Card should it crash or you accidentally format it. It is advised to copy the Setup Utility to a backup floppy and keep it in a safe place. To backup the Utility:

* Upon booting the MicroDrive/Turbo you will be taken to Volume 1 which holds the ProDOS 8 utilities.
* You will see menu item named "COPYIIPLUS9.1". Using the arrow keys highlight the item and press Enter.
* Press the letter "C" to select "COPY", and the letter "F" for "FILES".
* Use the arrow keys to select the Slot where you installed the MicroDrive/Turbo, and "Drive 1". Press Enter.
* Use the arrow keys to select the Slot and Drive where your backup floppy is located. Press Enter.
* You will see a folder named "MICRODRIVE". Using the arrow keys highlight the folder and press Enter.
* You will see a file called "MICRODRV.SETUP". Using the arrow keys highlight the file and press Enter.
* Press the letter "G" to start the copy process.

Note: This assumes your Floppy Disk is preformatted with ProDOS. If not then you can use Copy II Plus to also format the Disk.

== Support: IIGS Installation ==
When installing the MicroDrive/Turbo in your Apple IIGS a few things need to first be taken into consideration. For example, will you want to primary boot the MicroDrive/Turbo, your Floppy Drives, or other bootable devices installed in your system? For most installations users will want to boot primary to the MicroDrive/Turbo. In this case we recommend installing the MicroDrive/Turbo in Slot 7. And when you want to boot to the Floppy Drives hold down the "ESC" key on boot. This allows the IIGS to "skip" booting the MicroDrive/Turbo and move on to checking the Floppy Drives or other bootable devices in lower numbered Slots.

For other configurations, the good news is that the Apple IIGS allows a lot of flexibility when it comes to booting. You will need to decide however what is the best to meet your needs. If not installing the MicroDrive/Turbo in Slot 7, then we usually recommend Slot 2. However by default the IIGS is set to use Slot 2 for a Modem. Since most users no longer use a Modem, Slot 2 is a good choice. However the default setting in the IIGS will need to be changed in order for the MicroDrive/Turbo to work.

To edit the settings or change the way your IIGS boots you will need to enter the Control Panel. There are a couple of ways to do this:
* Hold down the "Option" key on the keyboard and power on the IIGS. Select "1" for the Control Panel.
* Power on the IIGS and at anytime hold down the "Open Apple" and "Control" keys, then press the "ESC" key. Press "Enter" to select Control Panel.
Once in the Control Panel use the "Arrow" keys to select the "Slots" menu and press "Enter".

Most IIGS systems will be set to the default configuration, denoted by the "check mark" on the left of the option. Use the "Up" or "Down" arrow keys to select an option, then "Left" or "Right" arrow keys to set the option. Be sure to press "Enter" when done to save any changes.

For example, there is nothing needed '''to use the MicroDrive/Turbo in Slot 7'''. It is already defaulted to "Your Card". There is also no need to change the "Startup" option if it is set to "Slot 7" or "Scan".

If however you want '''to use the MicroDrive/Turbo in Slot 2''' you will need to change the Slot setting to "Your Card". And if you would like the IIgs to boot the MicroDrive/Turbo in Slot 2 then you will also need to change the "Startup" option to "Slot 2". Be sure to press "Enter" when done to save any changes.

The "Startup" option in the Control Panel allows you to control how the IIGS checks for bootable devices when powered on. "Scan" will tell the IIGS to look from Slot 7 to Slot 1. Selecting "Slot [X]" will tell the IIGS to ONLY boot that Slot. If no bootable devices are found then the IIGS will report "Check startup device!" You can however tell the IIGS to boot from another Slot by breaking into BASIC (hold down the "Control" key and press the "Reset" key), then type "PR#X" and press the "Enter" key. "X" is the Slot number.

Note: The MicroDrive/Turbo allows the IIGS to "skip" trying to boot it by holding down the "ESC" key on boot.

== Support: //e Installation ==
When installing the MicroDrive/Turbo in your Apple //e a few things need to first be taken into consideration. For example, will you want to primary boot the MicroDrive/Turbo, your Floppy Drives, or other bootable devices installed in your system? For most installations users will want to boot primary to the MicroDrive/Turbo. In this case we recommend installing the MicroDrive/Turbo in Slot 7. And when you want to boot to the Floppy Drives hold down the "ESC" key on boot. This allows the //e to "skip" booting the MicroDrive/Turbo and move on to checking the Floppy Drives or other bootable devices in lower numbered Slots.

If however you install the MicroDrive/Turbo in another Slot then it may not boot and depends on what other bootable devices are installed in your //e. You can however tell the //e to boot to another Slot by breaking into BASIC if needed (hold the "Control" key and press the "Reset" key), then type "PR#X" and press the "Enter" key. "X" is the Slot number.

Note: The MicroDrive/Turbo allows the IIGS to "skip" trying to boot it by holding the "ESC" key on boot.

== Support: Troubleshooting ==
Here are some tips on where to start if you experience any issues with your MicroDrive/Turbo (MDT) or any cards in your Apple II system.

First and foremost - ALWAYS always worth mentioning be sure to observe correct ESD protection when handling or touching electronics or you will damage and weaken ICs. It would be great if a damaged IC failed instantly. However that's rarely the case. ESD damage usually eats away at the gates inside an IC, can cause timing issues, and the IC to run hotter than designed for. This causes the IC to operate unreliably. And the worse kind of issue to diagnose is an inconsistent one. So please always use a grounded wrist strap and even a static mat when working on your IIgs. ReActivceMicro sees quite a few systems with weak or damaged bus transceivers (LS/HCT245) and can usually repair the motherboards, and ESD damage is the primary suspect for the ICs needing to be replaced. ALWAYS observe correct ESD protection when handling or touching electronics. However before suspecting the Apple II, let's retest the MDT in-system.

Start with cleaning the MDT's edge connector (slot connector end with the gold fingers). A pencil eraser is a good device for cleaning. You could also use some 95+ alcohol and a paper towel. When clean all the fingers should be about the same color and brightness. Any which appear to be dull or darker than the rest need to be recleaned as they could have some residue on them from manufacturing. This could cause connection issues with the slot.

Next, check your outlet power. Check to make sure the outlet is wired correctly. ReActiveMicro receives about 5 support emails a year from users with MDT issues who all swear their power is fine and there's no power or wiring issues. After much debate and discussion Support usually sends an outlet tester to which they finally check the outlet and discover there's a wiring fault and the cause of most or all of their past issues. The older original PSUs don't seem to mind a wiring issue, however the new ones ReActiveMicro sells will produce all kinds of issues if an outlet is incorrectly wired. So we ask that users check their outlets with a multimeter or outlet tester (eBay for under $10 delivered) to make sure issues are not power related. As another good way to check is to run a power cord from your bathroom or kitchen GFCI outlet and retest your II for a while, as these outlets have be to wired correctly in order to turn on. This is a simple way to help rule out a power issue and highly recommended in all testing situations where power is suspect.

Next we ask that you run the Read Write test software for the MDT. It's under the Utils folder, in the Microdrive folder, called TURBO.RW.TEST. It's a system file so you can use the ProDOS selector to run it. Let the test run for an hour or two. This should confirm the MDT is running well. If the test randomly fails or stops during this time then this might suggest an issue with Apple II. You can also try performing the 'twist test' and 'wiggle test' with the MDT during this time and see if the board fails. Tap and wiggle the IDE to CF Adapter and CF Card. See if the test stops and reports an error. If so then reseat the Adapter and CF Card several times to clean the connectors. The MDT should work well however, and you should be able to bend/stress the card slightly and press on the ICs while the test is running without any issues (assuming your slot is good). Too much pressure or shaking can cause the card to lose contact with the slot. So don't be too aggressive, but you'd be surprised at the amount of pressure and bumps you can apply without issues. Which is perfect to make sure it's no a connection issue. And 'twisting' the card helps confirm there isn't a cold solder joint. Again, don't be too aggressive, but you should be able to a decent amount of force to stress the board ends in both clockwise and counter clockwise directions. If the board fails during this test then it might suggest a cold solder joint.

Lastly, clean the card with some degreasor and an old toothbrush. Be sure to pull the firmware ROM and remove the CF to IDE Adapter before cleaning. Only clean the MDT board without the ROM installed. A good solvent like Brakleen is best. This also dries residue free. Rinse well with cleaner too. Use plenty of cleaner and mainly brush the small square IC in the middle of the board in all directions for at least 1 minute. Work the toothbrush in to the small pins with a combing action. The more brushing the better, and the more solvent used the better. Also clean inside the firmware ROM socket well. Brush around the surface mount pins where they connect to the PCB as best you can. You can also use 95+ alcohol and a toothbrush. However you'll need to rinse the card in water to fully clean it. Distilled water is best. Tap water is usually fine too. Be sure to tap the card's edges well on a hard surface to get the water out from under the ICs, and then use a hair dryer to fully dry the card for 5-10 mins. You can also leave the board out overnight to air dry, however this usually isn't needed. Canned or compressed air also works well do help get water out from under the ICs and dry the board.

If the MDT passes the twist and bump tests but fails randomly then it could be related to the IIgs. ReActiveMicro will usually send another MDT so users can retest locally to help confirm it's the II or the MDT. If the new MDT board also fails then it's your IIgs system which is the issue. Which at that point you may want to consider sending us your motherboard for additional confirmation testing and we can replace the bus transceivers if needed then send back to you for additional local testing. This kind of repair is about $100 however, and really should be a last resort effort. So let's see what the first few tests show us before pointing fingers at the IIgs motherboard.

When using the MicroDrive/Turbo with other expansion cards that utilize DMA, it may be helpful to try running the MicroDrive/Turbo with DMA disabled if your system is behaving erratically. For example, as of late 2020, several users report erratic freezes of the VidHD when it and MicroDrive/Turbo are both utilizing DMA. Hopefully, a future revision of the VidHD firmware will repair any incompatibility.

== Support: Backing Up - CF Card ==
One important feature of the MicroDrive/Turbo the ability to remove the CF Card and use CiderPress to back up the Volumes on it. To do this you will need to have installed CiderPress on your PC or Mac running a Windows emulator, and a CF Card Reader.

See [[MicroDrive/Turbo#Support:_CiderPress|"Support: CiderPress"]] below for the download link and continued instructions on how to use it to backup the CF Card.

For 32Meg volume images or whole CF Card images visit the [https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/32_Meg_Hard_Drive_Image 32 Meg Hard Drive Image page] and the [[#Documentation.2C_Files.2C_and_Software|download links]] below.

== Support: Using the Setup Utility ==
Installation: The MicroDrive/Turbo comes pre-setup. Just install in any Slot. We however recommend Slot 7 if possible since you will most likely want to boot from the MicroDrive/Turbo much more often than your Floppies. And when you want to boot to a Floppy:
* On boot, press and hold the ESC key. This will bypass the MicroDrive/Turbo on boot.

Note: IIGS users may need to make a change to Slot settings in the Control Panel. To access the Control Panel first boot the IIGS. Then press and hold down the Open Apple key, Control key, and then press the ESC key.

===Setup Utility===
Be sure to backup the MicroDrive/Turbo Setup utility to floppy! This disk will be for backup purposes or if you need to setup a new CF Card.
* Upon booting the MicroDrive/Turbo you will be taken to Volume 1 which holds the ProDOS 8 utilities.
* You will see a folder named "SHRINK.IT". Using the arrow keys to highlight the folder and press Enter.
* You will now see a file called "SHRINK.IT.V3.4". Press Enter to execute it.
* Press the letter "O" to open an archive. The "MICRODRV.IIE.S1" is for a 5.25” disk, and "MICRODRV.TURBO" is for a 3.5” disk. Select one and press Enter twice.
* Next select the Drive on which to write.
* When done be sure to boot the disk and run the Setup utility to make sure it restored correctly.
* Repeat the above process if needed.
* Done!

Note: If you require a Setup utility disk be mailed to you, there will be a charge. Please email [http://store.reactivemicro.com/contact-us/ ReActiveMicro Support] for details and pricing.

===Check The DMA Setting===
It is advised to check the DMA setting in the Setup utility to make sure it is set correctly. Usually there isn't any issue, however you can experience data corruption or loss if the setting is not correct.
* Upon booting the MicroDrive/Turbo you will be taken to Volume 1 which holds the ProDOS 8 utilities.
* You will see a folder named "MICRODRIVE". Using the arrow keys highlight the folder and press Enter.
* You will now see a file called "MICRODRV.SETUP". Press Enter to execute it.
* Press the letter "D" to select "DMA Mode". If it's set currently to your Apple II, then you are finished. If not, then continue to the next step.
* Press Enter to change the setting. For //e users select "Enable".
* Press the letter "W" to select "Write Configuration".
* Press Enter, then the letter "W" to save the new configuration.
* Done!

Note: Set DMA Mode To "Disable" to see how much slower your system would be using a non-DMA Mass Storage Device.

===The Pre-setup and Pre-loaded CF Card===
The MicroDrive/Turbo comes with a pre-setup CF Card which has 4 ProDOS Volumes on it. The CF Card comes pre-loaded the same for the IIGS or //e.
* Volume 1 has ProDOS 8 Utilities loaded on it and is bootable into ProDOS 8.
* Volume 2 has GS/OS v6.0.1 loaded on it and is bootable. You will need at least 1Meg of RAM in order to RUN GS/OS or you will be forced to exit.
* Volume 3 had DOS.MASTER loaded on it and is bootable into ProDOS 8 which loads BASIC. You will see a folder called DOS.MASTER.
* Volume 4 is formatted in ProDOS and is not bootable.

You can setup more volumes on the CF Card if you wish, however you will quickly run out of "Slots" under ProDOS 8. ProDOS maps each Volume to a Slot and Drive, the same as what is done with the Floppy Drives. So the current 4 Volumes take up 2 Slots, which have 2 Drives each. If you don't have many peripheral cards in your Apple II then adding more Volumes may not pose an issue. However users which have other devices in Slots which get a Volume mapped to them may not be able to use the card or the Volume. You have been warned.

====Boot To Other Volumes====
The MicroDrive/Turbo comes set to boot to Volume 1 by default. You can however temporary boot to other Volumes on the CF Card.
* Hold down the "Open Apple" key when powering on the Apple II. This will pause the MicroDrive/Turbo's splash screen.
* Lastly press the corresponding Volume's number key, and the MicroDrive/Turbo will boot to that Volume.

You can also use the Setup utility to make booting to another Volume the current setting.
* Upon booting the MicroDrive/Turbo you will be taken to Volume 1 which holds the ProDOS 8 utilities in a folder named "UTIL".
* You will see folder named "MICRODRIVE". Using the arrow keys highlight the folder and press Enter.
* You will now see a file called "MICRODRV.SETUP". Press Enter to execute it.
* Press the letter "B" to select "Default Boot Volume".
* Press Enter to change the setting to the desired NEW boot Volume.
* Press the letter "W" to select "Write Configuration".
* Press Enter, then the letter "W" to save the new configuration.
* Done!

====Adding Volumes To CF Card====
To add more Volumes to your CF Card.
* Upon booting the MicroDrive/Turbo you will be taken to Volume 1 which holds the ProDOS 8 utilities.
* You will see a folder named "MICRODRIVE". Using the arrow keys to highlight the folder and press Enter.
* You will now see a file called "MICRODRV.SETUP". Press Enter to execute it.
* Press the letter "E" to select "Partition Editor". You will immediately be taken to the "Partition Table" area on the right side of the screen.
* Press the letter "A" to add a new Volume. Note: Press the "?" key for available commands.
* Press and hold both "Apple" keys, then press the "Right Arrow" key. The "Blk Size" and "Dec/Hex" column values will start to change.
* Keep pressing the "Right Arrow" key till the "Blk Size" reads "$010000". Release the "Apple" keys.
* Press the "Left Arrow" key once. The "Blk Size" should now read "$00FFFF".
**Note: ProDOS can only use UP TO 32Megs of space. "$00FFFF" is 32Meg in Blocks. You can create volumes larger then 32Megs however you will may not be able to use them.
**'''Press the letter "D" to delete any volumes or to start over.'''
**Press the letter "Q" twice if you DO NOT want to save your changes and exit.
**Repeat the above steps if you want to add more Volumes.
* Press Enter, then the letter "W" which selects "Write Configuration" to save the new configuration.
* Done!

Note: Don't forget you will need to format any new Volumes before they can be used to store anything.

===Deleting Volumes From CF Card===
To add more Volumes to your CF Card.
* Upon booting the MicroDrive/Turbo you will be taken to Volume 1 which holds the ProDOS 8 utilities.
* You will see a folder named "MICRODRIVE". Using the arrow keys highlight the folder and press Enter.
* You will now see a file called "MICRODRV.SETUP". Press Enter to execute it.
* Press the letter "E" to select "Partition Editor". You will immediately be taken to the "Partition Table" area on the right side of the screen.
* Use the "Arrow" keys to select the Volume you want to delete.
* Press the letter "D" to delete the Volume.
**Press the letter "Q" twice if you DO NOT want to save your changes and exit.
**Repeat the above steps if you want to add more Volumes.
* Press the letter "W" to select "Write Configuration".
* Press Enter, then the letter "W" to save the new configuration.
* Done!

===Setting Up a New CF Card===
To use a new CF Card (or one that has been accidentally formatted on your PC) you must first partition it. However if you do not have an existing bootable CF Card or a backup of the MicroDrive/Turbo Setup Utility on Floppy Disk then you will need to contact Support (see above) in order to obtain a new CF Card which is preloaded, or a Diskette with the Setup Utility.

If you have the Setup Utility then see [[#Adding Volumes To CF Card]] above.

== Support: Need to Add/Complete ==
Format issues with C2+

Using a Second CF Card Slot:

Copy files.

== Support: CiderPress - Backing Up and Restoring ==
To download and install CiderPress for Windows, please visit https://ciderpress2.com

CiderPress can be run on a Mac using emulation (e.g., Parallels Desktop of VMWare Fusion) or using a WINE-based emulation (e.g., http://retrocomputingaustralia.com/rca-downloads/ -- thanks to Michael Mulhern for his efforts and hosting). However, WINE-based emulators are unable to access CF Card Readers so can't be used for this utility. 
Note: There is a Mac based project being developed to allow the access of the MDT CF Card. You can find the project here: https://github.com/disappearinjon/microdrive

Your PC will also require a CF Card Reader so you can access the CF Card.

Backing Up A CF Card: To backup a Volume on a CF Card:
*Insert the CF Card into your Reader. Allow a few seconds for it to be recognized by your OS. '''DO NOT format the Card if prompted!'''
*Open CiderPress.
*Click on the "Tools" menu and select "Volume Copier (open volume).
*Select “Physical Disk X”. X is the disk number. Click the "OK" button to continue.
Note: Users with a Computer that has more than one Hard Drive or CF Reader will have to determine exactly which Drive the CF Card Reader to be used is. In most cases it will be “1”. The size of the CF Card should also be displayed in the "Remarks" column.
*All Volumes will now be listed. Select the volume you wish to backup and click the "Copy to file" button.
*You will now be asked where to save the backup file. Select a location and a name then press the "Save" button.
*CiderPress will now start to read the Volume and save it to your PC. When it is done the popup progress window will close.
**Optional: You can now select other Volumes to backup if desired.
*Done!

Note: You could also use a utility to backup the whole CF Card like [http://hddguru.com/software/HDD-Raw-Copy-Tool/ HDD Raw Copy]. CiderPress however has the advantage of being able to open and utilize the backup Images it creates. So in the future you could copy files from the Images or access data if needed. You would not need to fully restore the Image as with other backup programs. Some Emulators can also access and use the Image files too. Raw Disk Copiers like HDD Raw Copy can however be useful if you would like to quickly duplicate a CF Card as it will copy the Partition information unlike CiderPress. So you do not need to run the MicroDrive/Turbo Setup Utility before restoring the HDD Raw Copy Image. This could be a useful backup method should the Setup Utility backup disk you made (see [[#Support: Backing Up - Setup Utility|"Support: Backing Up - Setup Utility"]] above) ever becomes damaged, lost, or unusable.

Restoring A Backup Image To A CF Card: To restore a Volume:
*Insert the CF Card into your Reader. Allow a few seconds for it be recognized by your OS. '''DO NOT format the Card if prompted!'''
*Open CiderPress.
*Click on the "Tools" menu and select "Volume Copier (open volume).
*Select “Physical Disk X”. X is the disk number.
Note: Users with a Computer that has more than one Hard Drive or CF Reader will have to determine exactly which Drive the CF Card Reader to be used is. In most cases it will be “1”. The size of the CF Card should also be displayed in the "Remarks" column.
*Uncheck the "Open as read-only" option above the "OK" button.
WARNING: Data on your Volumes can now be over-written. Be careful, and make sure to select the correct Volume!
*Click the "OK" button to continue.
*All Volumes will now be listed. Select the volume you wish to restore an image to and click the "Load from file" button.
*Select the image file and click the "Open" button.
*CiderPress will prompt you to make sure you want to overwrite a Volume if there is data there, and you need to confirm "OK" to continue. If it is blank it will start loading the image.
**You can load multiple images if you wish.
*Done!

== Support: CiderPress - Copying Files ==
Copy A File TO The CF Card:
*Insert the CF Card into your Reader. Allow a few seconds for it be recognized by your OS. '''DO NOT format the Card if prompted!'''
*Open CiderPress.
*Click on the "File" menu and select "Open Volume...".
*Select “Physical Disk X”. X is the disk number. Click the "OK" button to continue.
Note: Users with a Computer that has more than one Hard Drive or CF Reader will have to determine exactly which Drive the CF Card Reader to be used is. In most cases it will be “1”. The size of the CF Card should also be displayed in the "Remarks" column.
*Uncheck "Open as read only" and click the "OK" button.
*All Volumes and folders will now be listed. Locate the volume, and folder if desired, in which you wish to place the copied file.
**Roots of Volumes can be identified by the double name such as "MDVOL1::MDVOL1" for example.
**Folder and files can be identified by the name AFTER the ":" and the info listed in the "TYPE" column.
*Right click on the location, then select "Add Files...".
*Browse to the file's location, select any desired options, then click the "OK" button.
*You will now see the file located on the CF Card.
*Repeat as desired to add more files.
*Done!

Copy A File FROM The CF Card:

*Insert the CF Card in to your Reader. Allow a few seconds for it be recognized by your OS. '''DO NOT format the Card if prompted!'''
*Open CiderPress.
*Click on the "File" menu and select "Open Volume...".
*Select “Physical Disk X”. X is the disk number. Click the "OK" button to continue.
Note: Users with a Computer that has more than one Hard Drive or CF Reader will have to determine exactly which Drive the CF Card Reader to be used is. In most cases it will be “1”. The size of the CF Card should also be displayed in the "Remarks" column.
*All Volumes and folders will now be listed. Locate the volume, and folder if needed, in which the file wish to copy is located.
**Roots of Volumes can be identified by the double name such as "MDVOL1::MDVOL1" for example.
**Folder and files can be identified by the name AFTER the ":" and the info listed in the "TYPE" column.
*Right click on the location, then select "Extract...".
*Browse to the location you wish to copy the file to, select any desired options, then click the "OK" button.
*You will now see the file located where you selected.
*Repeat as desired to copy more files.
*Done!

== Support: Command line tool on Mac OS to manipulate a MicroDrive/Turbo disk or image ==

For a long time now Mac OS users have struggled in dealing with ProDOS formatted CF Card. CiderPress is a native Windows program and requires a full emulator like Parallels Desktop or VMWare Fusion.

Jon Lasser contacted Henry and started to discuss the issues with CiderPress on the MAC and how he might be able to create a simple but powerful program. It would allow access to the ProDOS formatted CF Card, as CiderPress does. However it will run natively on the MAC platform. We are more than glad to help Jon with his efforts in any way we can.

You can read more about Jon’s project here at his own blog:
https://twoideas.org/2020/01/02/the-joys-of-retrocomputing-also-announcing-a-microdrive-turbo-image-tool/

As of the time of this writing (end of 2020), Jon Lasser's tool is a solid option for backing up and restoring CF cards formatted with ProDOS and for copying images. Use of the Terminal is required and some familiarity with using Mac OS in this way is important. This is a great step forward.

== Support: Using Mechanical Hard Drives ==
It is possible to use old mechanical Hard Drives on the MicroDrive/Turbo however Compact Flash is a much better solution. As noted in "[[#Features|Features]]" above: "[Compact Flash is] readily available, inexpensive, low power, noiseless, shock proof, removable, and last almost forever - things that can't be said about mechanical Hard Drives."

Steps to install and use a mechanical Hard Drive:
*First, remove the IDE to CF Adapter. The unit should just slide off when pulled. Be careful to not bend any pins on the IDE male header.
*Next, install a 40-pin IDE Cable.
*Next, if needed set your IDE Hard Drive to the correct "Primary" or "Secondary" setting.
*Finally, install the Hard Drive onto the IDE Cable.

'''Note:''' If the Hard Drive is powered from a secondary Power Supply you need to adhere to the following in order for all to work correctly:
*The GS has to be turned on '''first'''. The Power Supply to the Hard Drive is then turned on '''second'''. Wrong order and the drive may not spin up.
*The two Power Supplies must have a common ground. Without this the MicroDrive/Turbo may not see the Hard Drive.
*Be warned that most newer MicroDrive/Turbo boards have +5v connected to pin Pin 20 of the IDE Connector. Be sure to use a cable which DOES NOT have a cable pin connected, or you cut the cable pin.

== Support: Using ADTPro, Uthernet, and MicroDrive/Turbo Together ==
An incompatibility exists in ADTPro versions 2.0.2 and earlier where ADTPro's Uthernet initialization interferes with the operation of the MicroDrive/Turbo running IIGS firmware. To be specific, if the MicroDrive/Turbo is in a slot number '''lower''' than the Uthernet or Uthernet II, ADTPro will not start . Even if you create and save an ADTPro Uthernet configuration to specify an Uthernet slot using a different computer, it still won't work. There are a number of solutions available:
# Use a version greater than 2.0.2 of ADTPro
# Move your MicroDrive/Turbo to a slot '''higher''' than your Uthernet or Uthernet II card (typical slots are 3 for Uthernet, and 7 for MicroDrive/Turbo)
# Use the //e version of firmware in your MicroDrive/Turbo.

== Support: Running The Preinstalled Games ==
With the CF Card that comes with the MicroDrive/Turbo you will find a "IIE GAMES" and a "GS GAMES" folder, which is part of the "[https://archive.org/details/TotalReplay Total Replay]" distribution. If you try to run the games you will receive an error message of "FILETYPE MISMATCH". First, run "BOOT.SYSTEM" which is a menu system for running the games correctly. Then select and run the game of your choice.

== Self Powered IDE to CF Adapters ==
The MicroDrive/Turbo sold by ReActiveMicro comes with a self powered IDE to CF Adapter with a pre-setup CF Card. They did not sell boards with mechanical HDDs. "Self powered" refers to the IDE to CF Adapter which uses power supplied on Pin 20 of the IDE connector and does not require an external power source. This means the Apple II can supply power to the CF Card and no other power source is needed.

Boards from 2006 to mid 2008 will have +5v connected to Pin 20 of the IDE Connector in the form of a small jumper wire on the rear of the board. Later boards have a small trace added to the face, left side of the board. Over the years some users insisted on trying to install the CF Adapter backwards which would cause a short and burn the added trace from the board. So all boards from late 2017 and on have a fuse added to the small trace for added protection. The pic below on the right with the fuse is a good example of what the added trace looks like and where it is located.

<gallery class="center" widths=300px heights=200px caption="IDE Pin 20 Power Mods">
File:MicroDrive-Turbo-Back-PowerMod1.jpg|Pre-2008 MicroDrive/Turbo With Flywire Power Mod and Self Powered CF Adapter
File:MicroDrive-Turbo-Face-PowerMod2.jpg|2018 MicroDrive/Turbo With "F1" Fuse and Self Powered CF Adapter
</gallery>

== Support: Installing Firmware ==
[[Image:MicroDrive-Turbo_-_Firmware_Install.jpg|thumb|ROM Location And Where To Pry To Remove]]
The MicroDrive Turbo usually comes pre-setup for IIe or IIGS use. This is determined by the Firmware ROM which is installed on the card. The ROM is the small square IC on the upper right of the card. It is the only IC in a socket.

You can use the IIe Firmware in an IIe and IIGS, however it is quite slow in a IIGS compared to the IIgs Firmware. You cannot use the IIGS Firmware in a IIe as it will cause the IIe to crash to Monitor.

The //e Firmware ROM is usually marked with a label that has "II" written on it. This isn't the best way to check which firmware in on the MicroDrive Turbo as the label could have been removed or fallen off. If your MicroDrive/Turbo works in an IIe then the IIe Firmware is installed.

To remove the Firmware ROM you will need a "PLCC Extraction Tool". These can be found on eBay for under $5 usually. You can also use a paperclip, small wire, an awl, small screw driver, or any strong thin implement. Do not pry too hard on the ROM Socket if possible. Reference the picture for the areas on which to pry up.

The new Firmware ROM should be installed in the same orientation with the chip markings facing up. '''Installing the ROM backwards WILL damage it!''' Reference the picture and you will notice one corner of the Socket and ROM are "cut". The other corners are square. There is usually a "DOT" or mark on the case of the IC to help denote which side is which. In the case of the MicroDrive/Turbo we want to make sure the "cut corner" and the "DOT" are facing to the LEFT. The chip markings should be facing up, legible, with the gold Edge Connector (aka - Slot Edge) on the bottom of the MicroDrive Turbo.

<gallery class="center" widths=150px heights=80>
File:Floppy_Icon_514sleeve.svg|MicroDrive-Turbo II, II''plus'', IIe Unenhanced (and IIGS but slow) Firmware|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/2/25/MicroDrive-Turbo-IIe-v1.60b-ROM.bin
File:Floppy_Icon_514sleeve.svg|MicroDrive Turbo IIGS ONLY Firmware|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/3/33/MicroDrive-Turbo_-_IIgs_v1.00_ROM_-_27512.bin
</gallery>

== Downloadable Files ==
<div class="new_window">
<gallery class="center" widths=150px heights=80 caption="RM MicroDrive-Turbo">
File:PDF_ICON.svg|2024 Manual |link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/4/4a/MicroDrive_Manual_2024.pdf
<gallery class="center" widths=150px heights=80 caption="MicroDrive-Turbo">

File:4am_Gaming_Image.svg|Total Replay 32meg|link=https://archive.org/details/TotalReplay

File:RM_Icon_File_Server.svg|Software|link=http://downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/MicroDrive-Turbo/Software/
File:RM_Icon_File_Server.svg|CF Images|link=http://downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/MicroDrive-Turbo/CF_Volume_Images/
File:RM_Icon_File_Server.svg|Assorted Files|link=http://downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/MicroDrive-Turbo/
</gallery>
</div>

[[Category:Hardware]]
[[Category:Apple]]
[[Category:ReActiveMicro Projects]]

Talk:Phasor

2025-04-15T19:43:25Z

RMHenry:

Please post your support questions here and ReActiveMicro or someone from the Community will be glad to assist you!

Question regarding Section: OpAmp And Audio Mixer Circuit

> "In the current Phasor project the right and left channels for speech are combined for mono output which sounds a lot better than the original *signal* channel, ... "

Is the spelling intentional here or is this a typo and "single" should be used instead?
If it is intentional, I don't understand the usage - perhaps this can be explained?

Feature Requests:
- Emulate the SSI263 Speech chip output in FPGA - Tom Charlesworth has emulated the Speech output in AppleWin so it is possible to do this.
- Connection from the Apple IIgs Ensoniq audio to provide stereo (or quad?) output via the Phasor output so we have one output for speakers.
- Watch the IIgs bus for speaker toggling traffic in bank 0 and emulate speaker toggle noises and output via the Phasor output so we have one output for speakers.
- Similar to A2Heaven Mega Audio, please provide a Dorrough meter for each AY. Plamen calls this an Equaliser meter but he's only showing 4 channels mapped from output level on the emulated devices.

== Quite a lot of distortion on line input ==

I finished assembling the Phasor and it works, but on line input it is really distorted - not quite sure what could be wrong. I'm using it in an Apple 2e platinum. If I plug headphones into it - it sounds better but still distorted.

FROM ReActiveMicro Support: Check top left front side of card. You will see two sets of resistors labeled "LEFT" and next it it will be labeled "RIGHT". Change the top resistors to 330ohm, and the bottom resistors to 10kohm. This should lower the line volume. Please let us know if this helps. You can also email Support@ReActiveMicro.com if needed. Thanks for your patience with this issue!

User talk:Angelworks

2025-04-05T07:56:22Z

RMHenry: Welcome!

User:Angelworks

2025-04-05T07:56:22Z

RMHenry: Creating user page for new user.

I was born in 1976 in Provo Utah, grew up in Southern Oregon, graduated from high school in 1995, went to Portland State University - got a bachelors degree in social science in 2000, worked at a bunch of different software companies including Adobe Systems, GTS Services and Rulespace. These days I'm a systems admin.

User talk:MattKeevins

2025-04-05T07:56:04Z

RMHenry: Welcome!

User:MattKeevins

2025-04-05T07:56:04Z

RMHenry: Creating user page for new user.

Hobbyists with some experience with DIY electronics just dipping his toes into vintage computers.

Main Page

2025-04-05T06:09:34Z

RMHenry:

[[Image:Title_RM_Reactivate.svg|740px|center|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/ReActiveMicro]]
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<center>ReActiveMicro supports the entire line of Apple II Personal Computers. 
Subscribe to ReActiveMicro and know instantly about updates, news and information first hand sent to you by email.
Click above to read about [[ReActiveMicro]] and history.<center>

<center>
Feel free to share your thoughts and ideas with us. Explore the provided links to external resources, downloads, documents, and support articles. You have the freedom to update, add to, and even create a page dedicated to your own Apple II hardware or software projects, or any other topic relevant to supporting the Apple II Community. Your contributions are highly valued and appreciated by all of us!

If you reuse anything from this site, please credit accordingly. Link-backs are appreciated. 
([[Help]] for basic and custom commands when using or editing this site.)</center> 

<div style="font-size:150%; text-align: center;">[[Special:AllPages|== Click Here to View all Pages ==]]</div>


<center>
<div style="float:center; width:80%"><div style="border:2px solid #5090C0; padding-bottom:1em">

<h2 style="background-color:#5090C0; font-weight:bold; color:white; padding:0.3em 1em; margin:1em 0; font-size:inherit; text-align:center">Recent Releases from ReActiveMicro </h2> 

<div style="font-size:200%; text-align: center;">
<gallery class="center" widths=450px heights=200px>

</gallery>
</div>
<gallery class="center" widths=300px>
File:Photoroom_20240316_143943.jpg|A2FPGA Multicard|link=A2FPGA
File:IMG_20201227_152312585_HDR-Wiki-tiny.png|Universal Enclosure PSU Kit|link=Universal_Enclosure_PSU
File:IMG_20200914_165454128_HDR-Main-tiny.png|12-inch LCD Display for Composite|link=12-inch_LCD_Display
</gallery>
</div></div>
</center>

<hr>

<center>
<div style="float:center; width:80%">
<h2 style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-weight:bold; color:black; padding:0.3em 1em; margin:1em 0; font-size:inherit; text-align:center"> 
Find Chips Numbers And Related Info 
[[Image:Title_Apple_Chip_Designations.svg|512px|link=Apple_Chip_Designations]] 
[[Apple_Chip_Designations|Vintage Apple Computer Inc. - IC Part Numbers (designations)]]
</h2>
</div>
 
<hr>

<gallery class="center" widths=300px>

File:image1.jpg|Disk II Light MOD|link=Disk_II%2B

File:IMG_20200914_165100448_HDR-cables-tiny.png|Mini AV2HDMI Video Adapter|link=Mini_AV2HDMI_Video_Adapter
File:Apple_II_Plus_Rev7_Horizontal.png|Apple II ''plus'' Rev 7 RFI Factory NEW Replacement Mainboard|link=Apple_II_Plus_Rev_7_RFI
File:IMG_20190713_161320401_HDR-Wiki-tiny.png|Phasor v1.0|link=Phasor
File:2018-03-28-ReActiveMicro-Mockingboard-v2.2-Assembled-Wiki.png|Mockingboard v2.2|link=Mockingboard
File:UM_Transwarp_GS.jpg|UM TransWarp GS|link=TransWarp_GS
File:2017-12-20-UltraWarpv1.91RM.6-Face-Wiki.png|UltraWarp v1.91G|link=UltraWarp
File:IMG_20170527_121409-Fixed.jpg|Accelerator Speed Test Comparisons|link=Accelerator_Speeds
File:2018-07-09-_ReActiveMicro_-_3.5_Disk_Controller_v1.0-Face-Wiki.png|Apple II 3.5" Disk Controller Card|link=Apple_II_3.5_Disk_Controller_Card
File:RAMWorks_IIII_Kit_v1.1-PCB_Assembled.png|RAMWorks IIII Kit|link=RAMWorks_IIII_Kit
File:2018-01-29_ProDevDDTv1.0.png|ProDev DDT v1.0|link=ProDev_DDT
File:RM_MicroDriveTurbo-Object.png|MicroDrive Turbo|link=MicroDrive/Turbo
File:RM External CF Drive-Object.png|External CF Drive v2.0|link=External_CF_Drive
File:IIGS_ROM1_Adapter-Face-Wiki.jpg|IIGS ROM 00 to ROM 01 Upgrade Adapter|link=IIgs_ROM1_Adapter
File:4soniq-v1.1.JPG|4soniq Sound Card by Manila Gear|link=4soniq
File:2soniq-v1.0.JPG|2soniq Sound Card by Manila Gear|link=2soniq
File:NSC-Front.png|No Slot Clock v1.1 by Manila Gear|link=No_Slot_Clock
File:Nsc.png|No-Slot Clock v1.0|link=No-Slot_Clock
File:Replica_One-Object.png|Replica 1 Plus from Briel Computers|link=Replica_1
File:P_20180709_191343_vHDR_Auto-Wiki.png|Apple IIc Plus Universal PSU v1.0|link=IIc+_Universal_PSU
File:Universal_PSU_Kit_Main1.png|Universal PSU Kit|link=Universal_PSU_Kit
File:IMG_20160828_153318-fixed.png|HERO Junior RT-1 Charger Adapter|link=HERO_Junior_RT-1_Charger_Adapter
File:IIe_Enhancement_Kit.png|IIe Enhancement Kit|link=Apple_IIe_Enhancement_Kit
File:TWGSGAL-Local.jpg|TransWarp GALs and Upgrades|link=TransWarp_GS
File:Battery_Caddy2.jpg|IIGS ROM 0/1 Battery Caddy|link=IIgs_ROM0/1_Battery_Caddy
File:VGA-Adapter-v2.JPG|Apple IIGS VGA Adapter by Manila Gear|link=Apple_IIGS_VGA_Adapter
File:IMG_20170915_143009-Fixed.jpg|IBM 15pin to Apple 9pin Joystick Adapter by Manila Gear|link=IBM_15pin_to_Apple_9pin_Joystick_Adapter_by_Manila_Gear
File:Adapter_-_Assembled_-_Face.png|IBM 15pin to Apple 9pin Joystick Adapter|link=IBM_15pin_to_Apple_9pin_Joystick_Adapter
File:AppleSauce_v3_Proto.jpg|Applesauce|link=Applesauce
<gallery>

</gallery>
 

<center>
[[Image:RM_History.svg|170px|link=ReActiveMicro]]
[[Image:Apple_2_Media_Vault.svg|170px|link=Apple_II_Media_Vault]]
[[Image:APPLE_IC.svg|170px|link=Apple_Chip_Designations]]
 
</center>

<center>If you reuse any material from this site, please credit accordingly. We also ask that you do not alter any of the documentation PDF files. Any link-backs are appreciated.</center>
<center>[[The_ReActiveMicro_Apple_II_Wiki:Copyrights|( Copyright Notice )]]</center>

User talk:Tvel4

2025-03-28T21:36:23Z

RMHenry: Welcome!

User:Tvel4

2025-03-28T21:36:23Z

RMHenry: Creating user page for new user.

Vintage computer lover and collector-- nostalgic for all things Apple, IBM, Atari and Sierra Online.

User talk:Mattbsage

2024-08-28T02:49:17Z

RMHenry: Welcome!

User:Mattbsage

2024-08-28T02:49:17Z

RMHenry: Creating user page for new user.

Professional IT bloke: DevOps
8-bit computer enthusiast: Apple //c, C64 and homebrew 65C02

A2FPGA

2024-08-08T04:07:36Z

RMHenry: /* Features */

[[Image:A2FPGA-200x400.png|300px|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/3/3f/A2FPGA-200x400.png]]

[[Image:Photoroom_20240316_143943.jpg|thumb|A2FPGA A2N20 v2.0|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/b/b3/Photoroom_20240316_143943.jpg]]

The A2FPGA is primarily an HD video and Mockingboard-compatible sound card for the Apple II, II+, //e, and IIgs. It's a small, Apple II peripheral card that can be installed in any Apple II computer II, II+, //e, IIgs. See Slots below for compatible slot locations by system type. The A2FPGA uses a modern FPGA (field-programmable gate array or "programmable logic") to provide precise timing-accurate interfacing to the Apple II bus. This allows the card to capture all access to Apple II display memory in order to faithfully generate Apple text and graphics in crisp 720p 60Hz HD as well as providing the functionality of a number of popular peripheral cards in a single Apple II slot. The A2FPGA has been tested with Apple II, II+, //e, and IIgs models and brings the classic Apple II experience to a whole new level on any monitor or television.

Product Status: Actively sold by ReActiveMicro.

Support: Post on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME}}|Discussion]] page (link above) or email [http://store.reactivemicro.com/contact-us/ ReActiveMicro Support].

Sales: Visit the [https://www.reactivemicro.com/product/a2fpga-multicard/ ReActiveMicro Store].

== Features ==
As of April 2024 the standard features currently are:
720x480 @ 60Hz HDMI output supporting all Apple II, II+, //e, & IIgs display modes.*
Mockingboard sound compatibility (Slot 4)
Both Apple II system speaker audio AND Mockingboard audio are output to your HDMI display's speakers
Synetix SuperSprite and Ciarcia EZ-Color TMS9918a compatibility (Slot 7)

*If your monitor doesn't support 720x480 resolution, or some older "CCTV" type monitors, then you may not receive video. More common and newer HDMI monitors should not have any issues.
*All functionality is supported simultaneously. Users don’t have to change modes or configuration to switch between features.
*The A2N20-V2 Multicard does NOT connect the INT_IN/INT_OUT or DMA_IN/DMA_OUT daisy chain lines. Systems that have multiple cards which depend on daisy chaining may not function.

Slots: 
II/Plus/e - Any Slot, We recommend Slot 7 for better HDMI cable routing 
IIgs ROM0 - NOT TESTED, But Slot 3 ONLY 
IIgs ROM1 - Slot 3 ONLY* 
IIgs ROM3 - Any Slot 1-6 but WILL NOT function in Slot 7 
*A user can use the A2FPGA in any slot in the ROM1 IIgs if they install a jumper wire mod from Slot 3, pin 35, to whichever slot they want to use the card, pin 35.
 
WARNING! This board MUST be installed with the HDMI connector facing the forward keyboard end of the chassis! Failure to do so will result in damage to your Apple II as all bus lines are active.
 
 
NOTE:
*The A2FPGA is fully DMA compliant and cards such as the MicroDrive/Turbo do work with DMA mode enabled.
*If Mockingboard is enabled, NO other card may be physically present in Slot 4. For IIgs, you must set the control panel slot 4 to "My Card"
*The FPGA used on A2FPGA takes ~2 seconds to power on and sync to an HDMI display. During this time the Apple II system is held in RESET, meaning the II will do nothing (not even beep) until the A2FPGA board has been fully setup and synched. The initial Apple II power on "beep" will be missed, but all subsequent Apple II sound can be output to HDMI if SW2 is ON.
*The A2FPGA is NOT an emulator. It is a full and complete implementation of all of the original logic for these hardware components plus bus decoding, memory shadowing, and the full range of video modes for the entire Apple II family. Plus a complete implementation of the TMS-9918A VDP and the SuperSprite and Ciarcia compatible means to hook into it.
*TMS-9918A VDP: A complete implementation of the original V1 F18A Core (created by Matt Haggerty). 16K RAM is allocated to the VDP. That is implemented 100% in the FPGA.

=== Incompatibilities & Issues ===
* Any peripheral cards installed in Slots 4 or 7 might not work correctly, and other slots should be used. Slot 4 is where the Mockingboard is accessed, and Slot 7 is where the Synetix SuperSprite card is accessed. These options can be disabled with reprogramming the firmware. See [[#Firmware / FPGA Core|Firmware / FPGA Core]] below for firmware options.

* IIgs Ensoniq Sound does NOT get output to the HDMI audio - yet. This is currently in the works and there will be a firmware update available listed below.

* Users have encountered issues when routing the output of the A2N20-V2 MultiCard through various video capture devices due to differing supported video modes. The recommended workaround is to use an HDMI audio embedder/extractor device, which forces the output packets to be re-encoded correctly for video capture devices. A successfully tested example is the SIIG device available on [https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B07HNM2F1Q Amazon]. Another option is to use an HDMI output splitter. We have tested this model available at Amazon [https://www.amazon.com/dp/B092VJXGJ6?th=1] and it works well. Other less expensive options have not performed as well. The team is working on a potential firmware update or other possible solution to improve compatibility with video capture cards in the future and this page will be updated as new information becomes available.

* BuGS and GS.Pacman might show some sprite issues when playing with elements disappearing. The IIgs has the ability to do set scan line interrupts that trigger when a video line is being output. This allows the software developer to time their writes to the screen after the raster is sent to the monitor. What this means is that game software can erase and redraw the graphics elements without flickering. Very few original IIgs games used this technique but it is more common with modern IIgs games. A fix is currently being researched for the few titles that are affected. A list will be maintained here for easy reference.
*BuGS
*GS.Pacman

== Reviews ==
On June 08th, 2024 Lon.TV posted a review video of the A2FPGA in a IIe environment. A IIgs review is planned in the future.
{{#ev:youtube|EZbnXDUP9Ys|400|center|Lon.TV: Adding an FPGA for HDMI and Audio with the A2FPGA|frame}}

<hr>

On May 6th, 2024 Chris Torrence of Assembly Lines posted a review video of the A2FPGA in a IIgs environment. Also shows things like setting up the Control Panel in the IIgs.
{{#ev:youtube|w0WaGExOT14|400|center|Chris Torrence: A2FPGA in the Apple IIGS|frame}}

<hr>

On April 27nd, 2024 Chris Torrence of Assembly Lines posted a review video of the A2FPGA in a II Plus and IIe environment. Chris also reviews and does a firmware update in real time. Skip to [https://youtu.be/Wt-DLSyuBCw?t=596 9:56] to see it and follow along!
{{#ev:youtube|Wt-DLSyuBCw|400|center|Chris Torrence: Can One Apple II Card Replace Them All?|frame}}
{{#ev:youtube|Wt-DLSyuBCw|400|center|The Review Breakdown In 1 Minute|frame|start=921}}

<hr>

On April 22nd, 2024 Joe Strosnider of Joe's Computer Museum posted a review video of the A2FPGA in a IIgs environment. Joe also reviews and does a firmware update in real time. Skip to [https://youtu.be/rM0Phma_B9o?t=901 15:03] to see it and follow along!
{{#ev:youtube|rM0Phma_B9o|400|center|Joe Strosnider: Reviewing the A2FPGA!|frame|start=102}}
{{#ev:youtube|rM0Phma_B9o|400|center|The Review Breakdown In 1 Minute|frame|start=6208}}

== DIP Switch Settings ==
The A2N20v2 has a 4-switch DIP switch that controls the following settings:

SW1: Enable Scanline effect when set to ON (default).
SW2: Enable Apple II speaker sounds via HDMI when set to ON (default).
SW3: Set to ON (default) for Power-on-Reset Hold - Delay Apple II start-up until FPGA is initialized and running.
SW4: Apple IIgs - Set to ON when installed in an Apple IIgs. OFF for II, II+ and II/e systems.

The Mockingboard functionality is directly tied to Slot #4. At present there is no way to override this behavior. In order for the Mockingboard implementation to work properly, no other card may be physically present in Slot 4 on any Apple II system. Further, if you have a IIgs, you must configure slot 4 as "My Card" in the Apple IIgs control panel.

The Synetix SuperSprite functionality is also directly tied to Slot #7. If you intend to use a card in slot #7, you will not be able to access the SuperSprite (TMS-9918A / F18A VDP functions). Additionally, making slot #7 usable for your own card requires that you perform a firmware update using the "NOSPRITE7" version of the firmware located below.

== Firmware / FPGA Core ==
The A2FPGA firmware is easily updated on any PC or Mac and is based on open-source code so that new functionality and bug fixes from the developer community can be added over time.

You can learn more about this exciting project on its public GitHub repository: https://github.com/a2fpga/a2fpga_core.

The team also maintains a presence on X (formerly Twitter) here: https://twitter.com/a2fpga.

=== UPDATING THE A2N20-V2 FPGA FIRMWARE ===

All versions of the firmware for this product are listed below and organized by date.

https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/5/59/A2n20v2-04252024-ALL.zip: The a2n20v2 Multicard Firmware Version 04-25-2024 (LATEST STABLE RELEASE, DEFAULT and NOSPRITE7 BUILDS).
NOTE: This ZIP file contains BOTH the DEFAULT and NOSPRITE7 builds of the firmware. DEFAULT enables Mockingboard in Slot #4 and Synetix SuperSprite in Slot #7. NO OTHER BOARDS MAY BE PRESENT IN THESE SLOTS USING THE DEFAULT FIRMWARE. If you require the use of Slot #7, and do not plan to work with the Synetix SuperSprite functionality, we recommend that you install the NOSPRITE7 build of the firmware contained in this Zip file as it has been tested to properly function with the Reactive Microdrive Turbo in slot 7. The README.pdf file contained in the ZIP file includes detailed instructions and more information to help you choose the correct build for your configuration and flash it into your a2n20-v2 Multicard - please read it completely before attempting to flash your firmware.

== Testing ==
The A2FPGA displays video immediately when installed in the correct slot. Sound depends on the DIP Switch setting.

Any diagnostic program can be used to test varying video modes. Other programs, such as games, could also be used. Sound testing can more simply be performed using the Mockingboard Demo disk.

For testing Synetix SuperSprite features, this link https://mirrors.apple2.org.za/ftp.apple.asimov.net/images/hardware/video/StarSprite-SuperSprite-Programs.zip is a ZIP file with images for the Synetix SuperSprite programs. When you unpack it, the Demonstration Disk is probably the best one to use for testing.

== History ==
September 7th, 2023 A2FPGA contacted Henry to discuss their HDMI related project and about ReActiveMicro assisting with distribution and related sales, logistics, and support.

A2FPGA

2024-06-13T04:00:32Z

RMHenry: /* Reviews */

[[Image:A2FPGA-200x400.png|300px|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/3/3f/A2FPGA-200x400.png]]

[[Image:Photoroom_20240316_143943.jpg|thumb|A2FPGA A2N20 v2.0|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/b/b3/Photoroom_20240316_143943.jpg]]

The A2FPGA is primarily an HD video and Mockingboard-compatible sound card for the Apple II, II+, //e, and IIgs. It's a small, Apple II peripheral card that can be installed in any Apple II computer II, II+, //e, IIgs. See Slots below for compatible slot locations by system type. The A2FPGA uses a modern FPGA (field-programmable gate array or "programmable logic") to provide precise timing-accurate interfacing to the Apple II bus. This allows the card to capture all access to Apple II display memory in order to faithfully generate Apple text and graphics in crisp 720p 60Hz HD as well as providing the functionality of a number of popular peripheral cards in a single Apple II slot. The A2FPGA has been tested with Apple II, II+, //e, and IIgs models and brings the classic Apple II experience to a whole new level on any monitor or television.

Product Status: Actively sold by ReActiveMicro.

Support: Post on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME}}|Discussion]] page (link above) or email [http://store.reactivemicro.com/contact-us/ ReActiveMicro Support].

Sales: Visit the [https://www.reactivemicro.com/product/a2fpga-multicard/ ReActiveMicro Store].

== Features ==
As of April 2024 the standard features currently are:
720x480 @ 60Hz HDMI output supporting all Apple II, II+, //e, & IIgs display modes.*
Mockingboard sound compatibility (Slot 4)
Both Apple II system speaker audio AND Mockingboard audio are output to your HDMI display's speakers
Synetix SuperSprite and Ciarcia EZ-Color TMS9918a compatibility (Slot 7)

*If your monitor doesn't support 720x480 resolution, or some older "CCTV" type monitors, then you may not receive video. More common and newer HDMI monitors should not have any issues.
*All functionality is supported simultaneously. Users don’t have to change modes or configuration to switch between features.
*The A2N20-V2 Multicard does NOT connect the INT_IN/INT_OUT or DMA_IN/DMA_OUT daisy chain lines. Systems that have multiple cards which depend on daisy chaining may not function.

Slots: 
II/Plus/e - Any Slot, We recommend Slot 7 for better HDMI cable routing 
IIgs ROM0 - NOT TESTED, But Slot 3 ONLY 
IIgs ROM1 - Slot 3 ONLY* 
IIgs ROM3 - Any Slot 1-6 but WILL NOT function in Slot 7 
*A user can use the A2FPGA in any slot in the ROM1 IIgs if they install a jumper wire mod from Slot 3, pin 35, to whichever slot they want to use the card, pin 35.
 
WARNING! This board MUST be installed with the HDMI connector facing the forward keyboard end of the chassis! Failure to do so will result in damage to your Apple II as all bus lines are active.
 
 
NOTE:
*The A2FPGA is fully DMA compliant and cards such as the MicroDrive/Turbo do work with DMA mode enabled.
*If Mockingboard is enabled, NO other card may be physically present in Slot 4. For IIgs, you must set the control panel slot 4 to "My Card"
*The FPGA used on A2FPGA takes ~2 seconds to power on and sync to an HDMI display. During this time the Apple II system is held in RESET, meaning the II will do nothing (not even beep) until the A2FPGA board has been fully setup and synched. The initial Apple II power on "beep" will be missed, but all subsequent Apple II sound can be output to HDMI if SW2 is ON.
*The A2FPGA is NOT an emulator. It is a full and complete implementation of all of the original logic for these hardware components plus bus decoding, memory shadowing, and the full range of video modes for the entire Apple II family. Plus a complete implementation of the TMS-9918A VDP and the SuperSprite and Ciarcia compatible means to hook into it.

=== Incompatibilities & Issues ===
* Any peripheral cards installed in Slots 4 or 7 might not work correctly, and other slots should be used. Slot 4 is where the Mockingboard is accessed, and Slot 7 is where the Synetix SuperSprite card is accessed. These options can be disabled with reprogramming the firmware. See [[#Firmware / FPGA Core|Firmware / FPGA Core]] below for firmware options.

* IIgs Ensoniq Sound does NOT get output to the HDMI audio - yet. This is currently in the works and there will be a firmware update available listed below.

* Users have encountered issues when routing the output of the A2N20-V2 MultiCard through various video capture devices due to differing supported video modes. The recommended workaround is to use an HDMI audio embedder/extractor device, which forces the output packets to be re-encoded correctly for video capture devices. A successfully tested example is the SIIG device available on [https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B07HNM2F1Q Amazon]. Another option is to use an HDMI output splitter. We have tested this model available at Amazon [https://www.amazon.com/dp/B092VJXGJ6?th=1] and it works well. Other less expensive options have not performed as well. The team is working on a potential firmware update or other possible solution to improve compatibility with video capture cards in the future and this page will be updated as new information becomes available.

* BuGS and GS.Pacman might show some sprite issues when playing with elements disappearing. The IIgs has the ability to do set scan line interrupts that trigger when a video line is being output. This allows the software developer to time their writes to the screen after the raster is sent to the monitor. What this means is that game software can erase and redraw the graphics elements without flickering. Very few original IIgs games used this technique but it is more common with modern IIgs games. A fix is currently being researched for the few titles that are affected. A list will be maintained here for easy reference.
*BuGS
*GS.Pacman

== Reviews ==
On June 08th, 2024 Lon.TV posted a review video of the A2FPGA in a IIe environment. A IIgs review is planned in the future.
{{#ev:youtube|EZbnXDUP9Ys|400|center|Lon.TV: Adding an FPGA for HDMI and Audio with the A2FPGA|frame}}

<hr>

On May 6th, 2024 Chris Torrence of Assembly Lines posted a review video of the A2FPGA in a IIgs environment. Also shows things like setting up the Control Panel in the IIgs.
{{#ev:youtube|w0WaGExOT14|400|center|Chris Torrence: A2FPGA in the Apple IIGS|frame}}

<hr>

On April 27nd, 2024 Chris Torrence of Assembly Lines posted a review video of the A2FPGA in a II Plus and IIe environment. Chris also reviews and does a firmware update in real time. Skip to [https://youtu.be/Wt-DLSyuBCw?t=596 9:56] to see it and follow along!
{{#ev:youtube|Wt-DLSyuBCw|400|center|Chris Torrence: Can One Apple II Card Replace Them All?|frame}}
{{#ev:youtube|Wt-DLSyuBCw|400|center|The Review Breakdown In 1 Minute|frame|start=921}}

<hr>

On April 22nd, 2024 Joe Strosnider of Joe's Computer Museum posted a review video of the A2FPGA in a IIgs environment. Joe also reviews and does a firmware update in real time. Skip to [https://youtu.be/rM0Phma_B9o?t=901 15:03] to see it and follow along!
{{#ev:youtube|rM0Phma_B9o|400|center|Joe Strosnider: Reviewing the A2FPGA!|frame|start=102}}
{{#ev:youtube|rM0Phma_B9o|400|center|The Review Breakdown In 1 Minute|frame|start=6208}}

== DIP Switch Settings ==
The A2N20v2 has a 4-switch DIP switch that controls the following settings:

SW1: Enable Scanline effect when set to ON (default).
SW2: Enable Apple II speaker sounds via HDMI when set to ON (default).
SW3: Set to ON (default) for Power-on-Reset Hold - Delay Apple II start-up until FPGA is initialized and running.
SW4: Apple IIgs - Set to ON when installed in an Apple IIgs. OFF for II, II+ and II/e systems.

The Mockingboard functionality is directly tied to Slot #4. At present there is no way to override this behavior. In order for the Mockingboard implementation to work properly, no other card may be physically present in Slot 4 on any Apple II system. Further, if you have a IIgs, you must configure slot 4 as "My Card" in the Apple IIgs control panel.

The Synetix SuperSprite functionality is also directly tied to Slot #7. If you intend to use a card in slot #7, you will not be able to access the SuperSprite (TMS-9918A / F18A VDP functions). Additionally, making slot #7 usable for your own card requires that you perform a firmware update using the "NOSPRITE7" version of the firmware located below.

== Firmware / FPGA Core ==
The A2FPGA firmware is easily updated on any PC or Mac and is based on open-source code so that new functionality and bug fixes from the developer community can be added over time.

You can learn more about this exciting project on its public GitHub repository: https://github.com/a2fpga/a2fpga_core.

The team also maintains a presence on X (formerly Twitter) here: https://twitter.com/a2fpga.

=== UPDATING THE A2N20-V2 FPGA FIRMWARE ===

All versions of the firmware for this product are listed below and organized by date.

https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/5/59/A2n20v2-04252024-ALL.zip: The a2n20v2 Multicard Firmware Version 04-25-2024 (LATEST STABLE RELEASE, DEFAULT and NOSPRITE7 BUILDS).
NOTE: This ZIP file contains BOTH the DEFAULT and NOSPRITE7 builds of the firmware. DEFAULT enables Mockingboard in Slot #4 and Synetix SuperSprite in Slot #7. NO OTHER BOARDS MAY BE PRESENT IN THESE SLOTS USING THE DEFAULT FIRMWARE. If you require the use of Slot #7, and do not plan to work with the Synetix SuperSprite functionality, we recommend that you install the NOSPRITE7 build of the firmware contained in this Zip file as it has been tested to properly function with the Reactive Microdrive Turbo in slot 7. The README.pdf file contained in the ZIP file includes detailed instructions and more information to help you choose the correct build for your configuration and flash it into your a2n20-v2 Multicard - please read it completely before attempting to flash your firmware.

== Testing ==
The A2FPGA displays video immediately when installed in the correct slot. Sound depends on the DIP Switch setting.

Any diagnostic program can be used to test varying video modes. Other programs, such as games, could also be used. Sound testing can more simply be performed using the Mockingboard Demo disk.

For testing Synetix SuperSprite features, this link https://mirrors.apple2.org.za/ftp.apple.asimov.net/images/hardware/video/StarSprite-SuperSprite-Programs.zip is a ZIP file with images for the Synetix SuperSprite programs. When you unpack it, the Demonstration Disk is probably the best one to use for testing.

== History ==
September 7th, 2023 A2FPGA contacted Henry to discuss their HDMI related project and about ReActiveMicro assisting with distribution and related sales, logistics, and support.

A2FPGA

2024-06-12T23:12:41Z

RMHenry: /* Incompatibilities & Issues */

[[Image:A2FPGA-200x400.png|300px|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/3/3f/A2FPGA-200x400.png]]

[[Image:Photoroom_20240316_143943.jpg|thumb|A2FPGA A2N20 v2.0|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/b/b3/Photoroom_20240316_143943.jpg]]

The A2FPGA is primarily an HD video and Mockingboard-compatible sound card for the Apple II, II+, //e, and IIgs. It's a small, Apple II peripheral card that can be installed in any Apple II computer II, II+, //e, IIgs. See Slots below for compatible slot locations by system type. The A2FPGA uses a modern FPGA (field-programmable gate array or "programmable logic") to provide precise timing-accurate interfacing to the Apple II bus. This allows the card to capture all access to Apple II display memory in order to faithfully generate Apple text and graphics in crisp 720p 60Hz HD as well as providing the functionality of a number of popular peripheral cards in a single Apple II slot. The A2FPGA has been tested with Apple II, II+, //e, and IIgs models and brings the classic Apple II experience to a whole new level on any monitor or television.

Product Status: Actively sold by ReActiveMicro.

Support: Post on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME}}|Discussion]] page (link above) or email [http://store.reactivemicro.com/contact-us/ ReActiveMicro Support].

Sales: Visit the [https://www.reactivemicro.com/product/a2fpga-multicard/ ReActiveMicro Store].

== Features ==
As of April 2024 the standard features currently are:
720x480 @ 60Hz HDMI output supporting all Apple II, II+, //e, & IIgs display modes.*
Mockingboard sound compatibility (Slot 4)
Both Apple II system speaker audio AND Mockingboard audio are output to your HDMI display's speakers
Synetix SuperSprite and Ciarcia EZ-Color TMS9918a compatibility (Slot 7)

*If your monitor doesn't support 720x480 resolution, or some older "CCTV" type monitors, then you may not receive video. More common and newer HDMI monitors should not have any issues.
*All functionality is supported simultaneously. Users don’t have to change modes or configuration to switch between features.
*The A2N20-V2 Multicard does NOT connect the INT_IN/INT_OUT or DMA_IN/DMA_OUT daisy chain lines. Systems that have multiple cards which depend on daisy chaining may not function.

Slots: 
II/Plus/e - Any Slot, We recommend Slot 7 for better HDMI cable routing 
IIgs ROM0 - NOT TESTED, But Slot 3 ONLY 
IIgs ROM1 - Slot 3 ONLY* 
IIgs ROM3 - Any Slot 1-6 but WILL NOT function in Slot 7 
*A user can use the A2FPGA in any slot in the ROM1 IIgs if they install a jumper wire mod from Slot 3, pin 35, to whichever slot they want to use the card, pin 35.
 
WARNING! This board MUST be installed with the HDMI connector facing the forward keyboard end of the chassis! Failure to do so will result in damage to your Apple II as all bus lines are active.
 
 
NOTE:
*The A2FPGA is fully DMA compliant and cards such as the MicroDrive/Turbo do work with DMA mode enabled.
*If Mockingboard is enabled, NO other card may be physically present in Slot 4. For IIgs, you must set the control panel slot 4 to "My Card"
*The FPGA used on A2FPGA takes ~2 seconds to power on and sync to an HDMI display. During this time the Apple II system is held in RESET, meaning the II will do nothing (not even beep) until the A2FPGA board has been fully setup and synched. The initial Apple II power on "beep" will be missed, but all subsequent Apple II sound can be output to HDMI if SW2 is ON.
*The A2FPGA is NOT an emulator. It is a full and complete implementation of all of the original logic for these hardware components plus bus decoding, memory shadowing, and the full range of video modes for the entire Apple II family. Plus a complete implementation of the TMS-9918A VDP and the SuperSprite and Ciarcia compatible means to hook into it.

=== Incompatibilities & Issues ===
* Any peripheral cards installed in Slots 4 or 7 might not work correctly, and other slots should be used. Slot 4 is where the Mockingboard is accessed, and Slot 7 is where the Synetix SuperSprite card is accessed. These options can be disabled with reprogramming the firmware. See [[#Firmware / FPGA Core|Firmware / FPGA Core]] below for firmware options.

* IIgs Ensoniq Sound does NOT get output to the HDMI audio - yet. This is currently in the works and there will be a firmware update available listed below.

* Users have encountered issues when routing the output of the A2N20-V2 MultiCard through various video capture devices due to differing supported video modes. The recommended workaround is to use an HDMI audio embedder/extractor device, which forces the output packets to be re-encoded correctly for video capture devices. A successfully tested example is the SIIG device available on [https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B07HNM2F1Q Amazon]. Another option is to use an HDMI output splitter. We have tested this model available at Amazon [https://www.amazon.com/dp/B092VJXGJ6?th=1] and it works well. Other less expensive options have not performed as well. The team is working on a potential firmware update or other possible solution to improve compatibility with video capture cards in the future and this page will be updated as new information becomes available.

* BuGS and GS.Pacman might show some sprite issues when playing with elements disappearing. The IIgs has the ability to do set scan line interrupts that trigger when a video line is being output. This allows the software developer to time their writes to the screen after the raster is sent to the monitor. What this means is that game software can erase and redraw the graphics elements without flickering. Very few original IIgs games used this technique but it is more common with modern IIgs games. A fix is currently being researched for the few titles that are affected. A list will be maintained here for easy reference.
*BuGS
*GS.Pacman

== Reviews ==
On May 6th, 2024 Chris Torrence of Assembly Lines posted a review video of the A2FPGA in a IIgs environment. Also shows things like setting up the Control Panel in the IIgs.
{{#ev:youtube|w0WaGExOT14|400|center|Chris Torrence: A2FPGA in the Apple IIGS|frame}}

<hr>

On April 27nd, 2024 Chris Torrence of Assembly Lines posted a review video of the A2FPGA in a II Plus and IIe environment. Chris also reviews and does a firmware update in real time. Skip to [https://youtu.be/Wt-DLSyuBCw?t=596 9:56] to see it and follow along!
{{#ev:youtube|Wt-DLSyuBCw|400|center|Chris Torrence: Can One Apple II Card Replace Them All?|frame}}
{{#ev:youtube|Wt-DLSyuBCw|400|center|The Review Breakdown In 1 Minute|frame|start=921}}

<hr>

On April 22nd, 2024 Joe Strosnider of Joe's Computer Museum posted a review video of the A2FPGA in a IIgs environment. Joe also reviews and does a firmware update in real time. Skip to [https://youtu.be/rM0Phma_B9o?t=901 15:03] to see it and follow along!
{{#ev:youtube|rM0Phma_B9o|400|center|Joe Strosnider: Reviewing the A2FPGA!|frame|start=102}}
{{#ev:youtube|rM0Phma_B9o|400|center|The Review Breakdown In 1 Minute|frame|start=6208}}

== DIP Switch Settings ==
The A2N20v2 has a 4-switch DIP switch that controls the following settings:

SW1: Enable Scanline effect when set to ON (default).
SW2: Enable Apple II speaker sounds via HDMI when set to ON (default).
SW3: Set to ON (default) for Power-on-Reset Hold - Delay Apple II start-up until FPGA is initialized and running.
SW4: Apple IIgs - Set to ON when installed in an Apple IIgs. OFF for II, II+ and II/e systems.

The Mockingboard functionality is directly tied to Slot #4. At present there is no way to override this behavior. In order for the Mockingboard implementation to work properly, no other card may be physically present in Slot 4 on any Apple II system. Further, if you have a IIgs, you must configure slot 4 as "My Card" in the Apple IIgs control panel.

The Synetix SuperSprite functionality is also directly tied to Slot #7. If you intend to use a card in slot #7, you will not be able to access the SuperSprite (TMS-9918A / F18A VDP functions). Additionally, making slot #7 usable for your own card requires that you perform a firmware update using the "NOSPRITE7" version of the firmware located below.

== Firmware / FPGA Core ==
The A2FPGA firmware is easily updated on any PC or Mac and is based on open-source code so that new functionality and bug fixes from the developer community can be added over time.

You can learn more about this exciting project on its public GitHub repository: https://github.com/a2fpga/a2fpga_core.

The team also maintains a presence on X (formerly Twitter) here: https://twitter.com/a2fpga.

=== UPDATING THE A2N20-V2 FPGA FIRMWARE ===

All versions of the firmware for this product are listed below and organized by date.

https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/5/59/A2n20v2-04252024-ALL.zip: The a2n20v2 Multicard Firmware Version 04-25-2024 (LATEST STABLE RELEASE, DEFAULT and NOSPRITE7 BUILDS).
NOTE: This ZIP file contains BOTH the DEFAULT and NOSPRITE7 builds of the firmware. DEFAULT enables Mockingboard in Slot #4 and Synetix SuperSprite in Slot #7. NO OTHER BOARDS MAY BE PRESENT IN THESE SLOTS USING THE DEFAULT FIRMWARE. If you require the use of Slot #7, and do not plan to work with the Synetix SuperSprite functionality, we recommend that you install the NOSPRITE7 build of the firmware contained in this Zip file as it has been tested to properly function with the Reactive Microdrive Turbo in slot 7. The README.pdf file contained in the ZIP file includes detailed instructions and more information to help you choose the correct build for your configuration and flash it into your a2n20-v2 Multicard - please read it completely before attempting to flash your firmware.

== Testing ==
The A2FPGA displays video immediately when installed in the correct slot. Sound depends on the DIP Switch setting.

Any diagnostic program can be used to test varying video modes. Other programs, such as games, could also be used. Sound testing can more simply be performed using the Mockingboard Demo disk.

For testing Synetix SuperSprite features, this link https://mirrors.apple2.org.za/ftp.apple.asimov.net/images/hardware/video/StarSprite-SuperSprite-Programs.zip is a ZIP file with images for the Synetix SuperSprite programs. When you unpack it, the Demonstration Disk is probably the best one to use for testing.

== History ==
September 7th, 2023 A2FPGA contacted Henry to discuss their HDMI related project and about ReActiveMicro assisting with distribution and related sales, logistics, and support.

A2FPGA

2024-06-12T23:09:27Z

RMHenry: /* Incompatibilities & Issues */

[[Image:A2FPGA-200x400.png|300px|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/3/3f/A2FPGA-200x400.png]]

[[Image:Photoroom_20240316_143943.jpg|thumb|A2FPGA A2N20 v2.0|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/b/b3/Photoroom_20240316_143943.jpg]]

The A2FPGA is primarily an HD video and Mockingboard-compatible sound card for the Apple II, II+, //e, and IIgs. It's a small, Apple II peripheral card that can be installed in any Apple II computer II, II+, //e, IIgs. See Slots below for compatible slot locations by system type. The A2FPGA uses a modern FPGA (field-programmable gate array or "programmable logic") to provide precise timing-accurate interfacing to the Apple II bus. This allows the card to capture all access to Apple II display memory in order to faithfully generate Apple text and graphics in crisp 720p 60Hz HD as well as providing the functionality of a number of popular peripheral cards in a single Apple II slot. The A2FPGA has been tested with Apple II, II+, //e, and IIgs models and brings the classic Apple II experience to a whole new level on any monitor or television.

Product Status: Actively sold by ReActiveMicro.

Support: Post on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME}}|Discussion]] page (link above) or email [http://store.reactivemicro.com/contact-us/ ReActiveMicro Support].

Sales: Visit the [https://www.reactivemicro.com/product/a2fpga-multicard/ ReActiveMicro Store].

== Features ==
As of April 2024 the standard features currently are:
720x480 @ 60Hz HDMI output supporting all Apple II, II+, //e, & IIgs display modes.*
Mockingboard sound compatibility (Slot 4)
Both Apple II system speaker audio AND Mockingboard audio are output to your HDMI display's speakers
Synetix SuperSprite and Ciarcia EZ-Color TMS9918a compatibility (Slot 7)

*If your monitor doesn't support 720x480 resolution, or some older "CCTV" type monitors, then you may not receive video. More common and newer HDMI monitors should not have any issues.
*All functionality is supported simultaneously. Users don’t have to change modes or configuration to switch between features.
*The A2N20-V2 Multicard does NOT connect the INT_IN/INT_OUT or DMA_IN/DMA_OUT daisy chain lines. Systems that have multiple cards which depend on daisy chaining may not function.

Slots: 
II/Plus/e - Any Slot, We recommend Slot 7 for better HDMI cable routing 
IIgs ROM0 - NOT TESTED, But Slot 3 ONLY 
IIgs ROM1 - Slot 3 ONLY* 
IIgs ROM3 - Any Slot 1-6 but WILL NOT function in Slot 7 
*A user can use the A2FPGA in any slot in the ROM1 IIgs if they install a jumper wire mod from Slot 3, pin 35, to whichever slot they want to use the card, pin 35.
 
WARNING! This board MUST be installed with the HDMI connector facing the forward keyboard end of the chassis! Failure to do so will result in damage to your Apple II as all bus lines are active.
 
 
NOTE:
*The A2FPGA is fully DMA compliant and cards such as the MicroDrive/Turbo do work with DMA mode enabled.
*If Mockingboard is enabled, NO other card may be physically present in Slot 4. For IIgs, you must set the control panel slot 4 to "My Card"
*The FPGA used on A2FPGA takes ~2 seconds to power on and sync to an HDMI display. During this time the Apple II system is held in RESET, meaning the II will do nothing (not even beep) until the A2FPGA board has been fully setup and synched. The initial Apple II power on "beep" will be missed, but all subsequent Apple II sound can be output to HDMI if SW2 is ON.
*The A2FPGA is NOT an emulator. It is a full and complete implementation of all of the original logic for these hardware components plus bus decoding, memory shadowing, and the full range of video modes for the entire Apple II family. Plus a complete implementation of the TMS-9918A VDP and the SuperSprite and Ciarcia compatible means to hook into it.

=== Incompatibilities & Issues ===
* Any peripheral cards installed in Slots 4 or 7 might not work correctly, and other slots should be used. Slot 4 is where the Mockingboard is accessed, and Slot 7 is where the Synetix SuperSprite card is accessed. These options can be disabled with reprogramming the firmware. See [[#Firmware / FPGA Core|Firmware / FPGA Core]] below for firmware options.

* IIgs Ensoniq Sound does NOT get output to the HDMI audio - yet. This is currently in the works and there will be a firmware update available listed below.

* Users have encountered issues when routing the output of the A2N20-V2 MultiCard through various video capture devices due to differing supported video modes. The recommended workaround is to use an HDMI audio embedder/extractor device, which forces the output packets to be re-encoded correctly for video capture devices. A successfully tested example is the SIIG device available on [https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B07HNM2F1Q Amazon]. Another option is to use an HDMI output splitter. We have tested this model available at Amazon [https://www.amazon.com/dp/B092VJXGJ6?th=1] and it works well. Other less expensive options have not performed as well. The team is working on a potential firmware update or other possible solution to improve compatibility with video capture cards in the future and this page will be updated as new information becomes available.

* BuGS and GS.Pacman might show some sprite issues when playing with elements disappearing. The IIgs has the ability to do set scan line interrupts that trigger when a video line is being output. This allows the software developer to time their writes to the screen after the raster is sent to the monitor. What this means is that game software can erase and redraw the graphics elements without flickering. Very few original IIgs games used this technique but it is more common with modern IIgs games. A fix is currently being researched for the few titles that are affected. I list will be maintained here for easy reference.
*BuGS
*GS.Pacman

== Reviews ==
On May 6th, 2024 Chris Torrence of Assembly Lines posted a review video of the A2FPGA in a IIgs environment. Also shows things like setting up the Control Panel in the IIgs.
{{#ev:youtube|w0WaGExOT14|400|center|Chris Torrence: A2FPGA in the Apple IIGS|frame}}

<hr>

On April 27nd, 2024 Chris Torrence of Assembly Lines posted a review video of the A2FPGA in a II Plus and IIe environment. Chris also reviews and does a firmware update in real time. Skip to [https://youtu.be/Wt-DLSyuBCw?t=596 9:56] to see it and follow along!
{{#ev:youtube|Wt-DLSyuBCw|400|center|Chris Torrence: Can One Apple II Card Replace Them All?|frame}}
{{#ev:youtube|Wt-DLSyuBCw|400|center|The Review Breakdown In 1 Minute|frame|start=921}}

<hr>

On April 22nd, 2024 Joe Strosnider of Joe's Computer Museum posted a review video of the A2FPGA in a IIgs environment. Joe also reviews and does a firmware update in real time. Skip to [https://youtu.be/rM0Phma_B9o?t=901 15:03] to see it and follow along!
{{#ev:youtube|rM0Phma_B9o|400|center|Joe Strosnider: Reviewing the A2FPGA!|frame|start=102}}
{{#ev:youtube|rM0Phma_B9o|400|center|The Review Breakdown In 1 Minute|frame|start=6208}}

== DIP Switch Settings ==
The A2N20v2 has a 4-switch DIP switch that controls the following settings:

SW1: Enable Scanline effect when set to ON (default).
SW2: Enable Apple II speaker sounds via HDMI when set to ON (default).
SW3: Set to ON (default) for Power-on-Reset Hold - Delay Apple II start-up until FPGA is initialized and running.
SW4: Apple IIgs - Set to ON when installed in an Apple IIgs. OFF for II, II+ and II/e systems.

The Mockingboard functionality is directly tied to Slot #4. At present there is no way to override this behavior. In order for the Mockingboard implementation to work properly, no other card may be physically present in Slot 4 on any Apple II system. Further, if you have a IIgs, you must configure slot 4 as "My Card" in the Apple IIgs control panel.

The Synetix SuperSprite functionality is also directly tied to Slot #7. If you intend to use a card in slot #7, you will not be able to access the SuperSprite (TMS-9918A / F18A VDP functions). Additionally, making slot #7 usable for your own card requires that you perform a firmware update using the "NOSPRITE7" version of the firmware located below.

== Firmware / FPGA Core ==
The A2FPGA firmware is easily updated on any PC or Mac and is based on open-source code so that new functionality and bug fixes from the developer community can be added over time.

You can learn more about this exciting project on its public GitHub repository: https://github.com/a2fpga/a2fpga_core.

The team also maintains a presence on X (formerly Twitter) here: https://twitter.com/a2fpga.

=== UPDATING THE A2N20-V2 FPGA FIRMWARE ===

All versions of the firmware for this product are listed below and organized by date.

https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/5/59/A2n20v2-04252024-ALL.zip: The a2n20v2 Multicard Firmware Version 04-25-2024 (LATEST STABLE RELEASE, DEFAULT and NOSPRITE7 BUILDS).
NOTE: This ZIP file contains BOTH the DEFAULT and NOSPRITE7 builds of the firmware. DEFAULT enables Mockingboard in Slot #4 and Synetix SuperSprite in Slot #7. NO OTHER BOARDS MAY BE PRESENT IN THESE SLOTS USING THE DEFAULT FIRMWARE. If you require the use of Slot #7, and do not plan to work with the Synetix SuperSprite functionality, we recommend that you install the NOSPRITE7 build of the firmware contained in this Zip file as it has been tested to properly function with the Reactive Microdrive Turbo in slot 7. The README.pdf file contained in the ZIP file includes detailed instructions and more information to help you choose the correct build for your configuration and flash it into your a2n20-v2 Multicard - please read it completely before attempting to flash your firmware.

== Testing ==
The A2FPGA displays video immediately when installed in the correct slot. Sound depends on the DIP Switch setting.

Any diagnostic program can be used to test varying video modes. Other programs, such as games, could also be used. Sound testing can more simply be performed using the Mockingboard Demo disk.

For testing Synetix SuperSprite features, this link https://mirrors.apple2.org.za/ftp.apple.asimov.net/images/hardware/video/StarSprite-SuperSprite-Programs.zip is a ZIP file with images for the Synetix SuperSprite programs. When you unpack it, the Demonstration Disk is probably the best one to use for testing.

== History ==
September 7th, 2023 A2FPGA contacted Henry to discuss their HDMI related project and about ReActiveMicro assisting with distribution and related sales, logistics, and support.

A2FPGA

2024-05-23T03:31:23Z

RMHenry: /* Features */

[[Image:A2FPGA-200x400.png|300px|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/3/3f/A2FPGA-200x400.png]]

[[Image:Photoroom_20240316_143943.jpg|thumb|A2FPGA A2N20 v2.0|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/b/b3/Photoroom_20240316_143943.jpg]]

The A2FPGA is primarily an HD video and Mockingboard-compatible sound card for the Apple II, II+, //e, and IIgs. It's a small, Apple II peripheral card that can be installed in any Apple II computer II, II+, //e, IIgs. See Slots below for compatible slot locations by system type. The A2FPGA uses a modern FPGA (field-programmable gate array or "programmable logic") to provide precise timing-accurate interfacing to the Apple II bus. This allows the card to capture all access to Apple II display memory in order to faithfully generate Apple text and graphics in crisp 720p 60Hz HD as well as providing the functionality of a number of popular peripheral cards in a single Apple II slot. The A2FPGA has been tested with Apple II, II+, //e, and IIgs models and brings the classic Apple II experience to a whole new level on any monitor or television.

Product Status: Actively sold by ReActiveMicro.

Support: Post on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME}}|Discussion]] page (link above) or email [http://store.reactivemicro.com/contact-us/ ReActiveMicro Support].

Sales: Visit the [https://www.reactivemicro.com/product/a2fpga-multicard/ ReActiveMicro Store].

== Features ==
As of April 2024 the standard features currently are:
720x480 @ 60Hz HDMI output supporting all Apple II, II+, //e, & IIgs display modes.*
Mockingboard sound compatibility (Slot 4)
Both Apple II system speaker audio AND Mockingboard audio are output to your HDMI display's speakers
Synetix SuperSprite and Ciarcia EZ-Color TMS9918a compatibility (Slot 7)

*If your monitor doesn't support 720x480 resolution, or some older "CCTV" type monitors, then you may not receive video. More common and newer HDMI monitors should not have any issues.
*All functionality is supported simultaneously. Users don’t have to change modes or configuration to switch between features.
*The A2N20-V2 Multicard does NOT connect the INT_IN/INT_OUT or DMA_IN/DMA_OUT daisy chain lines. Systems that have multiple cards which depend on daisy chaining may not function.

Slots: 
II/Plus/e - Any Slot, We recommend Slot 7 for better HDMI cable routing 
IIgs ROM0 - NOT TESTED, But Slot 3 ONLY 
IIgs ROM1 - Slot 3 ONLY* 
IIgs ROM3 - Any Slot 1-6 but WILL NOT function in Slot 7 
*A user can use the A2FPGA in any slot in the ROM1 IIgs if they install a jumper wire mod from Slot 3, pin 35, to whichever slot they want to use the card, pin 35.
 
WARNING! This board MUST be installed with the HDMI connector facing the forward keyboard end of the chassis! Failure to do so will result in damage to your Apple II as all bus lines are active.
 
 
NOTE:
*The A2FPGA is fully DMA compliant and cards such as the MicroDrive/Turbo do work with DMA mode enabled.
*If Mockingboard is enabled, NO other card may be physically present in Slot 4. For IIgs, you must set the control panel slot 4 to "My Card"
*The FPGA used on A2FPGA takes ~2 seconds to power on and sync to an HDMI display. During this time the Apple II system is held in RESET, meaning the II will do nothing (not even beep) until the A2FPGA board has been fully setup and synched. The initial Apple II power on "beep" will be missed, but all subsequent Apple II sound can be output to HDMI if SW2 is ON.
*The A2FPGA is NOT an emulator. It is a full and complete implementation of all of the original logic for these hardware components plus bus decoding, memory shadowing, and the full range of video modes for the entire Apple II family. Plus a complete implementation of the TMS-9918A VDP and the SuperSprite and Ciarcia compatible means to hook into it.

=== Incompatibilities & Issues ===
* Any peripheral cards installed in Slots 4 or 7 might not work correctly, and other slots should be used. Slot 4 is where the Mockingboard is accessed, and Slot 7 is where the Synetix SuperSprite card is accessed. These options can be disabled with reprogramming the firmware. See [[#Firmware / FPGA Core|Firmware / FPGA Core]] below for firmware options.

* IIgs Ensoniq Sound does NOT get output to the HDMI audio - yet. This is currently in the works and there will be a firmware update available listed below.

* Users have encountered issues when routing the output of the A2N20-V2 MultiCard through various video capture devices due to differing supported video modes. The recommended workaround is to use an HDMI audio embedder/extractor device, which forces the output packets to be re-encoded correctly for video capture devices. A successfully tested example is the SIIG device available on [https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B07HNM2F1Q Amazon]. Other less expensive options have not performed as well. The team is working on a firmware update or additional solutions to improve compatibility with video capture cards in the future and this page will be updated as new information becomes available.

== Reviews ==
On May 6th, 2024 Chris Torrence of Assembly Lines posted a review video of the A2FPGA in a IIgs environment. Also shows things like setting up the Control Panel in the IIgs.
{{#ev:youtube|w0WaGExOT14|400|center|Chris Torrence: A2FPGA in the Apple IIGS|frame}}

<hr>

On April 27nd, 2024 Chris Torrence of Assembly Lines posted a review video of the A2FPGA in a II Plus and IIe environment. Chris also reviews and does a firmware update in real time. Skip to [https://youtu.be/Wt-DLSyuBCw?t=596 9:56] to see it and follow along!
{{#ev:youtube|Wt-DLSyuBCw|400|center|Chris Torrence: Can One Apple II Card Replace Them All?|frame}}
{{#ev:youtube|Wt-DLSyuBCw|400|center|The Review Breakdown In 1 Minute|frame|start=921}}

<hr>

On April 22nd, 2024 Joe Strosnider of Joe's Computer Museum posted a review video of the A2FPGA in a IIgs environment. Joe also reviews and does a firmware update in real time. Skip to [https://youtu.be/rM0Phma_B9o?t=901 15:03] to see it and follow along!
{{#ev:youtube|rM0Phma_B9o|400|center|Joe Strosnider: Reviewing the A2FPGA!|frame|start=102}}
{{#ev:youtube|rM0Phma_B9o|400|center|The Review Breakdown In 1 Minute|frame|start=6208}}

== DIP Switch Settings ==
The A2N20v2 has a 4-switch DIP switch that controls the following settings:

SW1: Enable Scanline effect when set to ON (default).
SW2: Enable Apple II speaker sounds via HDMI when set to ON (default).
SW3: Set to ON (default) for Power-on-Reset Hold - Delay Apple II start-up until FPGA is initialized and running.
SW4: Apple IIgs - Set to ON when installed in an Apple IIgs. OFF for II, II+ and II/e systems.

The Mockingboard functionality is directly tied to Slot #4. At present there is no way to override this behavior. In order for the Mockingboard implementation to work properly, no other card may be physically present in Slot 4 on any Apple II system. Further, if you have a IIgs, you must configure slot 4 as "My Card" in the Apple IIgs control panel.

The Synetix SuperSprite functionality is also directly tied to Slot #7. If you intend to use a card in slot #7, you will not be able to access the SuperSprite (TMS-9918A / F18A VDP functions). Additionally, making slot #7 usable for your own card requires that you perform a firmware update using the "NOSPRITE7" version of the firmware located below.

== Firmware / FPGA Core ==
The A2FPGA firmware is easily updated on any PC or Mac and is based on open-source code so that new functionality and bug fixes from the developer community can be added over time.

You can learn more about this exciting project on its public GitHub repository: https://github.com/a2fpga/a2fpga_core.

The team also maintains a presence on X (formerly Twitter) here: https://twitter.com/a2fpga.

=== UPDATING THE A2N20-V2 FPGA FIRMWARE ===

All versions of the firmware for this product are listed below and organized by date.

https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/5/59/A2n20v2-04252024-ALL.zip: The a2n20v2 Multicard Firmware Version 04-25-2024 (LATEST STABLE RELEASE, DEFAULT and NOSPRITE7 BUILDS).
NOTE: This ZIP file contains BOTH the DEFAULT and NOSPRITE7 builds of the firmware. DEFAULT enables Mockingboard in Slot #4 and Synetix SuperSprite in Slot #7. NO OTHER BOARDS MAY BE PRESENT IN THESE SLOTS USING THE DEFAULT FIRMWARE. If you require the use of Slot #7, and do not plan to work with the Synetix SuperSprite functionality, we recommend that you install the NOSPRITE7 build of the firmware contained in this Zip file as it has been tested to properly function with the Reactive Microdrive Turbo in slot 7. The README.pdf file contained in the ZIP file includes detailed instructions and more information to help you choose the correct build for your configuration and flash it into your a2n20-v2 Multicard - please read it completely before attempting to flash your firmware.

== Testing ==
The A2FPGA displays video immediately when installed in the correct slot. Sound depends on the DIP Switch setting.

Any diagnostic program can be used to test varying video modes. Other programs, such as games, could also be used. Sound testing can more simply be performed using the Mockingboard Demo disk.

For testing Synetix SuperSprite features, this link https://mirrors.apple2.org.za/ftp.apple.asimov.net/images/hardware/video/StarSprite-SuperSprite-Programs.zip is a ZIP file with images for the Synetix SuperSprite programs. When you unpack it, the Demonstration Disk is probably the best one to use for testing.

== History ==
September 7th, 2023 A2FPGA contacted Henry to discuss their HDMI related project and about ReActiveMicro assisting with distribution and related sales, logistics, and support.

Main Page

2024-05-22T04:32:27Z

RMHenry:

[[Image:Title_RM_Reactivate.svg|740px|center|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/ReActiveMicro]]
<center>
[[Image:Main_page_FACEBOOK.svg|185px|RM Facebook|link=http://www.facebook.com/reactivemicrousa]]
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</center>

<center>ReActiveMicro supports the entire line of Apple II Personal Computers. 
Subscribe to ReActiveMicro and know instantly about updates, news and information first hand sent to you by email.
Click above to read about [[ReActiveMicro]] and history.<center>

<center>
Feel free to share your thoughts and ideas with us. Explore the provided links to external resources, downloads, documents, and support articles. You have the freedom to update, add to, and even create a page dedicated to your own Apple II hardware or software projects, or any other topic relevant to supporting the Apple II Community. Your contributions are highly valued and appreciated by all of us!

If you reuse anything from this site, please credit accordingly. Link-backs are appreciated. 
([[Help]] for basic and custom commands when using or editing this site.)</center> 

<div style="font-size:150%; text-align: center;">[[Special:AllPages|== Click Here to View all Pages ==]]</div>


<center>
<div style="float:center; width:80%"><div style="border:2px solid #5090C0; padding-bottom:1em">

<h2 style="background-color:#5090C0; font-weight:bold; color:white; padding:0.3em 1em; margin:1em 0; font-size:inherit; text-align:center">Recent Releases from ReActiveMicro </h2> 

<div style="font-size:200%; text-align: center;">
<gallery class="center" widths=450px heights=200px>

</gallery>
</div>
<gallery class="center" widths=300px>
File:Photoroom_20240316_143943.jpg|A2FPGA Multicard|link=A2FPGA
File:IMG_20201227_152312585_HDR-Wiki-tiny.png|Universal Enclosure PSU Kit|link=Universal_Enclosure_PSU
File:IMG_20200914_165454128_HDR-Main-tiny.png|12-inch LCD Display for Composite|link=12-inch_LCD_Display
</gallery>
</div></div>
</center>

<hr>

<center>
<div style="float:center; width:60%">
<h2 style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-weight:bold; color:black; padding:0.3em 1em; margin:1em 0; font-size:inherit; text-align:center"> 
Find Chips Numbers And Related Info 
[[Image:Title_Apple_Chip_Designations.svg|512px|link=Apple_Chip_Designations]] 
[[Apple_Chip_Designations|Vintage Apple Computer Inc. - IC Part Numbers (designations)]]
</h2>
</div>
 
<hr>

<gallery class="center" widths=300px>
File:IMG_20200914_165100448_HDR-cables-tiny.png|Mini AV2HDMI Video Adapter|link=Mini_AV2HDMI_Video_Adapter
File:Apple_II_Plus_Rev7_Horizontal.png|Apple II ''plus'' Rev 7 RFI Factory NEW Replacement Mainboard|link=Apple_II_Plus_Rev_7_RFI
File:IMG_20190713_161320401_HDR-Wiki-tiny.png|Phasor v1.0|link=Phasor
File:2018-03-28-ReActiveMicro-Mockingboard-v2.2-Assembled-Wiki.png|Mockingboard v2.2|link=Mockingboard
File:UM_Transwarp_GS.jpg|UM TransWarp GS|link=TransWarp_GS
File:2017-12-20-UltraWarpv1.91RM.6-Face-Wiki.png|UltraWarp v1.91G|link=UltraWarp
File:IMG_20170527_121409-Fixed.jpg|Accelerator Speed Test Comparisons|link=Accelerator_Speeds
File:2018-07-09-_ReActiveMicro_-_3.5_Disk_Controller_v1.0-Face-Wiki.png|Apple II 3.5" Disk Controller Card|link=Apple_II_3.5_Disk_Controller_Card
File:RAMWorks_IIII_Kit_v1.1-PCB_Assembled.png|RAMWorks IIII Kit|link=RAMWorks_IIII_Kit
File:2018-01-29_ProDevDDTv1.0.png|ProDev DDT v1.0|link=ProDev_DDT
File:RM_MicroDriveTurbo-Object.png|MicroDrive Turbo|link=MicroDrive/Turbo
File:RM External CF Drive-Object.png|External CF Drive v2.0|link=External_CF_Drive
File:IIGS_ROM1_Adapter-Face-Wiki.jpg|IIGS ROM 00 to ROM 01 Upgrade Adapter|link=IIgs_ROM1_Adapter
File:4soniq-v1.1.JPG|4soniq Sound Card by Manila Gear|link=4soniq
File:2soniq-v1.0.JPG|2soniq Sound Card by Manila Gear|link=2soniq
File:NSC-Front.png|No Slot Clock v1.1 by Manila Gear|link=No_Slot_Clock
File:Nsc.png|No-Slot Clock v1.0|link=No-Slot_Clock
File:Replica_One-Object.png|Replica 1 Plus from Briel Computers|link=Replica_1
File:P_20180709_191343_vHDR_Auto-Wiki.png|Apple IIc Plus Universal PSU v1.0|link=IIc+_Universal_PSU
File:Universal_PSU_Kit_Main1.png|Universal PSU Kit|link=Universal_PSU_Kit
File:IMG_20160828_153318-fixed.png|HERO Junior RT-1 Charger Adapter|link=HERO_Junior_RT-1_Charger_Adapter
File:IIe_Enhancement_Kit.png|IIe Enhancement Kit|link=Apple_IIe_Enhancement_Kit
File:TWGSGAL-Local.jpg|TransWarp GALs and Upgrades|link=TransWarp_GS
File:Battery_Caddy2.jpg|IIGS ROM 0/1 Battery Caddy|link=IIgs_ROM0/1_Battery_Caddy
File:VGA-Adapter-v2.JPG|Apple IIGS VGA Adapter by Manila Gear|link=Apple_IIGS_VGA_Adapter
File:IMG_20170915_143009-Fixed.jpg|IBM 15pin to Apple 9pin Joystick Adapter by Manila Gear|link=IBM_15pin_to_Apple_9pin_Joystick_Adapter_by_Manila_Gear
File:Adapter_-_Assembled_-_Face.png|IBM 15pin to Apple 9pin Joystick Adapter|link=IBM_15pin_to_Apple_9pin_Joystick_Adapter
File:AppleSauce_v3_Proto.jpg|Applesauce|link=Applesauce
</gallery>

<center>Projects still in the developmental stage.</center>
<gallery class="center" widths=300px>
File:GSBarnDoor_face.jpg|GSBarnDoor|link=GSBarnDoor
File:Apple_II_SCSI1.jpg|Apple II SCSI Card|link=Apple_II_SCSI_Card
</gallery>

<center>Software/hardware based projects by Tookitman for your convenience.</center>
<gallery class="center" widths=300px>
File:Gnoawt.jpg|GRAPHIC NOVEL APPLEWIN TUTORIAL|link=GRAPHIC NOVEL APPLEWIN TUTORIAL
File:cat1.JPG|VOSGI|link=VOSGI
File:Woz2.JPG|Apple II Garage Videogame|link=Apple ii Garage VideoGame
File:PM1Comp.jpg|POM 1 Computer|link=POM 1 Computer
File:Awinserialcomm.jpg|AppleWin Serial to USB Communication port|link=AppleWin Serial to USB Communication port
File:VISUALA2.jpg|Visual Apple II Operating System|link=VisualA2
File:POM1RPI.jpg|POM 1 Raspberrypi|link=POM1_Raspberrypi
File:Lina.jpg|Linapple Raspberrypi|link=Linapple_Raspberrypi
File:BMIIMAGE.jpg|BMI CALCULATOR APPLE II ''plus''|link=BMI
File:BTLAI.jpg|ROBOT AI APPLE II ''plus''|link=ROBOT AI Apple ii Plus
File:A2.jpg|APPLE II DSK APPLE 1 SIMULATOR|link=Apple II .dsk image Apple 1 Simulator
File:MODULARA2.JPG|MODULAR APPLE II SYSTEM|link=Modular A2
File:winemus.jpg|APPLE II WINDOWS EMULATORS|link=Apple ii Windows Emulators
File:Fotor-ai-20240221105017.jpg|SMALLEST ARDUINO APPLE I|link=Smallest Arduino Apple 1 Emulator Computer
File:Dlcastervd.jpg|DON LANCASTER TV TYPEWRITER ARDUINO UNO|link=Don Lancaster TV Typewriter Arduino Uno
File:Pingpong.png|CREATING PONG ARDUINO DUE MINI ARCADE CABINET BOOTLEG|link=Pong Arduino Due Mini Arcade Cabinet Bootleg
File:Fandom1.jpg|FANDOM JOURNEY Apple I|link=Fandom Journey Apple I

</gallery>
 

<center>
[[Image:RM_History.svg|170px|link=ReActiveMicro]]
[[Image:Apple_2_Media_Vault.svg|170px|link=Apple_II_Media_Vault]]
[[Image:APPLE_IC.svg|170px|link=Apple_Chip_Designations]]
 
</center>

<center>If you reuse any material from this site, please credit accordingly. We also ask that you do not alter any of the documentation PDF files. Any link-backs are appreciated.</center>
<center>[[The_ReActiveMicro_Apple_II_Wiki:Copyrights|( Copyright Notice )]]</center>

A2FPGA

2024-05-11T23:12:48Z

RMHenry: /* UPDATING THE A2N20-V2 FPGA FIRMWARE */

[[Image:A2FPGA-200x400.png|300px|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/3/3f/A2FPGA-200x400.png]]

[[Image:Photoroom_20240316_143943.jpg|thumb|A2FPGA A2N20 v2.0|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/b/b3/Photoroom_20240316_143943.jpg]]

The A2FPGA is primarily an HD video and Mockingboard-compatible sound card for the Apple II, II+, //e, and IIgs. It's a small, Apple II peripheral card that can be installed in any Apple II computer II, II+, //e, IIgs. See Slots below for compatible slot locations by system type. The A2FPGA uses a modern FPGA (field-programmable gate array or "programmable logic") to provide precise timing-accurate interfacing to the Apple II bus. This allows the card to capture all access to Apple II display memory in order to faithfully generate Apple text and graphics in crisp 720p 60Hz HD as well as providing the functionality of a number of popular peripheral cards in a single Apple II slot. The A2FPGA has been tested with Apple II, II+, //e, and IIgs models and brings the classic Apple II experience to a whole new level on any monitor or television.

Product Status: Actively sold by ReActiveMicro.

Support: Post on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME}}|Discussion]] page (link above) or email [http://store.reactivemicro.com/contact-us/ ReActiveMicro Support].

Sales: Visit the [https://www.reactivemicro.com/product/a2fpga-multicard/ ReActiveMicro Store].

== Features ==
As of April 2024 the standard features currently are:
720x480 @ 60Hz HDMI output supporting all Apple II, II+, //e, & IIgs display modes.*
Mockingboard sound compatibility (Slot 4)
Both Apple II system speaker audio AND Mockingboard audio are output to your HDMI display's speakers
Synetix SuperSprite and Ciarcia EZ-Color TMS9918a compatibility (Slot 7)

*If your monitor doesn't support 720x480 resolution, or some older "CCTV" type monitors, then you may not receive video. More common and newer HDMI monitors should not have any issues.
*All functionality is supported simultaneously. Users don’t have to change modes or configuration to switch between features.
*The A2N20-V2 Multicard does NOT connect the INT_IN/INT_OUT or DMA_IN/DMA_OUT daisy chain lines. Systems that have multiple cards which depend on daisy chaining may not function.

Slots: 
II/Plus/e - Any Slot, We recommend Slot 7 for better HDMI cable routing 
IIgs ROM0 - NOT TESTED, But Slot 3 ONLY 
IIgs ROM1 - Slot 3 ONLY 
IIgs ROM3 - Any Slot 1-6 but WILL NOT function in Slot 7 
 
WARNING! This board MUST be installed with the HDMI connector facing the forward keyboard end of the chassis! Failure to do so will result in damage to your Apple II as all bus lines are active.
 
 
NOTE:
*The A2FPGA is fully DMA compliant and cards such as the MicroDrive/Turbo do work with DMA mode enabled.
*If Mockingboard is enabled, NO other card may be physically present in Slot 4. For IIgs, you must set the control panel slot 4 to "My Card"
*The FPGA used on A2FPGA takes ~2 seconds to power on and sync to an HDMI display. During this time the Apple II system is held in RESET, meaning the II will do nothing (not even beep) until the A2FPGA board has been fully setup and synched. The initial Apple II power on "beep" will be missed, but all subsequent Apple II sound can be output to HDMI if SW2 is ON.
*The A2FPGA is NOT an emulator. It is a full and complete implementation of all of the original logic for these hardware components plus bus decoding, memory shadowing, and the full range of video modes for the entire Apple II family. Plus a complete implementation of the TMS-9918A VDP and the SuperSprite and Ciarcia compatible means to hook into it.

=== Incompatibilities & Issues ===
* Any peripheral cards installed in Slots 4 or 7 might not work correctly, and other slots should be used. Slot 4 is where the Mockingboard is accessed, and Slot 7 is where the Synetix SuperSprite card is accessed. These options can be disabled with reprogramming the firmware. See [[#Firmware / FPGA Core|Firmware / FPGA Core]] below for firmware options.

* IIgs Ensoniq Sound does NOT get output to the HDMI audio - yet. This is currently in the works and there will be a firmware update available listed below.

== Reviews ==
On May 6th, 2024 Chris Torrence of Assembly Lines posted a review video of the A2FPGA in a IIgs environment. Also shows things like setting up the Control Panel in the IIgs.
{{#ev:youtube|w0WaGExOT14|400|center|Chris Torrence: A2FPGA in the Apple IIGS|frame}}

<hr>

On April 27nd, 2024 Chris Torrence of Assembly Lines posted a review video of the A2FPGA in a II Plus and IIe environment. Chris also reviews and does a firmware update in real time. Skip to [https://youtu.be/Wt-DLSyuBCw?t=596 9:56] to see it and follow along!
{{#ev:youtube|Wt-DLSyuBCw|400|center|Chris Torrence: Can One Apple II Card Replace Them All?|frame}}
{{#ev:youtube|Wt-DLSyuBCw|400|center|The Review Breakdown In 1 Minute|frame|start=921}}

<hr>

On April 22nd, 2024 Joe Strosnider of Joe's Computer Museum posted a review video of the A2FPGA in a IIgs environment. Joe also reviews and does a firmware update in real time. Skip to [https://youtu.be/rM0Phma_B9o?t=901 15:03] to see it and follow along!
{{#ev:youtube|rM0Phma_B9o|400|center|Joe Strosnider: Reviewing the A2FPGA!|frame|start=102}}
{{#ev:youtube|rM0Phma_B9o|400|center|The Review Breakdown In 1 Minute|frame|start=6208}}

== DIP Switch Settings ==
The A2N20v2 has a 4-switch DIP switch that controls the following settings:

SW1: Enable Scanline effect when set to ON (default).
SW2: Enable Apple II speaker sounds via HDMI when set to ON (default).
SW3: Set to ON (default) for Power-on-Reset Hold - Delay Apple II start-up until FPGA is initialized and running.
SW4: Apple IIgs - Set to ON when installed in an Apple IIgs. OFF for II, II+ and II/e systems.

The Mockingboard functionality is directly tied to Slot #4. At present there is no way to override this behavior. In order for the Mockingboard implementation to work properly, no other card may be physically present in Slot 4 on any Apple II system. Further, if you have a IIgs, you must configure slot 4 as "My Card" in the Apple IIgs control panel.

The Synetix SuperSprite functionality is also directly tied to Slot #7. If you intend to use a card in slot #7, you will not be able to access the SuperSprite (TMS-9918A / F18A VDP functions). Additionally, making slot #7 usable for your own card requires that you perform a firmware update using the "NOSPRITE7" version of the firmware located below.

== Firmware / FPGA Core ==
The A2FPGA firmware is easily updated on any PC or Mac and is based on open-source code so that new functionality and bug fixes from the developer community can be added over time.

You can learn more about this exciting project on its public GitHub repository: https://github.com/a2fpga/a2fpga_core.

The team also maintains a presence on X (formerly Twitter) here: https://twitter.com/a2fpga.

=== UPDATING THE A2N20-V2 FPGA FIRMWARE ===

All versions of the firmware for this product are listed below and organized by date.

https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/5/59/A2n20v2-04252024-ALL.zip: The a2n20v2 Multicard Firmware Version 04-25-2024 (LATEST STABLE RELEASE, DEFAULT and NOSPRITE7 BUILDS).
NOTE: This ZIP file contains BOTH the DEFAULT and NOSPRITE7 builds of the firmware. DEFAULT enables Mockingboard in Slot #4 and Synetix SuperSprite in Slot #7. NO OTHER BOARDS MAY BE PRESENT IN THESE SLOTS USING THE DEFAULT FIRMWARE. If you require the use of Slot #7, and do not plan to work with the Synetix SuperSprite functionality, we recommend that you install the NOSPRITE7 build of the firmware contained in this Zip file as it has been tested to properly function with the Reactive Microdrive Turbo in slot 7. The README.pdf file contained in the ZIP file includes detailed instructions and more information to help you choose the correct build for your configuration and flash it into your a2n20-v2 Multicard - please read it completely before attempting to flash your firmware.

== Testing ==
The A2FPGA displays video immediately when installed in the correct slot. Sound depends on the DIP Switch setting.

Any diagnostic program can be used to test varying video modes. Other programs, such as games, could also be used. Sound testing can more simply be performed using the Mockingboard Demo disk.

For testing Synetix SuperSprite features, this link https://mirrors.apple2.org.za/ftp.apple.asimov.net/images/hardware/video/StarSprite-SuperSprite-Programs.zip is a ZIP file with images for the Synetix SuperSprite programs. When you unpack it, the Demonstration Disk is probably the best one to use for testing.

== History ==
September 7th, 2023 A2FPGA contacted Henry to discuss their HDMI related project and about ReActiveMicro assisting with distribution and related sales, logistics, and support.

A2FPGA

2024-05-11T23:06:36Z

RMHenry: /* Firmware / FPGA Core */

[[Image:A2FPGA-200x400.png|300px|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/3/3f/A2FPGA-200x400.png]]

[[Image:Photoroom_20240316_143943.jpg|thumb|A2FPGA A2N20 v2.0|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/b/b3/Photoroom_20240316_143943.jpg]]

The A2FPGA is primarily an HD video and Mockingboard-compatible sound card for the Apple II, II+, //e, and IIgs. It's a small, Apple II peripheral card that can be installed in any Apple II computer II, II+, //e, IIgs. See Slots below for compatible slot locations by system type. The A2FPGA uses a modern FPGA (field-programmable gate array or "programmable logic") to provide precise timing-accurate interfacing to the Apple II bus. This allows the card to capture all access to Apple II display memory in order to faithfully generate Apple text and graphics in crisp 720p 60Hz HD as well as providing the functionality of a number of popular peripheral cards in a single Apple II slot. The A2FPGA has been tested with Apple II, II+, //e, and IIgs models and brings the classic Apple II experience to a whole new level on any monitor or television.

Product Status: Actively sold by ReActiveMicro.

Support: Post on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME}}|Discussion]] page (link above) or email [http://store.reactivemicro.com/contact-us/ ReActiveMicro Support].

Sales: Visit the [https://www.reactivemicro.com/product/a2fpga-multicard/ ReActiveMicro Store].

== Features ==
As of April 2024 the standard features currently are:
720x480 @ 60Hz HDMI output supporting all Apple II, II+, //e, & IIgs display modes.*
Mockingboard sound compatibility (Slot 4)
Both Apple II system speaker audio AND Mockingboard audio are output to your HDMI display's speakers
Synetix SuperSprite and Ciarcia EZ-Color TMS9918a compatibility (Slot 7)

*If your monitor doesn't support 720x480 resolution, or some older "CCTV" type monitors, then you may not receive video. More common and newer HDMI monitors should not have any issues.
*All functionality is supported simultaneously. Users don’t have to change modes or configuration to switch between features.
*The A2N20-V2 Multicard does NOT connect the INT_IN/INT_OUT or DMA_IN/DMA_OUT daisy chain lines. Systems that have multiple cards which depend on daisy chaining may not function.

Slots: 
II/Plus/e - Any Slot, We recommend Slot 7 for better HDMI cable routing 
IIgs ROM0 - NOT TESTED, But Slot 3 ONLY 
IIgs ROM1 - Slot 3 ONLY 
IIgs ROM3 - Any Slot 1-6 but WILL NOT function in Slot 7 
 
WARNING! This board MUST be installed with the HDMI connector facing the forward keyboard end of the chassis! Failure to do so will result in damage to your Apple II as all bus lines are active.
 
 
NOTE:
*The A2FPGA is fully DMA compliant and cards such as the MicroDrive/Turbo do work with DMA mode enabled.
*If Mockingboard is enabled, NO other card may be physically present in Slot 4. For IIgs, you must set the control panel slot 4 to "My Card"
*The FPGA used on A2FPGA takes ~2 seconds to power on and sync to an HDMI display. During this time the Apple II system is held in RESET, meaning the II will do nothing (not even beep) until the A2FPGA board has been fully setup and synched. The initial Apple II power on "beep" will be missed, but all subsequent Apple II sound can be output to HDMI if SW2 is ON.
*The A2FPGA is NOT an emulator. It is a full and complete implementation of all of the original logic for these hardware components plus bus decoding, memory shadowing, and the full range of video modes for the entire Apple II family. Plus a complete implementation of the TMS-9918A VDP and the SuperSprite and Ciarcia compatible means to hook into it.

=== Incompatibilities & Issues ===
* Any peripheral cards installed in Slots 4 or 7 might not work correctly, and other slots should be used. Slot 4 is where the Mockingboard is accessed, and Slot 7 is where the Synetix SuperSprite card is accessed. These options can be disabled with reprogramming the firmware. See [[#Firmware / FPGA Core|Firmware / FPGA Core]] below for firmware options.

* IIgs Ensoniq Sound does NOT get output to the HDMI audio - yet. This is currently in the works and there will be a firmware update available listed below.

== Reviews ==
On May 6th, 2024 Chris Torrence of Assembly Lines posted a review video of the A2FPGA in a IIgs environment. Also shows things like setting up the Control Panel in the IIgs.
{{#ev:youtube|w0WaGExOT14|400|center|Chris Torrence: A2FPGA in the Apple IIGS|frame}}

<hr>

On April 27nd, 2024 Chris Torrence of Assembly Lines posted a review video of the A2FPGA in a II Plus and IIe environment. Chris also reviews and does a firmware update in real time. Skip to [https://youtu.be/Wt-DLSyuBCw?t=596 9:56] to see it and follow along!
{{#ev:youtube|Wt-DLSyuBCw|400|center|Chris Torrence: Can One Apple II Card Replace Them All?|frame}}
{{#ev:youtube|Wt-DLSyuBCw|400|center|The Review Breakdown In 1 Minute|frame|start=921}}

<hr>

On April 22nd, 2024 Joe Strosnider of Joe's Computer Museum posted a review video of the A2FPGA in a IIgs environment. Joe also reviews and does a firmware update in real time. Skip to [https://youtu.be/rM0Phma_B9o?t=901 15:03] to see it and follow along!
{{#ev:youtube|rM0Phma_B9o|400|center|Joe Strosnider: Reviewing the A2FPGA!|frame|start=102}}
{{#ev:youtube|rM0Phma_B9o|400|center|The Review Breakdown In 1 Minute|frame|start=6208}}

== DIP Switch Settings ==
The A2N20v2 has a 4-switch DIP switch that controls the following settings:

SW1: Enable Scanline effect when set to ON (default).
SW2: Enable Apple II speaker sounds via HDMI when set to ON (default).
SW3: Set to ON (default) for Power-on-Reset Hold - Delay Apple II start-up until FPGA is initialized and running.
SW4: Apple IIgs - Set to ON when installed in an Apple IIgs. OFF for II, II+ and II/e systems.

The Mockingboard functionality is directly tied to Slot #4. At present there is no way to override this behavior. In order for the Mockingboard implementation to work properly, no other card may be physically present in Slot 4 on any Apple II system. Further, if you have a IIgs, you must configure slot 4 as "My Card" in the Apple IIgs control panel.

The Synetix SuperSprite functionality is also directly tied to Slot #7. If you intend to use a card in slot #7, you will not be able to access the SuperSprite (TMS-9918A / F18A VDP functions). Additionally, making slot #7 usable for your own card requires that you perform a firmware update using the "NOSPRITE7" version of the firmware located below.

== Firmware / FPGA Core ==
The A2FPGA firmware is easily updated on any PC or Mac and is based on open-source code so that new functionality and bug fixes from the developer community can be added over time.

You can learn more about this exciting project on its public GitHub repository: https://github.com/a2fpga/a2fpga_core.

The team also maintains a presence on X (formerly Twitter) here: https://twitter.com/a2fpga.

=== UPDATING THE A2N20-V2 FPGA FIRMWARE ===

All versions of the firmware for this product are listed below and organized by date.

[[:File:A2n20v2-04252024-ALL.zip]]: The a2n20v2 Multicard Firmware Version 04-25-2024 (LATEST STABLE RELEASE, DEFAULT and NOSPRITE7 BUILDS).
NOTE: This ZIP file contains BOTH the DEFAULT and NOSPRITE7 builds of the firmware. DEFAULT enables Mockingboard in Slot #4 and Synetix SuperSprite in Slot #7. NO OTHER BOARDS MAY BE PRESENT IN THESE SLOTS USING THE DEFAULT FIRMWARE. If you require the use of Slot #7, and do not plan to work with the Synetix SuperSprite functionality, we recommend that you install the NOSPRITE7 build of the firmware contained in this Zip file as it has been tested to properly function with the Reactive Microdrive Turbo in slot 7. The README.pdf file contained in the ZIP file includes detailed instructions and more information to help you choose the correct build for your configuration and flash it into your a2n20-v2 Multicard - please read it completely before attempting to flash your firmware.

== Testing ==
The A2FPGA displays video immediately when installed in the correct slot. Sound depends on the DIP Switch setting.

Any diagnostic program can be used to test varying video modes. Other programs, such as games, could also be used. Sound testing can more simply be performed using the Mockingboard Demo disk.

For testing Synetix SuperSprite features, this link https://mirrors.apple2.org.za/ftp.apple.asimov.net/images/hardware/video/StarSprite-SuperSprite-Programs.zip is a ZIP file with images for the Synetix SuperSprite programs. When you unpack it, the Demonstration Disk is probably the best one to use for testing.

== History ==
September 7th, 2023 A2FPGA contacted Henry to discuss their HDMI related project and about ReActiveMicro assisting with distribution and related sales, logistics, and support.

A2FPGA

2024-05-11T23:05:56Z

RMHenry: /* Firmware / FPGA Core */

[[Image:A2FPGA-200x400.png|300px|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/3/3f/A2FPGA-200x400.png]]

[[Image:Photoroom_20240316_143943.jpg|thumb|A2FPGA A2N20 v2.0|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/b/b3/Photoroom_20240316_143943.jpg]]

The A2FPGA is primarily an HD video and Mockingboard-compatible sound card for the Apple II, II+, //e, and IIgs. It's a small, Apple II peripheral card that can be installed in any Apple II computer II, II+, //e, IIgs. See Slots below for compatible slot locations by system type. The A2FPGA uses a modern FPGA (field-programmable gate array or "programmable logic") to provide precise timing-accurate interfacing to the Apple II bus. This allows the card to capture all access to Apple II display memory in order to faithfully generate Apple text and graphics in crisp 720p 60Hz HD as well as providing the functionality of a number of popular peripheral cards in a single Apple II slot. The A2FPGA has been tested with Apple II, II+, //e, and IIgs models and brings the classic Apple II experience to a whole new level on any monitor or television.

Product Status: Actively sold by ReActiveMicro.

Support: Post on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME}}|Discussion]] page (link above) or email [http://store.reactivemicro.com/contact-us/ ReActiveMicro Support].

Sales: Visit the [https://www.reactivemicro.com/product/a2fpga-multicard/ ReActiveMicro Store].

== Features ==
As of April 2024 the standard features currently are:
720x480 @ 60Hz HDMI output supporting all Apple II, II+, //e, & IIgs display modes.*
Mockingboard sound compatibility (Slot 4)
Both Apple II system speaker audio AND Mockingboard audio are output to your HDMI display's speakers
Synetix SuperSprite and Ciarcia EZ-Color TMS9918a compatibility (Slot 7)

*If your monitor doesn't support 720x480 resolution, or some older "CCTV" type monitors, then you may not receive video. More common and newer HDMI monitors should not have any issues.
*All functionality is supported simultaneously. Users don’t have to change modes or configuration to switch between features.
*The A2N20-V2 Multicard does NOT connect the INT_IN/INT_OUT or DMA_IN/DMA_OUT daisy chain lines. Systems that have multiple cards which depend on daisy chaining may not function.

Slots: 
II/Plus/e - Any Slot, We recommend Slot 7 for better HDMI cable routing 
IIgs ROM0 - NOT TESTED, But Slot 3 ONLY 
IIgs ROM1 - Slot 3 ONLY 
IIgs ROM3 - Any Slot 1-6 but WILL NOT function in Slot 7 
 
WARNING! This board MUST be installed with the HDMI connector facing the forward keyboard end of the chassis! Failure to do so will result in damage to your Apple II as all bus lines are active.
 
 
NOTE:
*The A2FPGA is fully DMA compliant and cards such as the MicroDrive/Turbo do work with DMA mode enabled.
*If Mockingboard is enabled, NO other card may be physically present in Slot 4. For IIgs, you must set the control panel slot 4 to "My Card"
*The FPGA used on A2FPGA takes ~2 seconds to power on and sync to an HDMI display. During this time the Apple II system is held in RESET, meaning the II will do nothing (not even beep) until the A2FPGA board has been fully setup and synched. The initial Apple II power on "beep" will be missed, but all subsequent Apple II sound can be output to HDMI if SW2 is ON.
*The A2FPGA is NOT an emulator. It is a full and complete implementation of all of the original logic for these hardware components plus bus decoding, memory shadowing, and the full range of video modes for the entire Apple II family. Plus a complete implementation of the TMS-9918A VDP and the SuperSprite and Ciarcia compatible means to hook into it.

=== Incompatibilities & Issues ===
* Any peripheral cards installed in Slots 4 or 7 might not work correctly, and other slots should be used. Slot 4 is where the Mockingboard is accessed, and Slot 7 is where the Synetix SuperSprite card is accessed. These options can be disabled with reprogramming the firmware. See [[#Firmware / FPGA Core|Firmware / FPGA Core]] below for firmware options.

* IIgs Ensoniq Sound does NOT get output to the HDMI audio - yet. This is currently in the works and there will be a firmware update available listed below.

== Reviews ==
On May 6th, 2024 Chris Torrence of Assembly Lines posted a review video of the A2FPGA in a IIgs environment. Also shows things like setting up the Control Panel in the IIgs.
{{#ev:youtube|w0WaGExOT14|400|center|Chris Torrence: A2FPGA in the Apple IIGS|frame}}

<hr>

On April 27nd, 2024 Chris Torrence of Assembly Lines posted a review video of the A2FPGA in a II Plus and IIe environment. Chris also reviews and does a firmware update in real time. Skip to [https://youtu.be/Wt-DLSyuBCw?t=596 9:56] to see it and follow along!
{{#ev:youtube|Wt-DLSyuBCw|400|center|Chris Torrence: Can One Apple II Card Replace Them All?|frame}}
{{#ev:youtube|Wt-DLSyuBCw|400|center|The Review Breakdown In 1 Minute|frame|start=921}}

<hr>

On April 22nd, 2024 Joe Strosnider of Joe's Computer Museum posted a review video of the A2FPGA in a IIgs environment. Joe also reviews and does a firmware update in real time. Skip to [https://youtu.be/rM0Phma_B9o?t=901 15:03] to see it and follow along!
{{#ev:youtube|rM0Phma_B9o|400|center|Joe Strosnider: Reviewing the A2FPGA!|frame|start=102}}
{{#ev:youtube|rM0Phma_B9o|400|center|The Review Breakdown In 1 Minute|frame|start=6208}}

== DIP Switch Settings ==
The A2N20v2 has a 4-switch DIP switch that controls the following settings:

SW1: Enable Scanline effect when set to ON (default).
SW2: Enable Apple II speaker sounds via HDMI when set to ON (default).
SW3: Set to ON (default) for Power-on-Reset Hold - Delay Apple II start-up until FPGA is initialized and running.
SW4: Apple IIgs - Set to ON when installed in an Apple IIgs. OFF for II, II+ and II/e systems.

The Mockingboard functionality is directly tied to Slot #4. At present there is no way to override this behavior. In order for the Mockingboard implementation to work properly, no other card may be physically present in Slot 4 on any Apple II system. Further, if you have a IIgs, you must configure slot 4 as "My Card" in the Apple IIgs control panel.

The Synetix SuperSprite functionality is also directly tied to Slot #7. If you intend to use a card in slot #7, you will not be able to access the SuperSprite (TMS-9918A / F18A VDP functions). Additionally, making slot #7 usable for your own card requires that you perform a firmware update using the "NOSPRITE7" version of the firmware located below.

== Firmware / FPGA Core ==
The A2FPGA firmware is easily updated on any PC or Mac and is based on open-source code so that new functionality and bug fixes from the developer community can be added over time.

You can learn more about this exciting project on its public GitHub repository: https://github.com/a2fpga/a2fpga_core.

The team also maintains a presence on X (formerly Twitter) here: https://twitter.com/a2fpga.

=== UPDATING THE A2N20-V2 FPGA FIRMWARE ===

All versions of the firmware for this product are listed below and organized by date.

[[:File:A2n20v2-04252024-ALL.zip]]: The a2n20v2 Multicard Firmware Version 04-25-2024 (LATEST STABLE RELEASE, DEFAULT and NOSPRITE7 BUILDS).
NOTE: This ZIP file contains BOTH the DEFAULT and NOSPRITE7 builds of the firmware. DEFAULT enables Mockingboard in Slot #4 and Synetix SuperSprite in Slot #7. NO OTHER BOARDS MAY BE PRESENT IN THESE SLOTS USING THE DEFAULT FIRMWARE. If you require the use of Slot #7, and do not plan to work with the Synetix SuperSprite functionality, we recommend that you install the NOSPRITE7 build of the firmware contained in this Zip file as it has been tested to properly function with the Reactive Microdrive Turbo in slot 7. The README.pdf file contained in the ZIP file includes detailed instructions and more information to help you choose the correct build for your configuration and flash it into your a2n20-v2 Multicard - please read it completely before attempting to flash your firmware.

== Testing ==
The A2FPGA displays video immediately when installed in the correct slot. Sound depends on the DIP Switch setting.

Any diagnostic program can be used to test varying video modes. Other programs, such as games, could also be used. Sound testing can more simply be performed using the Mockingboard Demo disk.

For testing Synetix SuperSprite features, this link https://mirrors.apple2.org.za/ftp.apple.asimov.net/images/hardware/video/StarSprite-SuperSprite-Programs.zip is a ZIP file with images for the Synetix SuperSprite programs. When you unpack it, the Demonstration Disk is probably the best one to use for testing.

== History ==
September 7th, 2023 A2FPGA contacted Henry to discuss their HDMI related project and about ReActiveMicro assisting with distribution and related sales, logistics, and support.

MicroDrive/Turbo

2024-05-11T19:33:21Z

RMHenry: /* Support: Using the Setup Utility */

[[Image:Title_Micro_Drive_Turbo.svg|700px|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/8/82/Title_Micro_Drive_Turbo.svg]]

[[Image:RM_MicroDriveTurbo-Object.png|thumb|MicroDrive Turbo from ReActiveMicro|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/4/4d/RM_MicroDriveTurbo-Object.png]]

The MicroDrive Turbo is an IDE Mass Storage Device that is Apple IIGS and Apple II, II Plus, or //e compatible. It emulates a Hard Disk Drive by utilizing Solid-State Compact Flash (CF) Cards.

MicroDrive Turbo (aka - MDT) is currently sold by [[ReActiveMicro]]. They sell it with a preloaded 256 MB Compact Flash Card to enable new users to start using the MicroDrive/Turbo right out of the box. Software included is GS/OS v6.0.1, IIGS Memory Testers, ShrinkIt (8 and 16 bit), Copy II+, MicroDrive Utilities, DiskMaker8, DSK2File, DOS.MASTER and different AE Memory Testers for your //e. Everything needed to start transferring and unpacking software from the Internet, and start using your Apple II Personal Computer once again.

Product Status: Actively sold by [http://store.reactivemicro.com/product/microdriveturbo-storage-controller/ ReActiveMicro].

Support: Post on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME}}|Discussion]] page (link above) or email [http://store.reactivemicro.com/contact-us/ ReActiveMicro Support].

Sales: Visit the [http://store.reactivemicro.com/shop/ ReActiveMicro Store].

== History ==
The MicroDrive Turbo was designed by Joachim Lange of ///SHH Systeme and released in 1996. This was the first Apple II IDE Controller that used DMA.

In 2004 Gerber Street Enterprises started reselling select items from ///SHH Systeme, however the offering was only a couple of items and stock was very limited.

Mid-2006 ReActiveMicro took over reselling all ///SHH Systeme items in an effort to provide better service and a larger product variety to the Apple II Community.

==Versions==
Pre-2006 versions of the card were all hand assembled by Joachim Lange of ///SHH Systeme. After ReActiveMicro took over sales in 2006 the units were hand assembled by Henry from ReActiveMicro till mid 2015. ReActiveMicro then started their structured move to a more automated vendor and set their sights to have projects assembled on a larger scale. The MicroDrive Turbo was the first such project to be fully assembled. However due to a learning curve and testing different vendors Henry continued to hand assemble some MicroDrive Turbo units until 2016. During that year all projects moved to being fully assembled as well as offering kit versions of most projects.

From March 19th 2018 until the 25th ReActiveMicro had a sale in which they jokingly played on the fact that Henry "defaced" several cards by signing them. Thus the cards would be sold at a discount due to his signature being of negative value and actually subtracting from the total worth of the card. This was in fact a joke made from the recent CFFA3000 sales where Rich Dreher sold "limited edition" cards where he signed them and charged $200USD more. It's noteworthy that Henry was not actually thrilled with signing cards and "felt like a total ass" the entire time doing so. He's not into celebrity or thinking his signature or efforts are anything special. He's more happy being able to supply demand and knowing that products he makes are being used in the retro spirit. "Limited editions" or signed products will not be a staple in the ReActiveMicro.com future, and will always be made in a self deprecating fashion.

<gallery class="center" widths=400px heights=200px caption="Example of signed MicroDrive Turbo.">
File:MDT_Signed1.jpg|MicroDrive Turbo. March 19th-25th 2018 Sale {51 units signed total}.
</gallery>

== Features ==

[[Image:MicroDrive_DMA.svg|200px|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/4/43/MicroDrive_DMA.svg]]

DMA: Looking for the fastest storage solution available for your Apple II? The MicroDrive Turbo is faster that any other Mass Storage controller since it uses DMA for reads and writes. As the name implies, it performs Direct Memory Access which bypasses the CPU and allows for a whopping 40% faster read and write speeds when compared to conventional controllers. For example, with an accelerator installed in your IIGS you can boot GS/OS in as fast as 7 seconds! The DMA option can be disabled using the Setup utility.

[[Image:40_Pin_Connector.svg|200px|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/b/ba/40_Pin_Connector.svg]]

40 Pin IDE Interface: The 40 Pin IDE interface on the MicroDrive/Turbo IDE is a standard 16 bit IDE port. It is capable of addressing "Primary" and "Secondary" IDs on the IDE chain.

IDE to Dual CF Adapter: The MicroDrive/Turbo comes standard with a 40 Pin IDE to Dual CF Adapter. Users can control which of the two CF Slots is "Primary" and "Secondary" using a Jumper on the Adapter. The Adapter however can be removed if so desired and a standard IDE Cable and devices attached.

Note: Dual mode unavailable when using the IIe Firmware; Only available when using the IIGS Firmware.

[[Image:CF_Card.svg|200px|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/9/9e/CF_Card.svg]]

Compact Flash: Why use Compact Flash Cards? They are readily available, inexpensive, low power, noiseless, shock proof, removable, and last almost forever - things that can't be said about mechanical Hard Drives. However, it is still possible to use some older IDE Hard Drives with the MicroDrive/Turbo Controller if desired. See "[[#Support: Using Mechanical Hard Drives|Support: Using Mechanical Hard Drives]]" below. Do you download software from the Internet and wonder how to get it to your Apple II or spend lots of time doing so? With the MicroDrive/Turbo it's now super easy! Just remove the Compact Flash Card from your MicroDrive/Turbo, insert it in to your PC and using [http://a2ciderpress.com/ CiderPress] (Windows only) you can read and write directly to the Compact Flash Card. Using your PC for transferring files and backing up has never been so quick and painless!

ProDOS 8 and 16: The MicroDrive/Turbo is ProDOS compatible. It's recognized as a 'standard' Mass Storage Device just like any Hard Disk Drive on your Apple II. Large Volume DOS 3.3 support is provided through the use of a program called DOS.MASTER (preloaded on CF Card).

Boot Options: By default, Volume 1 is set to boot. However when setting up a new CF Card the user sets which Volume they desire to boot. Or on an existing CF Card the Setup utility can modify the default boot Volume. However the MicroDrive/Turbo also offers a temporary option to boot to ANY volume. When powering on the Apple II the user will press and hold the Open Apple key. This will pause the MicroDrive/Turbo's splash screen. The user then presses the corresponding Volume's number key, and the MicroDrive/Turbo will boot to that Volume.

Apple IIGS and II/Plus/e Operation: The MicroDrive/Turbo comes standard with the Apple IIGS Firmware. You can however order one with IIe Firmware, or buy an upgrade ROM to convert a IIGS MicroDrive/Turbo for use in an II/Plus/e.

== Reviews ==
{{#ev:youtube|1JLJUPMVwDE|400|right|MicroDrive/Turbo (left) VS CFFA (right)|frame}}
On October 13th, 2018 Russell McGhee did a comparison of the MicroDrive/Turbo (left) VS CFFA (right). The IIGS on the right has a TWGS installed and is part of the delay when the system is first powered on. However you can see the IIGS boot screen simply enough and can compare between the two.

{{#ev:youtube|Wjy6_qnTnv0|400|right|Apple II Mass Storage Mega Roundup|frame}}
On August 13, 2016 Joe Strosnider from the YouTube channel "[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCyfwZvTPPJV4peBHupd6Ckw Joe's Computer Museum]" posted a review of several Mass Storage options for the Apple II, and the MicroDrive/Turbo was among them. He gives some very good feedback regarding the differences between the boards, and how the MicroDrive/turbo performs under real world conditions.

== Support: Backing Up - Setup Utility ==
'''The first thing you should do before using your MicroDrive/Turbo is to make a backup of the MicroDrive/Turbo Setup Utility.''' Without this Utility you will be unable to re-setup your CF Card should it crash or you accidentally format it. It is advised to copy the Setup Utility to a backup floppy and keep it in a safe place. To backup the Utility:

* Upon booting the MicroDrive/Turbo you will be taken to Volume 1 which holds the ProDOS 8 utilities.
* You will see menu item named "COPYIIPLUS9.1". Using the arrow keys highlight the item and press Enter.
* Press the letter "C" to select "COPY", and the letter "F" for "FILES".
* Use the arrow keys to select the Slot where you installed the MicroDrive/Turbo, and "Drive 1". Press Enter.
* Use the arrow keys to select the Slot and Drive where your backup floppy is located. Press Enter.
* You will see a folder named "MICRODRIVE". Using the arrow keys highlight the folder and press Enter.
* You will see a file called "MICRODRV.SETUP". Using the arrow keys highlight the file and press Enter.
* Press the letter "G" to start the copy process.

Note: This assumes your Floppy Disk is preformatted with ProDOS. If not then you can use Copy II Plus to also format the Disk.

== Support: IIGS Installation ==
When installing the MicroDrive/Turbo in your Apple IIGS a few things need to first be taken into consideration. For example, will you want to primary boot the MicroDrive/Turbo, your Floppy Drives, or other bootable devices installed in your system? For most installations users will want to boot primary to the MicroDrive/Turbo. In this case we recommend installing the MicroDrive/Turbo in Slot 7. And when you want to boot to the Floppy Drives hold
down the "ESC" key on boot. This allows the IIGS to "skip" booting the MicroDrive/Turbo and move on to checking the Floppy Drives or other bootable devices in lower numbered Slots.

For other configurations, the good news is that the Apple IIGS allows a lot of flexibility when it comes to booting. You will need to decide however what is the best to meet your needs. If not installing the MicroDrive/Turbo in Slot 7, then we usually recommend Slot 2. However by default the IIGS is set to use Slot 2 for a Modem. Since most users no longer use a Modem, Slot 2 is a good choice. However the default setting in the IIGS will need to be changed in order for the MicroDrive/Turbo to work.

To edit the settings or change the way your IIGS boots you will need to enter the Control Panel. There are a couple of ways to do this:
* Hold down the "Option" key on the keyboard and power on the IIGS. Select "1" for the Control Panel.
* Power on the IIGS and at anytime hold down the "Open Apple" and "Control" keys, then press the "ESC" key. Press "Enter" to select Control Panel.
Once in the Control Panel use the "Arrow" keys to select the "Slots" menu and press "Enter".

Most IIGS systems will be set to the default configuration, denoted by the "check mark" on the left of the option. Use the "Up" or "Down" arrow keys to select an option, then "Left" or "Right" arrow keys to set the option. Be sure to press "Enter" when done to save any changes.

For example, there is nothing needed '''to use the MicroDrive/Turbo in Slot 7'''. It is already defaulted to "Your Card". There is also no need to change the "Startup" option if it is set to "Slot 7" or "Scan".

If however you want '''to use the MicroDrive/Turbo in Slot 2''' you will need to change the Slot setting to "Your Card". And if you would like the IIgs to boot the MicroDrive/Turbo in Slot 2 then you will also need to change the "Startup" option to "Slot 2". Be sure to press "Enter" when done to save any changes.

The "Startup" option in the Control Panel allows you to control how the IIGS checks for bootable devices when powered on. "Scan" will tell the IIGS to look from Slot 7 to Slot 1. Selecting "Slot [X]" will tell the IIGS to ONLY boot that Slot. If no bootable devices are found then the IIGS will report "Check startup device!" You can however tell the IIGS to boot from another Slot by breaking into BASIC (hold down the "Control" key and press the "Reset" key), then type "PR#X" and press the "Enter" key. "X" is the Slot number.

Note: The MicroDrive/Turbo allows the IIGS to "skip" trying to boot it by holding down the "ESC" key on boot.

== Support: //e Installation ==
When installing the MicroDrive/Turbo in your Apple //e a few things need to first be taken into consideration. For example, will you want to primary boot the MicroDrive/Turbo, your Floppy Drives, or other bootable devices installed in your system? For most installations users will want to boot primary to the MicroDrive/Turbo. In this case we recommend installing the MicroDrive/Turbo in Slot 7. And when you want to boot to the Floppy Drives hold down the "ESC" key on boot. This allows the //e to "skip" booting the MicroDrive/Turbo and move on to checking the Floppy Drives or other bootable devices in lower numbered Slots.

If however you install the MicroDrive/Turbo in another Slot then it may not boot and depends on what other bootable devices are installed in your //e. You can however tell the //e to boot to another Slot by breaking into BASIC if needed (hold the "Control" key and press the "Reset" key), then type "PR#X" and press the "Enter" key. "X" is the Slot number.

Note: The MicroDrive/Turbo allows the IIGS to "skip" trying to boot it by holding the "ESC" key on boot.

== Support: Trouble Shooting ==
Here are some tips on where to start if you experience any issues with your MicroDrive/Turbo (MDT) or any cards in your Apple II system.

First and foremost - ALWAYS always worth mentioning be sure to observe correct ESD protection when handling or touching electronics or you will damage and weaken ICs. It would be great if a damaged IC failed instantly. However that's rarely the case. ESD damage usually eats away at the gates inside an IC, can cause timing issues, and the IC to run hotter than designed for. This causes the IC to operate unreliably. And the worse kind of issue to diagnose is an inconsistent one. So please always use a grounded wrist strap and even a static mat when working on your IIgs. ReActivceMicro sees quite a few systems with weak or damaged bus transceivers (LS/HCT245) and can usually repair the motherboards, and ESD damage is the primary suspect for the ICs needing to be replaced. ALWAYS observe correct ESD protection when handling or touching electronics. However before suspecting the Apple II, let's retest the MDT in-system.

Start with cleaning the MDT's edge connector (slot connector end with the gold fingers). A pencil eraser is a good device for cleaning. You could also use some 95+ alcohol and a paper towel. When clean all the fingers should be about the same color and brightness. Any which appear to be dull or darker than the rest need to be recleaned as they could have some residue on them from manufacturing. This could cause connection issues with the slot.

Next, check your outlet power. Check to make sure the outlet is wired correctly. ReActiveMicro receives about 5 support emails a year from users with MDT issues who all swear their power is fine and there's no power or wiring issues. After much debate and discussion Support usually sends an outlet tester to which they finally check the outlet and discover there's a wiring fault and the cause of most or all of their past issues. The older original PSUs don't seem to mind a wiring issue, however the new ones ReActiveMicro sells will produce all kinds of issues if an outlet is incorrectly wired. So we ask that users check their outlets with a multimeter or outlet tester (eBay for under $10 delivered) to make sure issues are not power related. As another good way to check is to run a power cord from your bathroom or kitchen GFCI outlet and retest your II for a while, as these outlets have be to wired correctly in order to turn on. This is a simple way to help rule out a power issue and highly recommended in all testing situations where power is suspect.

Next we ask that you run the Read Write test software for the MDT. It's under the Utils folder, in the Microdrive folder, called TURBO.RW.TEST. It's a system file so you can use the ProDOS selector to run it. Let the test run for an hour or two. This should confirm the MDT is running well. If the test randomly fails or stops during this time then this might suggest an issue with Apple II. You can also try performing the 'twist test' and 'wiggle test' with the MDT during this time and see if the board fails. Tap and wiggle the IDE to CF Adapter and CF Card. See if the test stops and reports an error. If so then reseat the Adapter and CF Card several times to clean the connectors. The MDT should work well however, and you should be able to bend/stress the card slightly and press on the ICs while the test is running without any issues (assuming your slot is good). Too much pressure or shaking can cause the card to lose contact with the slot. So don't be too aggressive, but you'd be surprised at the amount of pressure and bumps you can apply without issues. Which is perfect to make sure it's no a connection issue. And 'twisting' the card helps confirm there isn't a cold solder joint. Again, don't be too aggressive, but you should be able to a decent amount of force to stress the board ends in both clockwise and counter clockwise directions. If the board fails during this test then it might suggest a cold solder joint.

Lastly, clean the card with some degreasor and an old toothbrush. Be sure to pull the firmware ROM and remove the CF to IDE Adapter before cleaning. Only clean the MDT board without the ROM installed. A good solvent like Brakleen is best. This also dries residue free. Rinse well with cleaner too. Use plenty of cleaner and mainly brush the small square IC in the middle of the board in all directions for at least 1 minute. Work the toothbrush in to the small pins with a combing action. The more brushing the better, and the more solvent used the better. Also clean inside the firmware ROM socket well. Brush around the surface mount pins where they connect to the PCB as best you can. You can also use 95+ alcohol and a toothbrush. However you'll need to rinse the card in water to fully clean it. Distilled water is best. Tap water is usually fine too. Be sure to tap the card's edges well on a hard surface to get the water out from under the ICs, and then use a hair dryer to fully dry the card for 5-10 mins. You can also leave the board out overnight to air dry, however this usually isn't needed. Canned or compressed air also works well do help get water out from under the ICs and dry the board.

If the MDT passes the twist and bump tests but fails randomly then it could be related to the IIgs. ReActiveMicro will usually send another MDT so users can retest locally to help confirm it's the II or the MDT. If the new MDT board also fails then it's your IIgs system which is the issue. Which at that point you may want to consider sending us your motherboard for additional confirmation testing and we can replace the bus transceivers if needed then send back to you for additional local testing. This kind of repair is about $100 however, and really should be a last resort effort. So let's see what the first few tests show us before pointing fingers at the IIgs motherboard.

When using the MicroDrive/Turbo with other expansion cards that utilize DMA, it may be helpful to try running the MicroDrive/Turbo with DMA disabled if your system is behaving erratically. For example, as of late 2020, several users report erratic freezes of the VidHD when it and MicroDrive/Turbo are both utilizing DMA. Hopefully, a future revision of the VidHD firmware will repair any incompatibility.

== Support: Backing Up - CF Card ==
One important feature of the MicroDrive/Turbo the ability to remove the CF Card and use CiderPress to back up the Volumes on it. To do this you will need to have installed CiderPress on your PC or Mac running a Windows emulator, and a CF Card Reader.

See [[MicroDrive/Turbo#Support:_CiderPress|"Support: CiderPress"]] below for the download link and continued instructions on how to use it to backup the CF Card.

For 32Meg volume images or whole CF Card images visit the [https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/32_Meg_Hard_Drive_Image 32 Meg Hard Drive Image page] and the [[#Documentation.2C_Files.2C_and_Software|download links]] below.

== Support: Using the Setup Utility ==
Installation: The MicroDrive/Turbo comes pre-setup. Just install in any Slot. We however recommend Slot 7 if possible since you will most likely want to boot from the MicroDrive/Turbo much more often than your Floppies. And when you want to boot to a Floppy:
* On boot, press and hold the ESC key. This will bypass the MicroDrive/Turbo on boot.

Note: IIGS users may need to make a change to Slot settings in the Control Panel. To access the Control Panel first boot the IIGS. Then press and hold down the Open Apple key, Control key, and then press the ESC key.

===Setup Utility===
Be sure to backup the MicroDrive/Turbo Setup utility to floppy! This disk will be for backup purposes or if you need to setup a new CF Card.
* Upon booting the MicroDrive/Turbo you will be taken to Volume 1 which holds the ProDOS 8 utilities.
* You will see a folder named "SHRINK.IT". Using the arrow keys to highlight the folder and press Enter.
* You will now see a file called "SHRINK.IT.V3.4". Press Enter to execute it.
* Press the letter "O" to open an archive. The "MICRODRV.IIE.S1" is for a 5.25” disk, and "MICRODRV.TURBO" is for a 3.5” disk. Select one and press Enter twice.
* Next select the Drive on which to write.
* When done be sure to boot the disk and run the Setup utility to make sure it restored correctly.
* Repeat the above process if needed.
* Done!

Note: If you require a Setup utility disk be mailed to you, there will be a charge. Please email [http://store.reactivemicro.com/contact-us/ ReActiveMicro Support] for details and pricing.

===Check The DMA Setting===
It is advised to check the DMA setting in the Setup utility to make sure it is set correctly. Usually there isn't any issue, however you can experience data corruption or loss if the setting is not correct.
* Upon booting the MicroDrive/Turbo you will be taken to Volume 1 which holds the ProDOS 8 utilities.
* You will see a folder named "MICRODRIVE". Using the arrow keys highlight the folder and press Enter.
* You will now see a file called "MICRODRV.SETUP". Press Enter to execute it.
* Press the letter "D" to select "DMA Mode". If it's set currently to your Apple II, then you are finished. If not, then continue to the next step.
* Press Enter to change the setting. For //e users select "Enable".
* Press the letter "W" to select "Write Configuration".
* Press Enter, then the letter "W" to save the new configuration.
* Done!

Note: Set DMA Mode To "Disable" to see how much slower your system would be using a non-DMA Mass Storage Device.

===The Pre-setup and Pre-loaded CF Card===
The MicroDrive/Turbo comes with a pre-setup CF Card which has 4 ProDOS Volumes on it. The CF Card comes pre-loaded the same for the IIGS or //e.
* Volume 1 has ProDOS 8 Utilities loaded on it and is bootable into ProDOS 8.
* Volume 2 has GS/OS v6.0.1 loaded on it and is bootable. You will need at least 1Meg of RAM in order to RUN GS/OS or you will be forced to exit.
* Volume 3 had DOS.MASTER loaded on it and is bootable into ProDOS 8 which loads BASIC. You will see a folder called DOS.MASTER.
* Volume 4 is formatted in ProDOS and is not bootable.

You can setup more volumes on the CF Card if you wish, however you will quickly run out of "Slots" under ProDOS 8. ProDOS maps each Volume to a Slot and Drive, the same as what is done with the Floppy Drives. So the current 4 Volumes take up 2 Slots, which have 2 Drives each. If you don't have many peripheral cards in your Apple II then adding more Volumes may not pose an issue. However users which have other devices in Slots which get a Volume mapped to them may not be able to use the card or the Volume. You have been warned.

====Boot To Other Volumes====
The MicroDrive/Turbo comes set to boot to Volume 1 by default. You can however temporary boot to other Volumes on the CF Card.
* Hold down the "Open Apple" key when powering on the Apple II. This will pause the MicroDrive/Turbo's splash screen.
* Lastly press the corresponding Volume's number key, and the MicroDrive/Turbo will boot to that Volume.

You can also use the Setup utility to make booting to another Volume the current setting.
* Upon booting the MicroDrive/Turbo you will be taken to Volume 1 which holds the ProDOS 8 utilities in a folder named "UTIL".
* You will see folder named "MICRODRIVE". Using the arrow keys highlight the folder and press Enter.
* You will now see a file called "MICRODRV.SETUP". Press Enter to execute it.
* Press the letter "B" to select "Default Boot Volume".
* Press Enter to change the setting to the desired NEW boot Volume.
* Press the letter "W" to select "Write Configuration".
* Press Enter, then the letter "W" to save the new configuration.
* Done!

====Adding Volumes To CF Card====
To add more Volumes to your CF Card.
* Upon booting the MicroDrive/Turbo you will be taken to Volume 1 which holds the ProDOS 8 utilities.
* You will see a folder named "MICRODRIVE". Using the arrow keys to highlight the folder and press Enter.
* You will now see a file called "MICRODRV.SETUP". Press Enter to execute it.
* Press the letter "E" to select "Partition Editor". You will immediately be taken to the "Partition Table" area on the right side of the screen.
* Press the letter "A" to add a new Volume. Note: Press the "?" key for available commands.
* Press and hold both "Apple" keys, then press the "Right Arrow" key. The "Blk Size" and "Dec/Hex" column values will start to change.
* Keep pressing the "Right Arrow" key till the "Blk Size" reads "$010000". Release the "Apple" keys.
* Press the "Left Arrow" key once. The "Blk Size" should now read "$00FFFF".
**Note: ProDOS can only use UP TO 32Megs of space. "$00FFFF" is 32Meg in Blocks. You can create volumes larger then 32Megs however you will may not be able to use them.
**'''Press the letter "D" to delete any volumes or to start over.'''
**Press the letter "Q" twice if you DO NOT want to save your changes and exit.
**Repeat the above steps if you want to add more Volumes.
* Press Enter, then the letter "W" which selects "Write Configuration" to save the new configuration.
* Done!

Note: Don't forget you will need to format any new Volumes before they can be used to store anything.

===Deleting Volumes From CF Card===
To add more Volumes to your CF Card.
* Upon booting the MicroDrive/Turbo you will be taken to Volume 1 which holds the ProDOS 8 utilities.
* You will see a folder named "MICRODRIVE". Using the arrow keys highlight the folder and press Enter.
* You will now see a file called "MICRODRV.SETUP". Press Enter to execute it.
* Press the letter "E" to select "Partition Editor". You will immediately be taken to the "Partition Table" area on the right side of the screen.
* Use the "Arrow" keys to select the Volume you want to delete.
* Press the letter "D" to delete the Volume.
**Press the letter "Q" twice if you DO NOT want to save your changes and exit.
**Repeat the above steps if you want to add more Volumes.
* Press the letter "W" to select "Write Configuration".
* Press Enter, then the letter "W" to save the new configuration.
* Done!

===Setting Up a New CF Card===
To use a new CF Card (or one that has been accidentally formatted on your PC) you must first partition it. However if you do not have an existing bootable CF Card or a backup of the MicroDrive/Turbo Setup Utility on Floppy Disk then you will need to contact Support (see above) in order to obtain a new CF Card which is preloaded, or a Diskette with the Setup Utility.

If you have the Setup Utility then see [[#Adding Volumes To CF Card]] above.

== Support: Need to Add/Complete ==
Format issues with C2+

Using a Second CF Card Slot:

Copy files.

== Support: CiderPress - Backing Up and Restoring ==
Please visit http://a2ciderpress.com to download and install CiderPress for Windows. CiderPress can be run on a Mac using emulation (e.g., Parallels Desktop of VMWare Fusion) or using a WINE-based emulation (e.g., http://retrocomputingaustralia.com/rca-downloads/ -- thanks to Michael Mulhern for his efforts and hosting). However, WINE-based emulators are unable to access CF Card Readers so can't be used for this utility. 
Note: There is a Mac based project being developed to allow the access of the MDT CF Card. You can find the project here: https://github.com/disappearinjon/microdrive

Your PC will also require a CF Card Reader so you can access the CF Card.

Backing Up A CF Card: To backup a Volume on a CF Card:
*Insert the CF Card into your Reader. Allow a few seconds for it to be recognized by your OS. '''DO NOT format the Card if prompted!'''
*Open CiderPress.
*Click on the "Tools" menu and select "Volume Copier (open volume).
*Select “Physical Disk X”. X is the disk number. Click the "OK" button to continue.
Note: Users with a Computer that has more than one Hard Drive or CF Reader will have to determine exactly which Drive the CF Card Reader to be used is. In most cases it will be “1”. The size of the CF Card should also be displayed in the "Remarks" column.
*All Volumes will now be listed. Select the volume you wish to backup and click the "Copy to file" button.
*You will now be asked where to save the backup file. Select a location and a name then press the "Save" button.
*CiderPress will now start to read the Volume and save it to your PC. When it is done the popup progress window will close.
**Optional: You can now select other Volumes to backup if desired.
*Done!

Note: You could also use a utility to backup the whole CF Card like [http://hddguru.com/software/HDD-Raw-Copy-Tool/ HDD Raw Copy]. CiderPress however has the advantage of being able to open and utilize the backup Images it creates. So in the future you could copy files from the Images or access data if needed. You would not need to fully restore the Image as with other backup programs. Some Emulators can also access and use the Image files too. Raw Disk Copiers like HDD Raw Copy can however be useful if you would like to quickly duplicate a CF Card as it will copy the Partition information unlike CiderPress. So you do not need to run the MicroDrive/Turbo Setup Utility before restoring the HDD Raw Copy Image. This could be a useful backup method should the Setup Utility backup disk you made (see [[#Support: Backing Up - Setup Utility|"Support: Backing Up - Setup Utility"]] above) ever becomes damaged, lost, or unusable.

Restoring A Backup Image To A CF Card: To restore a Volume:
*Insert the CF Card into your Reader. Allow a few seconds for it be recognized by your OS. '''DO NOT format the Card if prompted!'''
*Open CiderPress.
*Click on the "Tools" menu and select "Volume Copier (open volume).
*Select “Physical Disk X”. X is the disk number.
Note: Users with a Computer that has more than one Hard Drive or CF Reader will have to determine exactly which Drive the CF Card Reader to be used is. In most cases it will be “1”. The size of the CF Card should also be displayed in the "Remarks" column.
*Uncheck the "Open as read-only" option above the "OK" button.
WARNING: Data on your Volumes can now be over-written. Be careful, and make sure to select the correct Volume!
*Click the "OK" button to continue.
*All Volumes will now be listed. Select the volume you wish to restore an image to and click the "Load from file" button.
*Select the image file and click the "Open" button.
*CiderPress will prompt you to make sure you want to overwrite a Volume if there is data there, and you need to confirm "OK" to continue. If it is blank it will start loading the image.
**You can load multiple images if you wish.
*Done!

== Support: CiderPress - Copying Files ==
Copy A File TO The CF Card:
*Insert the CF Card into your Reader. Allow a few seconds for it be recognized by your OS. '''DO NOT format the Card if prompted!'''
*Open CiderPress.
*Click on the "File" menu and select "Open Volume...".
*Select “Physical Disk X”. X is the disk number. Click the "OK" button to continue.
Note: Users with a Computer that has more than one Hard Drive or CF Reader will have to determine exactly which Drive the CF Card Reader to be used is. In most cases it will be “1”. The size of the CF Card should also be displayed in the "Remarks" column.
*Uncheck "Open as read only" and click the "OK" button.
*All Volumes and folders will now be listed. Locate the volume, and folder if desired, in which you wish to place the copied file.
**Roots of Volumes can be identified by the double name such as "MDVOL1::MDVOL1" for example.
**Folder and files can be identified by the name AFTER the ":" and the info listed in the "TYPE" column.
*Right click on the location, then select "Add Files...".
*Browse to the file's location, select any desired options, then click the "OK" button.
*You will now see the file located on the CF Card.
*Repeat as desired to add more files.
*Done!

Copy A File FROM The CF Card:

*Insert the CF Card in to your Reader. Allow a few seconds for it be recognized by your OS. '''DO NOT format the Card if prompted!'''
*Open CiderPress.
*Click on the "File" menu and select "Open Volume...".
*Select “Physical Disk X”. X is the disk number. Click the "OK" button to continue.
Note: Users with a Computer that has more than one Hard Drive or CF Reader will have to determine exactly which Drive the CF Card Reader to be used is. In most cases it will be “1”. The size of the CF Card should also be displayed in the "Remarks" column.
*All Volumes and folders will now be listed. Locate the volume, and folder if needed, in which the file wish to copy is located.
**Roots of Volumes can be identified by the double name such as "MDVOL1::MDVOL1" for example.
**Folder and files can be identified by the name AFTER the ":" and the info listed in the "TYPE" column.
*Right click on the location, then select "Extract...".
*Browse to the location you wish to copy the file to, select any desired options, then click the "OK" button.
*You will now see the file located where you selected.
*Repeat as desired to copy more files.
*Done!

== Support: Command line tool on Mac OS to manipulate a MicroDrive/Turbo disk or image ==

For a long time now Mac OS users have struggled in dealing with ProDOS formatted CF Card. CiderPress is a native Windows program and requires a full emulator like Parallels Desktop or VMWare Fusion.

Jon Lasser contacted Henry and started to discuss the issues with CiderPress on the MAC and how he might be able to create a simple but powerful program. It would allow access to the ProDOS formatted CF Card, as CiderPress does. However it will run natively on the MAC platform. We are more than glad to help Jon with his efforts in any way we can.

You can read more about Jon’s project here at his own blog:
https://twoideas.org/2020/01/02/the-joys-of-retrocomputing-also-announcing-a-microdrive-turbo-image-tool/

As of the time of this writing (end of 2020), Jon Lasser's tool is a solid option for backing up and restoring CF cards formatted with ProDOS and for copying images. Use of the Terminal is required and some familiarity with using Mac OS in this way is important. This is a great step forward.

== Support: Using Mechanical Hard Drives ==
It is possible to use old mechanical Hard Drives on the MicroDrive/Turbo however Compact Flash is a much better solution. As noted in "[[#Features|Features]]" above: "[Compact Flash is] readily available, inexpensive, low power, noiseless, shock proof, removable, and last almost forever - things that can't be said about mechanical Hard Drives."

Steps to install and use a mechanical Hard Drive:
*First, remove the IDE to CF Adapter. The unit should just slide off when pulled. Be careful to not bend any pins on the IDE male header.
*Next, install a 40-pin IDE Cable.
*Next, if needed set your IDE Hard Drive to the correct "Primary" or "Secondary" setting.
*Finally, install the Hard Drive onto the IDE Cable.

'''Note:''' If the Hard Drive is powered from a secondary Power Supply you need to adhere to the following in order for all to work correctly:
*The GS has to be turned on '''first'''. The Power Supply to the Hard Drive is then turned on '''second'''. Wrong order and the drive may not spin up.
*The two Power Supplies must have a common ground. Without this the MicroDrive/Turbo may not see the Hard Drive.
*Be warned that most newer MicroDrive/Turbo boards have +5v connected to pin Pin 20 of the IDE Connector. Be sure to use a cable which DOES NOT have a cable pin connected, or you cut the cable pin.

== Support: Using ADTPro, Uthernet, and MicroDrive/Turbo Together ==
An incompatibility exists in ADTPro versions 2.0.2 and earlier where ADTPro's Uthernet initialization interferes with the operation of the MicroDrive/Turbo running IIGS firmware. To be specific, if the MicroDrive/Turbo is in a slot number '''lower''' than the Uthernet or Uthernet II, ADTPro will not start . Even if you create and save an ADTPro Uthernet configuration to specify an Uthernet slot using a different computer, it still won't work. There are a number of solutions available:
# Use a version greater than 2.0.2 of ADTPro
# Move your MicroDrive/Turbo to a slot '''higher''' than your Uthernet or Uthernet II card (typical slots are 3 for Uthernet, and 7 for MicroDrive/Turbo)
# Use the //e version of firmware in your MicroDrive/Turbo.

== Support: Running The Preinstalled Games ==
With the CF Card that comes with the MicroDrive/Turbo you will find a "IIE GAMES" and a "GS GAMES" folder, which is part of the "[https://archive.org/details/TotalReplay Total Replay]" distribution. If you try to run the games you will receive an error message of "FILETYPE MISMATCH". First, run "BOOT.SYSTEM" which is a menu system for running the games correctly. Then select and run the game of your choice.

== Self Powered IDE to CF Adapters ==
The MicroDrive/Turbo sold by ReActiveMicro comes with a self powered IDE to CF Adapter with a pre-setup CF Card. They did not sell boards with mechanical HDDs. "Self powered" refers to the IDE to CF Adapter which uses power supplied on Pin 20 of the IDE connector and does not require an external power source. This means the Apple II can supply power to the CF Card and no other power source is needed.

Boards from 2006 to mid 2008 will have +5v connected to Pin 20 of the IDE Connector in the form of a small jumper wire on the rear of the board. Later boards have a small trace added to the face, left side of the board. Over the years some users insisted on trying to install the CF Adapter backwards which would cause a short and burn the added trace from the board. So all boards from late 2017 and on have a fuse added to the small trace for added protection. The pic below on the right with the fuse is a good example of what the added trace looks like and where it is located.

<gallery class="center" widths=300px heights=200px caption="IDE Pin 20 Power Mods">
File:MicroDrive-Turbo-Back-PowerMod1.jpg|Pre-2008 MicroDrive/Turbo With Flywire Power Mod and Self Powered CF Adapter
File:MicroDrive-Turbo-Face-PowerMod2.jpg|2018 MicroDrive/Turbo With "F1" Fuse and Self Powered CF Adapter
</gallery>

== Support: Installing Firmware ==
[[Image:MicroDrive-Turbo_-_Firmware_Install.jpg|thumb|ROM Location And Where To Pry To Remove]]
The MicroDrive Turbo usually comes pre-setup for IIe or IIGS use. This is determined by the Firmware ROM which is installed on the card. The ROM is the small square IC on the upper right of the card. It is the only IC in a socket.

You can use the IIe Firmware in an IIe and IIGS, however it is quite slow in a IIGS compared to the IIgs Firmware. You cannot use the IIGS Firmware in a IIe as it will cause the IIe to crash to Monitor.

The //e Firmware ROM is usually marked with a label that has "II" written on it. This isn't the best way to check which firmware in on the MicroDrive Turbo as the label could have been removed or fallen off. If your MicroDrive/Turbo works in an IIe then the IIe Firmware is installed.

To remove the Firmware ROM you will need a "PLCC Extraction Tool". These can be found on eBay for under $5 usually. You can also use a paperclip, small wire, an awl, small screw driver, or any strong thin implement. Do not pry too hard on the ROM Socket if possible. Reference the picture for the areas on which to pry up.

The new Firmware ROM should be installed in the same orientation with the chip markings facing up. '''Installing the ROM backwards WILL damage it!''' Reference the picture and you will notice one corner of the Socket and ROM are "cut". The other corners are square. There is usually a "DOT" or mark on the case of the IC to help denote which side is which. In the case of the MicroDrive/Turbo we want to make sure the "cut corner" and the "DOT" are facing to the LEFT. The chip markings should be facing up, legible, with the gold Edge Connector (aka - Slot Edge) on the bottom of the MicroDrive Turbo.

<gallery class="center" widths=150px heights=80>
File:Floppy_Icon_514sleeve.svg|MicroDrive-Turbo II, II''plus'', IIe Unenhanced (and IIGS but slow) Firmware|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/2/25/MicroDrive-Turbo-IIe-v1.60b-ROM.bin
File:Floppy_Icon_514sleeve.svg|MicroDrive Turbo IIGS ONLY Firmware|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/3/33/MicroDrive-Turbo_-_IIgs_v1.00_ROM_-_27512.bin
</gallery>

== Downloadable Files ==
<div class="new_window">
<gallery class="center" widths=150px heights=80 caption="RM MicroDrive-Turbo">
File:PDF_ICON.svg|2019/2020 Manual |link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/e/e7/MicroDrive_Manual_2019.pdf
<gallery class="center" widths=150px heights=80 caption="MicroDrive-Turbo">
File:RM_Icon_File_Server.svg|Software|link=http://downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/MicroDrive-Turbo/Software/
File:RM_Icon_File_Server.svg|CF Images|link=http://downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/MicroDrive-Turbo/CF_Volume_Images/
File:RM_Icon_File_Server.svg|Assorted Files|link=http://downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/MicroDrive-Turbo/
</gallery>
</div>

[[Category:Hardware]]
[[Category:Apple]]
[[Category:ReActiveMicro Projects]]

MicroDrive/Turbo

2024-05-11T19:30:14Z

RMHenry: /* Support: Using the Setup Utility */

[[Image:Title_Micro_Drive_Turbo.svg|700px|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/8/82/Title_Micro_Drive_Turbo.svg]]

[[Image:RM_MicroDriveTurbo-Object.png|thumb|MicroDrive Turbo from ReActiveMicro|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/4/4d/RM_MicroDriveTurbo-Object.png]]

The MicroDrive Turbo is an IDE Mass Storage Device that is Apple IIGS and Apple II, II Plus, or //e compatible. It emulates a Hard Disk Drive by utilizing Solid-State Compact Flash (CF) Cards.

MicroDrive Turbo (aka - MDT) is currently sold by [[ReActiveMicro]]. They sell it with a preloaded 256 MB Compact Flash Card to enable new users to start using the MicroDrive/Turbo right out of the box. Software included is GS/OS v6.0.1, IIGS Memory Testers, ShrinkIt (8 and 16 bit), Copy II+, MicroDrive Utilities, DiskMaker8, DSK2File, DOS.MASTER and different AE Memory Testers for your //e. Everything needed to start transferring and unpacking software from the Internet, and start using your Apple II Personal Computer once again.

Product Status: Actively sold by [http://store.reactivemicro.com/product/microdriveturbo-storage-controller/ ReActiveMicro].

Support: Post on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME}}|Discussion]] page (link above) or email [http://store.reactivemicro.com/contact-us/ ReActiveMicro Support].

Sales: Visit the [http://store.reactivemicro.com/shop/ ReActiveMicro Store].

== History ==
The MicroDrive Turbo was designed by Joachim Lange of ///SHH Systeme and released in 1996. This was the first Apple II IDE Controller that used DMA.

In 2004 Gerber Street Enterprises started reselling select items from ///SHH Systeme, however the offering was only a couple of items and stock was very limited.

Mid-2006 ReActiveMicro took over reselling all ///SHH Systeme items in an effort to provide better service and a larger product variety to the Apple II Community.

==Versions==
Pre-2006 versions of the card were all hand assembled by Joachim Lange of ///SHH Systeme. After ReActiveMicro took over sales in 2006 the units were hand assembled by Henry from ReActiveMicro till mid 2015. ReActiveMicro then started their structured move to a more automated vendor and set their sights to have projects assembled on a larger scale. The MicroDrive Turbo was the first such project to be fully assembled. However due to a learning curve and testing different vendors Henry continued to hand assemble some MicroDrive Turbo units until 2016. During that year all projects moved to being fully assembled as well as offering kit versions of most projects.

From March 19th 2018 until the 25th ReActiveMicro had a sale in which they jokingly played on the fact that Henry "defaced" several cards by signing them. Thus the cards would be sold at a discount due to his signature being of negative value and actually subtracting from the total worth of the card. This was in fact a joke made from the recent CFFA3000 sales where Rich Dreher sold "limited edition" cards where he signed them and charged $200USD more. It's noteworthy that Henry was not actually thrilled with signing cards and "felt like a total ass" the entire time doing so. He's not into celebrity or thinking his signature or efforts are anything special. He's more happy being able to supply demand and knowing that products he makes are being used in the retro spirit. "Limited editions" or signed products will not be a staple in the ReActiveMicro.com future, and will always be made in a self deprecating fashion.

<gallery class="center" widths=400px heights=200px caption="Example of signed MicroDrive Turbo.">
File:MDT_Signed1.jpg|MicroDrive Turbo. March 19th-25th 2018 Sale {51 units signed total}.
</gallery>

== Features ==

[[Image:MicroDrive_DMA.svg|200px|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/4/43/MicroDrive_DMA.svg]]

DMA: Looking for the fastest storage solution available for your Apple II? The MicroDrive Turbo is faster that any other Mass Storage controller since it uses DMA for reads and writes. As the name implies, it performs Direct Memory Access which bypasses the CPU and allows for a whopping 40% faster read and write speeds when compared to conventional controllers. For example, with an accelerator installed in your IIGS you can boot GS/OS in as fast as 7 seconds! The DMA option can be disabled using the Setup utility.

[[Image:40_Pin_Connector.svg|200px|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/b/ba/40_Pin_Connector.svg]]

40 Pin IDE Interface: The 40 Pin IDE interface on the MicroDrive/Turbo IDE is a standard 16 bit IDE port. It is capable of addressing "Primary" and "Secondary" IDs on the IDE chain.

IDE to Dual CF Adapter: The MicroDrive/Turbo comes standard with a 40 Pin IDE to Dual CF Adapter. Users can control which of the two CF Slots is "Primary" and "Secondary" using a Jumper on the Adapter. The Adapter however can be removed if so desired and a standard IDE Cable and devices attached.

Note: Dual mode unavailable when using the IIe Firmware; Only available when using the IIGS Firmware.

[[Image:CF_Card.svg|200px|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/9/9e/CF_Card.svg]]

Compact Flash: Why use Compact Flash Cards? They are readily available, inexpensive, low power, noiseless, shock proof, removable, and last almost forever - things that can't be said about mechanical Hard Drives. However, it is still possible to use some older IDE Hard Drives with the MicroDrive/Turbo Controller if desired. See "[[#Support: Using Mechanical Hard Drives|Support: Using Mechanical Hard Drives]]" below. Do you download software from the Internet and wonder how to get it to your Apple II or spend lots of time doing so? With the MicroDrive/Turbo it's now super easy! Just remove the Compact Flash Card from your MicroDrive/Turbo, insert it in to your PC and using [http://a2ciderpress.com/ CiderPress] (Windows only) you can read and write directly to the Compact Flash Card. Using your PC for transferring files and backing up has never been so quick and painless!

ProDOS 8 and 16: The MicroDrive/Turbo is ProDOS compatible. It's recognized as a 'standard' Mass Storage Device just like any Hard Disk Drive on your Apple II. Large Volume DOS 3.3 support is provided through the use of a program called DOS.MASTER (preloaded on CF Card).

Boot Options: By default, Volume 1 is set to boot. However when setting up a new CF Card the user sets which Volume they desire to boot. Or on an existing CF Card the Setup utility can modify the default boot Volume. However the MicroDrive/Turbo also offers a temporary option to boot to ANY volume. When powering on the Apple II the user will press and hold the Open Apple key. This will pause the MicroDrive/Turbo's splash screen. The user then presses the corresponding Volume's number key, and the MicroDrive/Turbo will boot to that Volume.

Apple IIGS and II/Plus/e Operation: The MicroDrive/Turbo comes standard with the Apple IIGS Firmware. You can however order one with IIe Firmware, or buy an upgrade ROM to convert a IIGS MicroDrive/Turbo for use in an II/Plus/e.

== Reviews ==
{{#ev:youtube|1JLJUPMVwDE|400|right|MicroDrive/Turbo (left) VS CFFA (right)|frame}}
On October 13th, 2018 Russell McGhee did a comparison of the MicroDrive/Turbo (left) VS CFFA (right). The IIGS on the right has a TWGS installed and is part of the delay when the system is first powered on. However you can see the IIGS boot screen simply enough and can compare between the two.

{{#ev:youtube|Wjy6_qnTnv0|400|right|Apple II Mass Storage Mega Roundup|frame}}
On August 13, 2016 Joe Strosnider from the YouTube channel "[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCyfwZvTPPJV4peBHupd6Ckw Joe's Computer Museum]" posted a review of several Mass Storage options for the Apple II, and the MicroDrive/Turbo was among them. He gives some very good feedback regarding the differences between the boards, and how the MicroDrive/turbo performs under real world conditions.

== Support: Backing Up - Setup Utility ==
'''The first thing you should do before using your MicroDrive/Turbo is to make a backup of the MicroDrive/Turbo Setup Utility.''' Without this Utility you will be unable to re-setup your CF Card should it crash or you accidentally format it. It is advised to copy the Setup Utility to a backup floppy and keep it in a safe place. To backup the Utility:

* Upon booting the MicroDrive/Turbo you will be taken to Volume 1 which holds the ProDOS 8 utilities.
* You will see menu item named "COPYIIPLUS9.1". Using the arrow keys highlight the item and press Enter.
* Press the letter "C" to select "COPY", and the letter "F" for "FILES".
* Use the arrow keys to select the Slot where you installed the MicroDrive/Turbo, and "Drive 1". Press Enter.
* Use the arrow keys to select the Slot and Drive where your backup floppy is located. Press Enter.
* You will see a folder named "MICRODRIVE". Using the arrow keys highlight the folder and press Enter.
* You will see a file called "MICRODRV.SETUP". Using the arrow keys highlight the file and press Enter.
* Press the letter "G" to start the copy process.

Note: This assumes your Floppy Disk is preformatted with ProDOS. If not then you can use Copy II Plus to also format the Disk.

== Support: IIGS Installation ==
When installing the MicroDrive/Turbo in your Apple IIGS a few things need to first be taken into consideration. For example, will you want to primary boot the MicroDrive/Turbo, your Floppy Drives, or other bootable devices installed in your system? For most installations users will want to boot primary to the MicroDrive/Turbo. In this case we recommend installing the MicroDrive/Turbo in Slot 7. And when you want to boot to the Floppy Drives hold
down the "ESC" key on boot. This allows the IIGS to "skip" booting the MicroDrive/Turbo and move on to checking the Floppy Drives or other bootable devices in lower numbered Slots.

For other configurations, the good news is that the Apple IIGS allows a lot of flexibility when it comes to booting. You will need to decide however what is the best to meet your needs. If not installing the MicroDrive/Turbo in Slot 7, then we usually recommend Slot 2. However by default the IIGS is set to use Slot 2 for a Modem. Since most users no longer use a Modem, Slot 2 is a good choice. However the default setting in the IIGS will need to be changed in order for the MicroDrive/Turbo to work.

To edit the settings or change the way your IIGS boots you will need to enter the Control Panel. There are a couple of ways to do this:
* Hold down the "Option" key on the keyboard and power on the IIGS. Select "1" for the Control Panel.
* Power on the IIGS and at anytime hold down the "Open Apple" and "Control" keys, then press the "ESC" key. Press "Enter" to select Control Panel.
Once in the Control Panel use the "Arrow" keys to select the "Slots" menu and press "Enter".

Most IIGS systems will be set to the default configuration, denoted by the "check mark" on the left of the option. Use the "Up" or "Down" arrow keys to select an option, then "Left" or "Right" arrow keys to set the option. Be sure to press "Enter" when done to save any changes.

For example, there is nothing needed '''to use the MicroDrive/Turbo in Slot 7'''. It is already defaulted to "Your Card". There is also no need to change the "Startup" option if it is set to "Slot 7" or "Scan".

If however you want '''to use the MicroDrive/Turbo in Slot 2''' you will need to change the Slot setting to "Your Card". And if you would like the IIgs to boot the MicroDrive/Turbo in Slot 2 then you will also need to change the "Startup" option to "Slot 2". Be sure to press "Enter" when done to save any changes.

The "Startup" option in the Control Panel allows you to control how the IIGS checks for bootable devices when powered on. "Scan" will tell the IIGS to look from Slot 7 to Slot 1. Selecting "Slot [X]" will tell the IIGS to ONLY boot that Slot. If no bootable devices are found then the IIGS will report "Check startup device!" You can however tell the IIGS to boot from another Slot by breaking into BASIC (hold down the "Control" key and press the "Reset" key), then type "PR#X" and press the "Enter" key. "X" is the Slot number.

Note: The MicroDrive/Turbo allows the IIGS to "skip" trying to boot it by holding down the "ESC" key on boot.

== Support: //e Installation ==
When installing the MicroDrive/Turbo in your Apple //e a few things need to first be taken into consideration. For example, will you want to primary boot the MicroDrive/Turbo, your Floppy Drives, or other bootable devices installed in your system? For most installations users will want to boot primary to the MicroDrive/Turbo. In this case we recommend installing the MicroDrive/Turbo in Slot 7. And when you want to boot to the Floppy Drives hold down the "ESC" key on boot. This allows the //e to "skip" booting the MicroDrive/Turbo and move on to checking the Floppy Drives or other bootable devices in lower numbered Slots.

If however you install the MicroDrive/Turbo in another Slot then it may not boot and depends on what other bootable devices are installed in your //e. You can however tell the //e to boot to another Slot by breaking into BASIC if needed (hold the "Control" key and press the "Reset" key), then type "PR#X" and press the "Enter" key. "X" is the Slot number.

Note: The MicroDrive/Turbo allows the IIGS to "skip" trying to boot it by holding the "ESC" key on boot.

== Support: Trouble Shooting ==
Here are some tips on where to start if you experience any issues with your MicroDrive/Turbo (MDT) or any cards in your Apple II system.

First and foremost - ALWAYS always worth mentioning be sure to observe correct ESD protection when handling or touching electronics or you will damage and weaken ICs. It would be great if a damaged IC failed instantly. However that's rarely the case. ESD damage usually eats away at the gates inside an IC, can cause timing issues, and the IC to run hotter than designed for. This causes the IC to operate unreliably. And the worse kind of issue to diagnose is an inconsistent one. So please always use a grounded wrist strap and even a static mat when working on your IIgs. ReActivceMicro sees quite a few systems with weak or damaged bus transceivers (LS/HCT245) and can usually repair the motherboards, and ESD damage is the primary suspect for the ICs needing to be replaced. ALWAYS observe correct ESD protection when handling or touching electronics. However before suspecting the Apple II, let's retest the MDT in-system.

Start with cleaning the MDT's edge connector (slot connector end with the gold fingers). A pencil eraser is a good device for cleaning. You could also use some 95+ alcohol and a paper towel. When clean all the fingers should be about the same color and brightness. Any which appear to be dull or darker than the rest need to be recleaned as they could have some residue on them from manufacturing. This could cause connection issues with the slot.

Next, check your outlet power. Check to make sure the outlet is wired correctly. ReActiveMicro receives about 5 support emails a year from users with MDT issues who all swear their power is fine and there's no power or wiring issues. After much debate and discussion Support usually sends an outlet tester to which they finally check the outlet and discover there's a wiring fault and the cause of most or all of their past issues. The older original PSUs don't seem to mind a wiring issue, however the new ones ReActiveMicro sells will produce all kinds of issues if an outlet is incorrectly wired. So we ask that users check their outlets with a multimeter or outlet tester (eBay for under $10 delivered) to make sure issues are not power related. As another good way to check is to run a power cord from your bathroom or kitchen GFCI outlet and retest your II for a while, as these outlets have be to wired correctly in order to turn on. This is a simple way to help rule out a power issue and highly recommended in all testing situations where power is suspect.

Next we ask that you run the Read Write test software for the MDT. It's under the Utils folder, in the Microdrive folder, called TURBO.RW.TEST. It's a system file so you can use the ProDOS selector to run it. Let the test run for an hour or two. This should confirm the MDT is running well. If the test randomly fails or stops during this time then this might suggest an issue with Apple II. You can also try performing the 'twist test' and 'wiggle test' with the MDT during this time and see if the board fails. Tap and wiggle the IDE to CF Adapter and CF Card. See if the test stops and reports an error. If so then reseat the Adapter and CF Card several times to clean the connectors. The MDT should work well however, and you should be able to bend/stress the card slightly and press on the ICs while the test is running without any issues (assuming your slot is good). Too much pressure or shaking can cause the card to lose contact with the slot. So don't be too aggressive, but you'd be surprised at the amount of pressure and bumps you can apply without issues. Which is perfect to make sure it's no a connection issue. And 'twisting' the card helps confirm there isn't a cold solder joint. Again, don't be too aggressive, but you should be able to a decent amount of force to stress the board ends in both clockwise and counter clockwise directions. If the board fails during this test then it might suggest a cold solder joint.

Lastly, clean the card with some degreasor and an old toothbrush. Be sure to pull the firmware ROM and remove the CF to IDE Adapter before cleaning. Only clean the MDT board without the ROM installed. A good solvent like Brakleen is best. This also dries residue free. Rinse well with cleaner too. Use plenty of cleaner and mainly brush the small square IC in the middle of the board in all directions for at least 1 minute. Work the toothbrush in to the small pins with a combing action. The more brushing the better, and the more solvent used the better. Also clean inside the firmware ROM socket well. Brush around the surface mount pins where they connect to the PCB as best you can. You can also use 95+ alcohol and a toothbrush. However you'll need to rinse the card in water to fully clean it. Distilled water is best. Tap water is usually fine too. Be sure to tap the card's edges well on a hard surface to get the water out from under the ICs, and then use a hair dryer to fully dry the card for 5-10 mins. You can also leave the board out overnight to air dry, however this usually isn't needed. Canned or compressed air also works well do help get water out from under the ICs and dry the board.

If the MDT passes the twist and bump tests but fails randomly then it could be related to the IIgs. ReActiveMicro will usually send another MDT so users can retest locally to help confirm it's the II or the MDT. If the new MDT board also fails then it's your IIgs system which is the issue. Which at that point you may want to consider sending us your motherboard for additional confirmation testing and we can replace the bus transceivers if needed then send back to you for additional local testing. This kind of repair is about $100 however, and really should be a last resort effort. So let's see what the first few tests show us before pointing fingers at the IIgs motherboard.

When using the MicroDrive/Turbo with other expansion cards that utilize DMA, it may be helpful to try running the MicroDrive/Turbo with DMA disabled if your system is behaving erratically. For example, as of late 2020, several users report erratic freezes of the VidHD when it and MicroDrive/Turbo are both utilizing DMA. Hopefully, a future revision of the VidHD firmware will repair any incompatibility.

== Support: Backing Up - CF Card ==
One important feature of the MicroDrive/Turbo the ability to remove the CF Card and use CiderPress to back up the Volumes on it. To do this you will need to have installed CiderPress on your PC or Mac running a Windows emulator, and a CF Card Reader.

See [[MicroDrive/Turbo#Support:_CiderPress|"Support: CiderPress"]] below for the download link and continued instructions on how to use it to backup the CF Card.

For 32Meg volume images or whole CF Card images visit the [https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/32_Meg_Hard_Drive_Image 32 Meg Hard Drive Image page] and the [[#Documentation.2C_Files.2C_and_Software|download links]] below.

== Support: Using the Setup Utility ==
Installation: The MicroDrive/Turbo comes pre-setup. Just install in any Slot. We however recommend Slot 7 if possible since you will most likely want to boot from the MicroDrive/Turbo much more often than your Floppies. And when you want to boot to a Floppy:
* On boot, press and hold the ESC key. This will bypass the MicroDrive/Turbo on boot.

Note: IIGS users may need to make a change to Slot settings in the Control Panel. To access the Control Panel first boot the IIGS. Then press and hold down the Open Apple key, Control key, and then press the ESC key.

===Setup Utility===
Be sure to backup the MicroDrive/Turbo Setup utility to floppy! This disk will be for backup purposes or if you need to setup a new CF Card.
* Upon booting the MicroDrive/Turbo you will be taken to Volume 1 which holds the ProDOS 8 utilities.
* You will see a folder named "SHRINK.IT". Using the arrow keys to highlight the folder and press Enter.
* You will now see a file called "SHRINK.IT.V3.4". Press Enter to execute it.
* Press the letter "O" to open an archive. The "MICRODRV.IIE.S1" is for a 5.25” disk, and "MICRODRV.TURBO" is for a 3.5” disk. Select one and press Enter twice.
* Next select the Drive on which to write.
* When done be sure to boot the disk and run the Setup utility to make sure it restored correctly.
* Repeat the above process if needed.
* Done!

Note: If you require a Setup utility disk be mailed to you, there will be a charge. Please email [http://store.reactivemicro.com/contact-us/ ReActiveMicro Support] for details and pricing.

===Check The DMA Setting===
It is advised to check the DMA setting in the Setup utility to make sure it is set correctly. Usually there isn't any issue, however you can experience data corruption or loss if the setting is not correct.
* Upon booting the MicroDrive/Turbo you will be taken to Volume 1 which holds the ProDOS 8 utilities.
* You will see a folder named "MICRODRIVE". Using the arrow keys highlight the folder and press Enter.
* You will now see a file called "MICRODRV.SETUP". Press Enter to execute it.
* Press the letter "D" to select "DMA Mode". If it's set currently to your Apple II, then you are finished. If not, then continue to the next step.
* Press Enter to change the setting. For //e users select "Enable".
* Press the letter "W" to select "Write Configuration".
* Press Enter, then the letter "W" to save the new configuration.
* Done!

Note: Set DMA Mode To "Disable" to see how much slower your system would be using a non-DMA Mass Storage Device.

===The Pre-setup and Pre-loaded CF Card===
The MicroDrive/Turbo comes with a pre-setup CF Card which has 4 ProDOS Volumes on it. The CF Card comes pre-loaded the same for the IIGS or //e.
* Volume 1 has ProDOS 8 Utilities loaded on it and is bootable into ProDOS 8.
* Volume 2 has GS/OS v6.0.1 loaded on it and is bootable. You will need at least 1Meg of RAM in order to RUN GS/OS or you will be forced to exit.
* Volume 3 had DOS.MASTER loaded on it and is bootable into ProDOS 8 which loads BASIC. You will see a folder called DOS.MASTER.
* Volume 4 is formatted in ProDOS and is not bootable.

You can setup more volumes on the CF Card if you wish, however you will quickly run out of "Slots" under ProDOS 8. ProDOS maps each Volume to a Slot and Drive, the same as what is done with the Floppy Drives. So the current 4 Volumes take up 2 Slots, which have 2 Drives each. If you don't have many peripheral cards in your Apple II then adding more Volumes may not pose an issue. However users which have other devices in Slots which get a Volume mapped to them may not be able to use the card or the Volume. You have been warned.

====Boot To Other Volumes====
The MicroDrive/Turbo comes set to boot to Volume 1 by default. You can however temporary boot to other Volumes on the CF Card.
* Hold down the "Open Apple" key when powering on the Apple II. This will pause the MicroDrive/Turbo's splash screen.
* Lastly press the corresponding Volume's number key, and the MicroDrive/Turbo will boot to that Volume.

You can also use the Setup utility to make booting to another Volume the current setting.
* Upon booting the MicroDrive/Turbo you will be taken to Volume 1 which holds the ProDOS 8 utilities in a folder named "UTIL".
* You will see folder named "MICRODRIVE". Using the arrow keys highlight the folder and press Enter.
* You will now see a file called "MICRODRV.SETUP". Press Enter to execute it.
* Press the letter "B" to select "Default Boot Volume".
* Press Enter to change the setting to the desired NEW boot Volume.
* Press the letter "W" to select "Write Configuration".
* Press Enter, then the letter "W" to save the new configuration.
* Done!

Adding Volumes To CF Card: To add more Volumes to your CF Card.
* Upon booting the MicroDrive/Turbo you will be taken to Volume 1 which holds the ProDOS 8 utilities.
* You will see a folder named "MICRODRIVE". Using the arrow keys to highlight the folder and press Enter.
* You will now see a file called "MICRODRV.SETUP". Press Enter to execute it.
* Press the letter "E" to select "Partition Editor". You will immediately be taken to the "Partition Table" area on the right side of the screen.
* Press the letter "A" to add a new Volume. Note: Press the "?" key for available commands.
* Press and hold both "Apple" keys, then press the "Right Arrow" key. The "Blk Size" and "Dec/Hex" column values will start to change.
* Keep pressing the "Right Arrow" key till the "Blk Size" reads "$010000". Release the "Apple" keys.
* Press the "Left Arrow" key once. The "Blk Size" should now read "$00FFFF".
**Note: ProDOS can only use UP TO 32Megs of space. "$00FFFF" is 32Meg in Blocks. You can create volumes larger then 32Megs however you will may not be able to use them.
**'''Press the letter "D" to delete any volumes or to start over.'''
**Press the letter "Q" twice if you DO NOT want to save your changes and exit.
**Repeat the above steps if you want to add more Volumes.
* Press Enter, then the letter "W" which selects "Write Configuration" to save the new configuration.
* Done!

Note: Don't forget you will need to format any new Volumes before they can be used to store anything.

Deleting Volumes From CF Card: To add more Volumes to your CF Card.
* Upon booting the MicroDrive/Turbo you will be taken to Volume 1 which holds the ProDOS 8 utilities.
* You will see a folder named "MICRODRIVE". Using the arrow keys highlight the folder and press Enter.
* You will now see a file called "MICRODRV.SETUP". Press Enter to execute it.
* Press the letter "E" to select "Partition Editor". You will immediately be taken to the "Partition Table" area on the right side of the screen.
* Use the "Arrow" keys to select the Volume you want to delete.
* Press the letter "D" to delete the Volume.
**Press the letter "Q" twice if you DO NOT want to save your changes and exit.
**Repeat the above steps if you want to add more Volumes.
* Press the letter "W" to select "Write Configuration".
* Press Enter, then the letter "W" to save the new configuration.
* Done!

Setting Up a New CF Card: To use a new CF Card (or one that has been accidentally formatted on your PC) you must first partition it. However if you do not have an existing bootable CF Card or a backup of the MicroDrive/Turbo Setup Utility on Floppy Disk then you will need to contact Support (see above) in order to obtain a new CF Card which is preloaded, or a Diskette with the Setup Utility.

If you have the Setup Utility then see Adding Volumes To CF Card: above.

== Support: Need to Add/Complete ==
Format issues with C2+

Using a Second CF Card Slot:

Copy files.

== Support: CiderPress - Backing Up and Restoring ==
Please visit http://a2ciderpress.com to download and install CiderPress for Windows. CiderPress can be run on a Mac using emulation (e.g., Parallels Desktop of VMWare Fusion) or using a WINE-based emulation (e.g., http://retrocomputingaustralia.com/rca-downloads/ -- thanks to Michael Mulhern for his efforts and hosting). However, WINE-based emulators are unable to access CF Card Readers so can't be used for this utility. 
Note: There is a Mac based project being developed to allow the access of the MDT CF Card. You can find the project here: https://github.com/disappearinjon/microdrive

Your PC will also require a CF Card Reader so you can access the CF Card.

Backing Up A CF Card: To backup a Volume on a CF Card:
*Insert the CF Card into your Reader. Allow a few seconds for it to be recognized by your OS. '''DO NOT format the Card if prompted!'''
*Open CiderPress.
*Click on the "Tools" menu and select "Volume Copier (open volume).
*Select “Physical Disk X”. X is the disk number. Click the "OK" button to continue.
Note: Users with a Computer that has more than one Hard Drive or CF Reader will have to determine exactly which Drive the CF Card Reader to be used is. In most cases it will be “1”. The size of the CF Card should also be displayed in the "Remarks" column.
*All Volumes will now be listed. Select the volume you wish to backup and click the "Copy to file" button.
*You will now be asked where to save the backup file. Select a location and a name then press the "Save" button.
*CiderPress will now start to read the Volume and save it to your PC. When it is done the popup progress window will close.
**Optional: You can now select other Volumes to backup if desired.
*Done!

Note: You could also use a utility to backup the whole CF Card like [http://hddguru.com/software/HDD-Raw-Copy-Tool/ HDD Raw Copy]. CiderPress however has the advantage of being able to open and utilize the backup Images it creates. So in the future you could copy files from the Images or access data if needed. You would not need to fully restore the Image as with other backup programs. Some Emulators can also access and use the Image files too. Raw Disk Copiers like HDD Raw Copy can however be useful if you would like to quickly duplicate a CF Card as it will copy the Partition information unlike CiderPress. So you do not need to run the MicroDrive/Turbo Setup Utility before restoring the HDD Raw Copy Image. This could be a useful backup method should the Setup Utility backup disk you made (see [[#Support: Backing Up - Setup Utility|"Support: Backing Up - Setup Utility"]] above) ever becomes damaged, lost, or unusable.

Restoring A Backup Image To A CF Card: To restore a Volume:
*Insert the CF Card into your Reader. Allow a few seconds for it be recognized by your OS. '''DO NOT format the Card if prompted!'''
*Open CiderPress.
*Click on the "Tools" menu and select "Volume Copier (open volume).
*Select “Physical Disk X”. X is the disk number.
Note: Users with a Computer that has more than one Hard Drive or CF Reader will have to determine exactly which Drive the CF Card Reader to be used is. In most cases it will be “1”. The size of the CF Card should also be displayed in the "Remarks" column.
*Uncheck the "Open as read-only" option above the "OK" button.
WARNING: Data on your Volumes can now be over-written. Be careful, and make sure to select the correct Volume!
*Click the "OK" button to continue.
*All Volumes will now be listed. Select the volume you wish to restore an image to and click the "Load from file" button.
*Select the image file and click the "Open" button.
*CiderPress will prompt you to make sure you want to overwrite a Volume if there is data there, and you need to confirm "OK" to continue. If it is blank it will start loading the image.
**You can load multiple images if you wish.
*Done!

== Support: CiderPress - Copying Files ==
Copy A File TO The CF Card:
*Insert the CF Card into your Reader. Allow a few seconds for it be recognized by your OS. '''DO NOT format the Card if prompted!'''
*Open CiderPress.
*Click on the "File" menu and select "Open Volume...".
*Select “Physical Disk X”. X is the disk number. Click the "OK" button to continue.
Note: Users with a Computer that has more than one Hard Drive or CF Reader will have to determine exactly which Drive the CF Card Reader to be used is. In most cases it will be “1”. The size of the CF Card should also be displayed in the "Remarks" column.
*Uncheck "Open as read only" and click the "OK" button.
*All Volumes and folders will now be listed. Locate the volume, and folder if desired, in which you wish to place the copied file.
**Roots of Volumes can be identified by the double name such as "MDVOL1::MDVOL1" for example.
**Folder and files can be identified by the name AFTER the ":" and the info listed in the "TYPE" column.
*Right click on the location, then select "Add Files...".
*Browse to the file's location, select any desired options, then click the "OK" button.
*You will now see the file located on the CF Card.
*Repeat as desired to add more files.
*Done!

Copy A File FROM The CF Card:

*Insert the CF Card in to your Reader. Allow a few seconds for it be recognized by your OS. '''DO NOT format the Card if prompted!'''
*Open CiderPress.
*Click on the "File" menu and select "Open Volume...".
*Select “Physical Disk X”. X is the disk number. Click the "OK" button to continue.
Note: Users with a Computer that has more than one Hard Drive or CF Reader will have to determine exactly which Drive the CF Card Reader to be used is. In most cases it will be “1”. The size of the CF Card should also be displayed in the "Remarks" column.
*All Volumes and folders will now be listed. Locate the volume, and folder if needed, in which the file wish to copy is located.
**Roots of Volumes can be identified by the double name such as "MDVOL1::MDVOL1" for example.
**Folder and files can be identified by the name AFTER the ":" and the info listed in the "TYPE" column.
*Right click on the location, then select "Extract...".
*Browse to the location you wish to copy the file to, select any desired options, then click the "OK" button.
*You will now see the file located where you selected.
*Repeat as desired to copy more files.
*Done!

== Support: Command line tool on Mac OS to manipulate a MicroDrive/Turbo disk or image ==

For a long time now Mac OS users have struggled in dealing with ProDOS formatted CF Card. CiderPress is a native Windows program and requires a full emulator like Parallels Desktop or VMWare Fusion.

Jon Lasser contacted Henry and started to discuss the issues with CiderPress on the MAC and how he might be able to create a simple but powerful program. It would allow access to the ProDOS formatted CF Card, as CiderPress does. However it will run natively on the MAC platform. We are more than glad to help Jon with his efforts in any way we can.

You can read more about Jon’s project here at his own blog:
https://twoideas.org/2020/01/02/the-joys-of-retrocomputing-also-announcing-a-microdrive-turbo-image-tool/

As of the time of this writing (end of 2020), Jon Lasser's tool is a solid option for backing up and restoring CF cards formatted with ProDOS and for copying images. Use of the Terminal is required and some familiarity with using Mac OS in this way is important. This is a great step forward.

== Support: Using Mechanical Hard Drives ==
It is possible to use old mechanical Hard Drives on the MicroDrive/Turbo however Compact Flash is a much better solution. As noted in "[[#Features|Features]]" above: "[Compact Flash is] readily available, inexpensive, low power, noiseless, shock proof, removable, and last almost forever - things that can't be said about mechanical Hard Drives."

Steps to install and use a mechanical Hard Drive:
*First, remove the IDE to CF Adapter. The unit should just slide off when pulled. Be careful to not bend any pins on the IDE male header.
*Next, install a 40-pin IDE Cable.
*Next, if needed set your IDE Hard Drive to the correct "Primary" or "Secondary" setting.
*Finally, install the Hard Drive onto the IDE Cable.

'''Note:''' If the Hard Drive is powered from a secondary Power Supply you need to adhere to the following in order for all to work correctly:
*The GS has to be turned on '''first'''. The Power Supply to the Hard Drive is then turned on '''second'''. Wrong order and the drive may not spin up.
*The two Power Supplies must have a common ground. Without this the MicroDrive/Turbo may not see the Hard Drive.
*Be warned that most newer MicroDrive/Turbo boards have +5v connected to pin Pin 20 of the IDE Connector. Be sure to use a cable which DOES NOT have a cable pin connected, or you cut the cable pin.

== Support: Using ADTPro, Uthernet, and MicroDrive/Turbo Together ==
An incompatibility exists in ADTPro versions 2.0.2 and earlier where ADTPro's Uthernet initialization interferes with the operation of the MicroDrive/Turbo running IIGS firmware. To be specific, if the MicroDrive/Turbo is in a slot number '''lower''' than the Uthernet or Uthernet II, ADTPro will not start . Even if you create and save an ADTPro Uthernet configuration to specify an Uthernet slot using a different computer, it still won't work. There are a number of solutions available:
# Use a version greater than 2.0.2 of ADTPro
# Move your MicroDrive/Turbo to a slot '''higher''' than your Uthernet or Uthernet II card (typical slots are 3 for Uthernet, and 7 for MicroDrive/Turbo)
# Use the //e version of firmware in your MicroDrive/Turbo.

== Support: Running The Preinstalled Games ==
With the CF Card that comes with the MicroDrive/Turbo you will find a "IIE GAMES" and a "GS GAMES" folder, which is part of the "[https://archive.org/details/TotalReplay Total Replay]" distribution. If you try to run the games you will receive an error message of "FILETYPE MISMATCH". First, run "BOOT.SYSTEM" which is a menu system for running the games correctly. Then select and run the game of your choice.

== Self Powered IDE to CF Adapters ==
The MicroDrive/Turbo sold by ReActiveMicro comes with a self powered IDE to CF Adapter with a pre-setup CF Card. They did not sell boards with mechanical HDDs. "Self powered" refers to the IDE to CF Adapter which uses power supplied on Pin 20 of the IDE connector and does not require an external power source. This means the Apple II can supply power to the CF Card and no other power source is needed.

Boards from 2006 to mid 2008 will have +5v connected to Pin 20 of the IDE Connector in the form of a small jumper wire on the rear of the board. Later boards have a small trace added to the face, left side of the board. Over the years some users insisted on trying to install the CF Adapter backwards which would cause a short and burn the added trace from the board. So all boards from late 2017 and on have a fuse added to the small trace for added protection. The pic below on the right with the fuse is a good example of what the added trace looks like and where it is located.

<gallery class="center" widths=300px heights=200px caption="IDE Pin 20 Power Mods">
File:MicroDrive-Turbo-Back-PowerMod1.jpg|Pre-2008 MicroDrive/Turbo With Flywire Power Mod and Self Powered CF Adapter
File:MicroDrive-Turbo-Face-PowerMod2.jpg|2018 MicroDrive/Turbo With "F1" Fuse and Self Powered CF Adapter
</gallery>

== Support: Installing Firmware ==
[[Image:MicroDrive-Turbo_-_Firmware_Install.jpg|thumb|ROM Location And Where To Pry To Remove]]
The MicroDrive Turbo usually comes pre-setup for IIe or IIGS use. This is determined by the Firmware ROM which is installed on the card. The ROM is the small square IC on the upper right of the card. It is the only IC in a socket.

You can use the IIe Firmware in an IIe and IIGS, however it is quite slow in a IIGS compared to the IIgs Firmware. You cannot use the IIGS Firmware in a IIe as it will cause the IIe to crash to Monitor.

The //e Firmware ROM is usually marked with a label that has "II" written on it. This isn't the best way to check which firmware in on the MicroDrive Turbo as the label could have been removed or fallen off. If your MicroDrive/Turbo works in an IIe then the IIe Firmware is installed.

To remove the Firmware ROM you will need a "PLCC Extraction Tool". These can be found on eBay for under $5 usually. You can also use a paperclip, small wire, an awl, small screw driver, or any strong thin implement. Do not pry too hard on the ROM Socket if possible. Reference the picture for the areas on which to pry up.

The new Firmware ROM should be installed in the same orientation with the chip markings facing up. '''Installing the ROM backwards WILL damage it!''' Reference the picture and you will notice one corner of the Socket and ROM are "cut". The other corners are square. There is usually a "DOT" or mark on the case of the IC to help denote which side is which. In the case of the MicroDrive/Turbo we want to make sure the "cut corner" and the "DOT" are facing to the LEFT. The chip markings should be facing up, legible, with the gold Edge Connector (aka - Slot Edge) on the bottom of the MicroDrive Turbo.

<gallery class="center" widths=150px heights=80>
File:Floppy_Icon_514sleeve.svg|MicroDrive-Turbo II, II''plus'', IIe Unenhanced (and IIGS but slow) Firmware|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/2/25/MicroDrive-Turbo-IIe-v1.60b-ROM.bin
File:Floppy_Icon_514sleeve.svg|MicroDrive Turbo IIGS ONLY Firmware|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/3/33/MicroDrive-Turbo_-_IIgs_v1.00_ROM_-_27512.bin
</gallery>

== Downloadable Files ==
<div class="new_window">
<gallery class="center" widths=150px heights=80 caption="RM MicroDrive-Turbo">
File:PDF_ICON.svg|2019/2020 Manual |link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/e/e7/MicroDrive_Manual_2019.pdf
<gallery class="center" widths=150px heights=80 caption="MicroDrive-Turbo">
File:RM_Icon_File_Server.svg|Software|link=http://downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/MicroDrive-Turbo/Software/
File:RM_Icon_File_Server.svg|CF Images|link=http://downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/MicroDrive-Turbo/CF_Volume_Images/
File:RM_Icon_File_Server.svg|Assorted Files|link=http://downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/MicroDrive-Turbo/
</gallery>
</div>

[[Category:Hardware]]
[[Category:Apple]]
[[Category:ReActiveMicro Projects]]

MicroDrive/Turbo

2024-05-11T19:17:20Z

RMHenry: /* Support: Using the Setup Utility */

[[Image:Title_Micro_Drive_Turbo.svg|700px|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/8/82/Title_Micro_Drive_Turbo.svg]]

[[Image:RM_MicroDriveTurbo-Object.png|thumb|MicroDrive Turbo from ReActiveMicro|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/4/4d/RM_MicroDriveTurbo-Object.png]]

The MicroDrive Turbo is an IDE Mass Storage Device that is Apple IIGS and Apple II, II Plus, or //e compatible. It emulates a Hard Disk Drive by utilizing Solid-State Compact Flash (CF) Cards.

MicroDrive Turbo (aka - MDT) is currently sold by [[ReActiveMicro]]. They sell it with a preloaded 256 MB Compact Flash Card to enable new users to start using the MicroDrive/Turbo right out of the box. Software included is GS/OS v6.0.1, IIGS Memory Testers, ShrinkIt (8 and 16 bit), Copy II+, MicroDrive Utilities, DiskMaker8, DSK2File, DOS.MASTER and different AE Memory Testers for your //e. Everything needed to start transferring and unpacking software from the Internet, and start using your Apple II Personal Computer once again.

Product Status: Actively sold by [http://store.reactivemicro.com/product/microdriveturbo-storage-controller/ ReActiveMicro].

Support: Post on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME}}|Discussion]] page (link above) or email [http://store.reactivemicro.com/contact-us/ ReActiveMicro Support].

Sales: Visit the [http://store.reactivemicro.com/shop/ ReActiveMicro Store].

== History ==
The MicroDrive Turbo was designed by Joachim Lange of ///SHH Systeme and released in 1996. This was the first Apple II IDE Controller that used DMA.

In 2004 Gerber Street Enterprises started reselling select items from ///SHH Systeme, however the offering was only a couple of items and stock was very limited.

Mid-2006 ReActiveMicro took over reselling all ///SHH Systeme items in an effort to provide better service and a larger product variety to the Apple II Community.

==Versions==
Pre-2006 versions of the card were all hand assembled by Joachim Lange of ///SHH Systeme. After ReActiveMicro took over sales in 2006 the units were hand assembled by Henry from ReActiveMicro till mid 2015. ReActiveMicro then started their structured move to a more automated vendor and set their sights to have projects assembled on a larger scale. The MicroDrive Turbo was the first such project to be fully assembled. However due to a learning curve and testing different vendors Henry continued to hand assemble some MicroDrive Turbo units until 2016. During that year all projects moved to being fully assembled as well as offering kit versions of most projects.

From March 19th 2018 until the 25th ReActiveMicro had a sale in which they jokingly played on the fact that Henry "defaced" several cards by signing them. Thus the cards would be sold at a discount due to his signature being of negative value and actually subtracting from the total worth of the card. This was in fact a joke made from the recent CFFA3000 sales where Rich Dreher sold "limited edition" cards where he signed them and charged $200USD more. It's noteworthy that Henry was not actually thrilled with signing cards and "felt like a total ass" the entire time doing so. He's not into celebrity or thinking his signature or efforts are anything special. He's more happy being able to supply demand and knowing that products he makes are being used in the retro spirit. "Limited editions" or signed products will not be a staple in the ReActiveMicro.com future, and will always be made in a self deprecating fashion.

<gallery class="center" widths=400px heights=200px caption="Example of signed MicroDrive Turbo.">
File:MDT_Signed1.jpg|MicroDrive Turbo. March 19th-25th 2018 Sale {51 units signed total}.
</gallery>

== Features ==

[[Image:MicroDrive_DMA.svg|200px|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/4/43/MicroDrive_DMA.svg]]

DMA: Looking for the fastest storage solution available for your Apple II? The MicroDrive Turbo is faster that any other Mass Storage controller since it uses DMA for reads and writes. As the name implies, it performs Direct Memory Access which bypasses the CPU and allows for a whopping 40% faster read and write speeds when compared to conventional controllers. For example, with an accelerator installed in your IIGS you can boot GS/OS in as fast as 7 seconds! The DMA option can be disabled using the Setup utility.

[[Image:40_Pin_Connector.svg|200px|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/b/ba/40_Pin_Connector.svg]]

40 Pin IDE Interface: The 40 Pin IDE interface on the MicroDrive/Turbo IDE is a standard 16 bit IDE port. It is capable of addressing "Primary" and "Secondary" IDs on the IDE chain.

IDE to Dual CF Adapter: The MicroDrive/Turbo comes standard with a 40 Pin IDE to Dual CF Adapter. Users can control which of the two CF Slots is "Primary" and "Secondary" using a Jumper on the Adapter. The Adapter however can be removed if so desired and a standard IDE Cable and devices attached.

Note: Dual mode unavailable when using the IIe Firmware; Only available when using the IIGS Firmware.

[[Image:CF_Card.svg|200px|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/9/9e/CF_Card.svg]]

Compact Flash: Why use Compact Flash Cards? They are readily available, inexpensive, low power, noiseless, shock proof, removable, and last almost forever - things that can't be said about mechanical Hard Drives. However, it is still possible to use some older IDE Hard Drives with the MicroDrive/Turbo Controller if desired. See "[[#Support: Using Mechanical Hard Drives|Support: Using Mechanical Hard Drives]]" below. Do you download software from the Internet and wonder how to get it to your Apple II or spend lots of time doing so? With the MicroDrive/Turbo it's now super easy! Just remove the Compact Flash Card from your MicroDrive/Turbo, insert it in to your PC and using [http://a2ciderpress.com/ CiderPress] (Windows only) you can read and write directly to the Compact Flash Card. Using your PC for transferring files and backing up has never been so quick and painless!

ProDOS 8 and 16: The MicroDrive/Turbo is ProDOS compatible. It's recognized as a 'standard' Mass Storage Device just like any Hard Disk Drive on your Apple II. Large Volume DOS 3.3 support is provided through the use of a program called DOS.MASTER (preloaded on CF Card).

Boot Options: By default, Volume 1 is set to boot. However when setting up a new CF Card the user sets which Volume they desire to boot. Or on an existing CF Card the Setup utility can modify the default boot Volume. However the MicroDrive/Turbo also offers a temporary option to boot to ANY volume. When powering on the Apple II the user will press and hold the Open Apple key. This will pause the MicroDrive/Turbo's splash screen. The user then presses the corresponding Volume's number key, and the MicroDrive/Turbo will boot to that Volume.

Apple IIGS and II/Plus/e Operation: The MicroDrive/Turbo comes standard with the Apple IIGS Firmware. You can however order one with IIe Firmware, or buy an upgrade ROM to convert a IIGS MicroDrive/Turbo for use in an II/Plus/e.

== Reviews ==
{{#ev:youtube|1JLJUPMVwDE|400|right|MicroDrive/Turbo (left) VS CFFA (right)|frame}}
On October 13th, 2018 Russell McGhee did a comparison of the MicroDrive/Turbo (left) VS CFFA (right). The IIGS on the right has a TWGS installed and is part of the delay when the system is first powered on. However you can see the IIGS boot screen simply enough and can compare between the two.

{{#ev:youtube|Wjy6_qnTnv0|400|right|Apple II Mass Storage Mega Roundup|frame}}
On August 13, 2016 Joe Strosnider from the YouTube channel "[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCyfwZvTPPJV4peBHupd6Ckw Joe's Computer Museum]" posted a review of several Mass Storage options for the Apple II, and the MicroDrive/Turbo was among them. He gives some very good feedback regarding the differences between the boards, and how the MicroDrive/turbo performs under real world conditions.

== Support: Backing Up - Setup Utility ==
'''The first thing you should do before using your MicroDrive/Turbo is to make a backup of the MicroDrive/Turbo Setup Utility.''' Without this Utility you will be unable to re-setup your CF Card should it crash or you accidentally format it. It is advised to copy the Setup Utility to a backup floppy and keep it in a safe place. To backup the Utility:

* Upon booting the MicroDrive/Turbo you will be taken to Volume 1 which holds the ProDOS 8 utilities.
* You will see menu item named "COPYIIPLUS9.1". Using the arrow keys highlight the item and press Enter.
* Press the letter "C" to select "COPY", and the letter "F" for "FILES".
* Use the arrow keys to select the Slot where you installed the MicroDrive/Turbo, and "Drive 1". Press Enter.
* Use the arrow keys to select the Slot and Drive where your backup floppy is located. Press Enter.
* You will see a folder named "MICRODRIVE". Using the arrow keys highlight the folder and press Enter.
* You will see a file called "MICRODRV.SETUP". Using the arrow keys highlight the file and press Enter.
* Press the letter "G" to start the copy process.

Note: This assumes your Floppy Disk is preformatted with ProDOS. If not then you can use Copy II Plus to also format the Disk.

== Support: IIGS Installation ==
When installing the MicroDrive/Turbo in your Apple IIGS a few things need to first be taken into consideration. For example, will you want to primary boot the MicroDrive/Turbo, your Floppy Drives, or other bootable devices installed in your system? For most installations users will want to boot primary to the MicroDrive/Turbo. In this case we recommend installing the MicroDrive/Turbo in Slot 7. And when you want to boot to the Floppy Drives hold
down the "ESC" key on boot. This allows the IIGS to "skip" booting the MicroDrive/Turbo and move on to checking the Floppy Drives or other bootable devices in lower numbered Slots.

For other configurations, the good news is that the Apple IIGS allows a lot of flexibility when it comes to booting. You will need to decide however what is the best to meet your needs. If not installing the MicroDrive/Turbo in Slot 7, then we usually recommend Slot 2. However by default the IIGS is set to use Slot 2 for a Modem. Since most users no longer use a Modem, Slot 2 is a good choice. However the default setting in the IIGS will need to be changed in order for the MicroDrive/Turbo to work.

To edit the settings or change the way your IIGS boots you will need to enter the Control Panel. There are a couple of ways to do this:
* Hold down the "Option" key on the keyboard and power on the IIGS. Select "1" for the Control Panel.
* Power on the IIGS and at anytime hold down the "Open Apple" and "Control" keys, then press the "ESC" key. Press "Enter" to select Control Panel.
Once in the Control Panel use the "Arrow" keys to select the "Slots" menu and press "Enter".

Most IIGS systems will be set to the default configuration, denoted by the "check mark" on the left of the option. Use the "Up" or "Down" arrow keys to select an option, then "Left" or "Right" arrow keys to set the option. Be sure to press "Enter" when done to save any changes.

For example, there is nothing needed '''to use the MicroDrive/Turbo in Slot 7'''. It is already defaulted to "Your Card". There is also no need to change the "Startup" option if it is set to "Slot 7" or "Scan".

If however you want '''to use the MicroDrive/Turbo in Slot 2''' you will need to change the Slot setting to "Your Card". And if you would like the IIgs to boot the MicroDrive/Turbo in Slot 2 then you will also need to change the "Startup" option to "Slot 2". Be sure to press "Enter" when done to save any changes.

The "Startup" option in the Control Panel allows you to control how the IIGS checks for bootable devices when powered on. "Scan" will tell the IIGS to look from Slot 7 to Slot 1. Selecting "Slot [X]" will tell the IIGS to ONLY boot that Slot. If no bootable devices are found then the IIGS will report "Check startup device!" You can however tell the IIGS to boot from another Slot by breaking into BASIC (hold down the "Control" key and press the "Reset" key), then type "PR#X" and press the "Enter" key. "X" is the Slot number.

Note: The MicroDrive/Turbo allows the IIGS to "skip" trying to boot it by holding down the "ESC" key on boot.

== Support: //e Installation ==
When installing the MicroDrive/Turbo in your Apple //e a few things need to first be taken into consideration. For example, will you want to primary boot the MicroDrive/Turbo, your Floppy Drives, or other bootable devices installed in your system? For most installations users will want to boot primary to the MicroDrive/Turbo. In this case we recommend installing the MicroDrive/Turbo in Slot 7. And when you want to boot to the Floppy Drives hold down the "ESC" key on boot. This allows the //e to "skip" booting the MicroDrive/Turbo and move on to checking the Floppy Drives or other bootable devices in lower numbered Slots.

If however you install the MicroDrive/Turbo in another Slot then it may not boot and depends on what other bootable devices are installed in your //e. You can however tell the //e to boot to another Slot by breaking into BASIC if needed (hold the "Control" key and press the "Reset" key), then type "PR#X" and press the "Enter" key. "X" is the Slot number.

Note: The MicroDrive/Turbo allows the IIGS to "skip" trying to boot it by holding the "ESC" key on boot.

== Support: Trouble Shooting ==
Here are some tips on where to start if you experience any issues with your MicroDrive/Turbo (MDT) or any cards in your Apple II system.

First and foremost - ALWAYS always worth mentioning be sure to observe correct ESD protection when handling or touching electronics or you will damage and weaken ICs. It would be great if a damaged IC failed instantly. However that's rarely the case. ESD damage usually eats away at the gates inside an IC, can cause timing issues, and the IC to run hotter than designed for. This causes the IC to operate unreliably. And the worse kind of issue to diagnose is an inconsistent one. So please always use a grounded wrist strap and even a static mat when working on your IIgs. ReActivceMicro sees quite a few systems with weak or damaged bus transceivers (LS/HCT245) and can usually repair the motherboards, and ESD damage is the primary suspect for the ICs needing to be replaced. ALWAYS observe correct ESD protection when handling or touching electronics. However before suspecting the Apple II, let's retest the MDT in-system.

Start with cleaning the MDT's edge connector (slot connector end with the gold fingers). A pencil eraser is a good device for cleaning. You could also use some 95+ alcohol and a paper towel. When clean all the fingers should be about the same color and brightness. Any which appear to be dull or darker than the rest need to be recleaned as they could have some residue on them from manufacturing. This could cause connection issues with the slot.

Next, check your outlet power. Check to make sure the outlet is wired correctly. ReActiveMicro receives about 5 support emails a year from users with MDT issues who all swear their power is fine and there's no power or wiring issues. After much debate and discussion Support usually sends an outlet tester to which they finally check the outlet and discover there's a wiring fault and the cause of most or all of their past issues. The older original PSUs don't seem to mind a wiring issue, however the new ones ReActiveMicro sells will produce all kinds of issues if an outlet is incorrectly wired. So we ask that users check their outlets with a multimeter or outlet tester (eBay for under $10 delivered) to make sure issues are not power related. As another good way to check is to run a power cord from your bathroom or kitchen GFCI outlet and retest your II for a while, as these outlets have be to wired correctly in order to turn on. This is a simple way to help rule out a power issue and highly recommended in all testing situations where power is suspect.

Next we ask that you run the Read Write test software for the MDT. It's under the Utils folder, in the Microdrive folder, called TURBO.RW.TEST. It's a system file so you can use the ProDOS selector to run it. Let the test run for an hour or two. This should confirm the MDT is running well. If the test randomly fails or stops during this time then this might suggest an issue with Apple II. You can also try performing the 'twist test' and 'wiggle test' with the MDT during this time and see if the board fails. Tap and wiggle the IDE to CF Adapter and CF Card. See if the test stops and reports an error. If so then reseat the Adapter and CF Card several times to clean the connectors. The MDT should work well however, and you should be able to bend/stress the card slightly and press on the ICs while the test is running without any issues (assuming your slot is good). Too much pressure or shaking can cause the card to lose contact with the slot. So don't be too aggressive, but you'd be surprised at the amount of pressure and bumps you can apply without issues. Which is perfect to make sure it's no a connection issue. And 'twisting' the card helps confirm there isn't a cold solder joint. Again, don't be too aggressive, but you should be able to a decent amount of force to stress the board ends in both clockwise and counter clockwise directions. If the board fails during this test then it might suggest a cold solder joint.

Lastly, clean the card with some degreasor and an old toothbrush. Be sure to pull the firmware ROM and remove the CF to IDE Adapter before cleaning. Only clean the MDT board without the ROM installed. A good solvent like Brakleen is best. This also dries residue free. Rinse well with cleaner too. Use plenty of cleaner and mainly brush the small square IC in the middle of the board in all directions for at least 1 minute. Work the toothbrush in to the small pins with a combing action. The more brushing the better, and the more solvent used the better. Also clean inside the firmware ROM socket well. Brush around the surface mount pins where they connect to the PCB as best you can. You can also use 95+ alcohol and a toothbrush. However you'll need to rinse the card in water to fully clean it. Distilled water is best. Tap water is usually fine too. Be sure to tap the card's edges well on a hard surface to get the water out from under the ICs, and then use a hair dryer to fully dry the card for 5-10 mins. You can also leave the board out overnight to air dry, however this usually isn't needed. Canned or compressed air also works well do help get water out from under the ICs and dry the board.

If the MDT passes the twist and bump tests but fails randomly then it could be related to the IIgs. ReActiveMicro will usually send another MDT so users can retest locally to help confirm it's the II or the MDT. If the new MDT board also fails then it's your IIgs system which is the issue. Which at that point you may want to consider sending us your motherboard for additional confirmation testing and we can replace the bus transceivers if needed then send back to you for additional local testing. This kind of repair is about $100 however, and really should be a last resort effort. So let's see what the first few tests show us before pointing fingers at the IIgs motherboard.

When using the MicroDrive/Turbo with other expansion cards that utilize DMA, it may be helpful to try running the MicroDrive/Turbo with DMA disabled if your system is behaving erratically. For example, as of late 2020, several users report erratic freezes of the VidHD when it and MicroDrive/Turbo are both utilizing DMA. Hopefully, a future revision of the VidHD firmware will repair any incompatibility.

== Support: Backing Up - CF Card ==
One important feature of the MicroDrive/Turbo the ability to remove the CF Card and use CiderPress to back up the Volumes on it. To do this you will need to have installed CiderPress on your PC or Mac running a Windows emulator, and a CF Card Reader.

See [[MicroDrive/Turbo#Support:_CiderPress|"Support: CiderPress"]] below for the download link and continued instructions on how to use it to backup the CF Card.

For 32Meg volume images or whole CF Card images visit the [https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/32_Meg_Hard_Drive_Image 32 Meg Hard Drive Image page] and the [[#Documentation.2C_Files.2C_and_Software|download links]] below.

== Support: Using the Setup Utility ==
Installation: The MicroDrive/Turbo comes pre-setup. Just install in any Slot. We however recommend Slot 7 if possible since you will most likely want to boot from the MicroDrive/Turbo much more often than your Floppies. And when you want to boot to a Floppy:
* On boot, press and hold the ESC key. This will bypass the MicroDrive/Turbo on boot.

Note: IIGS users may need to make a change to Slot settings in the Control Panel. To access the Control Panel first boot the IIGS. Then press and hold down the Open Apple key, Control key, and then press the ESC key.

===Setup Utility===
Be sure to backup the MicroDrive/Turbo Setup utility to floppy! This disk will be for backup purposes or if you need to setup a new CF Card.
* Upon booting the MicroDrive/Turbo you will be taken to Volume 1 which holds the ProDOS 8 utilities.
* You will see a folder named "SHRINK.IT". Using the arrow keys to highlight the folder and press Enter.
* You will now see a file called "SHRINK.IT.V3.4". Press Enter to execute it.
* Press the letter "O" to open an archive. The "MICRODRV.IIE.S1" is for a 5.25” disk, and "MICRODRV.TURBO" is for a 3.5” disk. Select one and press Enter twice.
* Next select the Drive on which to write.
* When done be sure to boot the disk and run the Setup utility to make sure it restored correctly.
* Repeat the above process if needed.
* Done!

Note: If you require a Setup utility disk be mailed to you, there will be a charge. Please email [http://store.reactivemicro.com/contact-us/ ReActiveMicro Support] for details and pricing.

===Check The DMA Setting===
It is advised to check the DMA setting in the Setup utility to make sure it is set correctly. Usually there isn't any issue, however you can experience data corruption or loss if the setting is not correct.
* Upon booting the MicroDrive/Turbo you will be taken to Volume 1 which holds the ProDOS 8 utilities.
* You will see a folder named "MICRODRIVE". Using the arrow keys highlight the folder and press Enter.
* You will now see a file called "MICRODRV.SETUP". Press Enter to execute it.
* Press the letter "D" to select "DMA Mode". If it's set currently to your Apple II, then you are finished. If not, then continue to the next step.
* Press Enter to change the setting. For //e users select "Enable".
* Press the letter "W" to select "Write Configuration".
* Press Enter, then the letter "W" to save the new configuration.
* Done!

Note: Set DMA Mode To "Disable" to see how much slower your system would be using a non-DMA Mass Storage Device.

===The Pre-setup and Pre-loaded CF Card===
The MicroDrive/Turbo comes with a pre-setup CF Card which has 4 ProDOS Volumes on it. The CF Card comes pre-loaded the same for the IIGS or //e.
* Volume 1 has ProDOS 8 Utilities loaded on it and is bootable into ProDOS 8.
* Volume 2 has GS/OS v6.0.1 loaded on it and is bootable. You will need at least 1Meg of RAM in order to RUN GS/OS or you will be forced to exit.
* Volume 3 had DOS.MASTER loaded on it and is bootable into ProDOS 8 which loads BASIC. You will see a folder called DOS.MASTER.
* Volume 4 is formatted in ProDOS and is not bootable.

You can setup more volumes on the CF Card if you wish, however you will quickly run out of "Slots" under ProDOS 8. ProDOS maps each Volume to a Slot and Drive, the same as what is done with the Floppy Drives. So the current 4 Volumes take up 2 Slots, which have 2 Drives each. If you don't have many peripheral cards in your Apple II then adding more Volumes may not pose an issue. However users which have other devices in Slots which get a Volume mapped to them may not be able to use the card or the Volume. You have been warned.

Boot To Other Volumes: The MicroDrive/Turbo comes set to boot to Volume 1 by default. You can however temporary boot to other Volumes on the CF Card.
* Hold down the "Open Apple" key when powering on the Apple II. This will pause the MicroDrive/Turbo's splash screen.
* Lastly press the corresponding Volume's number key, and the MicroDrive/Turbo will boot to that Volume.

You can also use the Setup utility to make booting to another Volume the current setting.
* Upon booting the MicroDrive/Turbo you will be taken to Volume 1 which holds the ProDOS 8 utilities in a folder named "UTIL".
* You will see folder named "MICRODRIVE". Using the arrow keys highlight the folder and press Enter.
* You will now see a file called "MICRODRV.SETUP". Press Enter to execute it.
* Press the letter "B" to select "Default Boot Volume".
* Press Enter to change the setting to the desired NEW boot Volume.
* Press the letter "W" to select "Write Configuration".
* Press Enter, then the letter "W" to save the new configuration.
* Done!

Adding Volumes To CF Card: To add more Volumes to your CF Card.
* Upon booting the MicroDrive/Turbo you will be taken to Volume 1 which holds the ProDOS 8 utilities.
* You will see a folder named "MICRODRIVE". Using the arrow keys to highlight the folder and press Enter.
* You will now see a file called "MICRODRV.SETUP". Press Enter to execute it.
* Press the letter "E" to select "Partition Editor". You will immediately be taken to the "Partition Table" area on the right side of the screen.
* Press the letter "A" to add a new Volume. Note: Press the "?" key for available commands.
* Press and hold both "Apple" keys, then press the "Right Arrow" key. The "Blk Size" and "Dec/Hex" column values will start to change.
* Keep pressing the "Right Arrow" key till the "Blk Size" reads "$010000". Release the "Apple" keys.
* Press the "Left Arrow" key once. The "Blk Size" should now read "$00FFFF".
**Note: ProDOS can only use UP TO 32Megs of space. "$00FFFF" is 32Meg in Blocks. You can create volumes larger then 32Megs however you will may not be able to use them.
**'''Press the letter "D" to delete any volumes or to start over.'''
**Press the letter "Q" twice if you DO NOT want to save your changes and exit.
**Repeat the above steps if you want to add more Volumes.
* Press Enter, then the letter "W" which selects "Write Configuration" to save the new configuration.
* Done!

Note: Don't forget you will need to format any new Volumes before they can be used to store anything.

Deleting Volumes From CF Card: To add more Volumes to your CF Card.
* Upon booting the MicroDrive/Turbo you will be taken to Volume 1 which holds the ProDOS 8 utilities.
* You will see a folder named "MICRODRIVE". Using the arrow keys highlight the folder and press Enter.
* You will now see a file called "MICRODRV.SETUP". Press Enter to execute it.
* Press the letter "E" to select "Partition Editor". You will immediately be taken to the "Partition Table" area on the right side of the screen.
* Use the "Arrow" keys to select the Volume you want to delete.
* Press the letter "D" to delete the Volume.
**Press the letter "Q" twice if you DO NOT want to save your changes and exit.
**Repeat the above steps if you want to add more Volumes.
* Press the letter "W" to select "Write Configuration".
* Press Enter, then the letter "W" to save the new configuration.
* Done!

Setting Up a New CF Card: To use a new CF Card (or one that has been accidentally formatted on your PC) you must first partition it. However if you do not have an existing bootable CF Card or a backup of the MicroDrive/Turbo Setup Utility on Floppy Disk then you will need to contact Support (see above) in order to obtain a new CF Card which is preloaded, or a Diskette with the Setup Utility.

If you have the Setup Utility then see Adding Volumes To CF Card: above.

== Support: Need to Add/Complete ==
Format issues with C2+

Using a Second CF Card Slot:

Copy files.

== Support: CiderPress - Backing Up and Restoring ==
Please visit http://a2ciderpress.com to download and install CiderPress for Windows. CiderPress can be run on a Mac using emulation (e.g., Parallels Desktop of VMWare Fusion) or using a WINE-based emulation (e.g., http://retrocomputingaustralia.com/rca-downloads/ -- thanks to Michael Mulhern for his efforts and hosting). However, WINE-based emulators are unable to access CF Card Readers so can't be used for this utility. 
Note: There is a Mac based project being developed to allow the access of the MDT CF Card. You can find the project here: https://github.com/disappearinjon/microdrive

Your PC will also require a CF Card Reader so you can access the CF Card.

Backing Up A CF Card: To backup a Volume on a CF Card:
*Insert the CF Card into your Reader. Allow a few seconds for it to be recognized by your OS. '''DO NOT format the Card if prompted!'''
*Open CiderPress.
*Click on the "Tools" menu and select "Volume Copier (open volume).
*Select “Physical Disk X”. X is the disk number. Click the "OK" button to continue.
Note: Users with a Computer that has more than one Hard Drive or CF Reader will have to determine exactly which Drive the CF Card Reader to be used is. In most cases it will be “1”. The size of the CF Card should also be displayed in the "Remarks" column.
*All Volumes will now be listed. Select the volume you wish to backup and click the "Copy to file" button.
*You will now be asked where to save the backup file. Select a location and a name then press the "Save" button.
*CiderPress will now start to read the Volume and save it to your PC. When it is done the popup progress window will close.
**Optional: You can now select other Volumes to backup if desired.
*Done!

Note: You could also use a utility to backup the whole CF Card like [http://hddguru.com/software/HDD-Raw-Copy-Tool/ HDD Raw Copy]. CiderPress however has the advantage of being able to open and utilize the backup Images it creates. So in the future you could copy files from the Images or access data if needed. You would not need to fully restore the Image as with other backup programs. Some Emulators can also access and use the Image files too. Raw Disk Copiers like HDD Raw Copy can however be useful if you would like to quickly duplicate a CF Card as it will copy the Partition information unlike CiderPress. So you do not need to run the MicroDrive/Turbo Setup Utility before restoring the HDD Raw Copy Image. This could be a useful backup method should the Setup Utility backup disk you made (see [[#Support: Backing Up - Setup Utility|"Support: Backing Up - Setup Utility"]] above) ever becomes damaged, lost, or unusable.

Restoring A Backup Image To A CF Card: To restore a Volume:
*Insert the CF Card into your Reader. Allow a few seconds for it be recognized by your OS. '''DO NOT format the Card if prompted!'''
*Open CiderPress.
*Click on the "Tools" menu and select "Volume Copier (open volume).
*Select “Physical Disk X”. X is the disk number.
Note: Users with a Computer that has more than one Hard Drive or CF Reader will have to determine exactly which Drive the CF Card Reader to be used is. In most cases it will be “1”. The size of the CF Card should also be displayed in the "Remarks" column.
*Uncheck the "Open as read-only" option above the "OK" button.
WARNING: Data on your Volumes can now be over-written. Be careful, and make sure to select the correct Volume!
*Click the "OK" button to continue.
*All Volumes will now be listed. Select the volume you wish to restore an image to and click the "Load from file" button.
*Select the image file and click the "Open" button.
*CiderPress will prompt you to make sure you want to overwrite a Volume if there is data there, and you need to confirm "OK" to continue. If it is blank it will start loading the image.
**You can load multiple images if you wish.
*Done!

== Support: CiderPress - Copying Files ==
Copy A File TO The CF Card:
*Insert the CF Card into your Reader. Allow a few seconds for it be recognized by your OS. '''DO NOT format the Card if prompted!'''
*Open CiderPress.
*Click on the "File" menu and select "Open Volume...".
*Select “Physical Disk X”. X is the disk number. Click the "OK" button to continue.
Note: Users with a Computer that has more than one Hard Drive or CF Reader will have to determine exactly which Drive the CF Card Reader to be used is. In most cases it will be “1”. The size of the CF Card should also be displayed in the "Remarks" column.
*Uncheck "Open as read only" and click the "OK" button.
*All Volumes and folders will now be listed. Locate the volume, and folder if desired, in which you wish to place the copied file.
**Roots of Volumes can be identified by the double name such as "MDVOL1::MDVOL1" for example.
**Folder and files can be identified by the name AFTER the ":" and the info listed in the "TYPE" column.
*Right click on the location, then select "Add Files...".
*Browse to the file's location, select any desired options, then click the "OK" button.
*You will now see the file located on the CF Card.
*Repeat as desired to add more files.
*Done!

Copy A File FROM The CF Card:

*Insert the CF Card in to your Reader. Allow a few seconds for it be recognized by your OS. '''DO NOT format the Card if prompted!'''
*Open CiderPress.
*Click on the "File" menu and select "Open Volume...".
*Select “Physical Disk X”. X is the disk number. Click the "OK" button to continue.
Note: Users with a Computer that has more than one Hard Drive or CF Reader will have to determine exactly which Drive the CF Card Reader to be used is. In most cases it will be “1”. The size of the CF Card should also be displayed in the "Remarks" column.
*All Volumes and folders will now be listed. Locate the volume, and folder if needed, in which the file wish to copy is located.
**Roots of Volumes can be identified by the double name such as "MDVOL1::MDVOL1" for example.
**Folder and files can be identified by the name AFTER the ":" and the info listed in the "TYPE" column.
*Right click on the location, then select "Extract...".
*Browse to the location you wish to copy the file to, select any desired options, then click the "OK" button.
*You will now see the file located where you selected.
*Repeat as desired to copy more files.
*Done!

== Support: Command line tool on Mac OS to manipulate a MicroDrive/Turbo disk or image ==

For a long time now Mac OS users have struggled in dealing with ProDOS formatted CF Card. CiderPress is a native Windows program and requires a full emulator like Parallels Desktop or VMWare Fusion.

Jon Lasser contacted Henry and started to discuss the issues with CiderPress on the MAC and how he might be able to create a simple but powerful program. It would allow access to the ProDOS formatted CF Card, as CiderPress does. However it will run natively on the MAC platform. We are more than glad to help Jon with his efforts in any way we can.

You can read more about Jon’s project here at his own blog:
https://twoideas.org/2020/01/02/the-joys-of-retrocomputing-also-announcing-a-microdrive-turbo-image-tool/

As of the time of this writing (end of 2020), Jon Lasser's tool is a solid option for backing up and restoring CF cards formatted with ProDOS and for copying images. Use of the Terminal is required and some familiarity with using Mac OS in this way is important. This is a great step forward.

== Support: Using Mechanical Hard Drives ==
It is possible to use old mechanical Hard Drives on the MicroDrive/Turbo however Compact Flash is a much better solution. As noted in "[[#Features|Features]]" above: "[Compact Flash is] readily available, inexpensive, low power, noiseless, shock proof, removable, and last almost forever - things that can't be said about mechanical Hard Drives."

Steps to install and use a mechanical Hard Drive:
*First, remove the IDE to CF Adapter. The unit should just slide off when pulled. Be careful to not bend any pins on the IDE male header.
*Next, install a 40-pin IDE Cable.
*Next, if needed set your IDE Hard Drive to the correct "Primary" or "Secondary" setting.
*Finally, install the Hard Drive onto the IDE Cable.

'''Note:''' If the Hard Drive is powered from a secondary Power Supply you need to adhere to the following in order for all to work correctly:
*The GS has to be turned on '''first'''. The Power Supply to the Hard Drive is then turned on '''second'''. Wrong order and the drive may not spin up.
*The two Power Supplies must have a common ground. Without this the MicroDrive/Turbo may not see the Hard Drive.
*Be warned that most newer MicroDrive/Turbo boards have +5v connected to pin Pin 20 of the IDE Connector. Be sure to use a cable which DOES NOT have a cable pin connected, or you cut the cable pin.

== Support: Using ADTPro, Uthernet, and MicroDrive/Turbo Together ==
An incompatibility exists in ADTPro versions 2.0.2 and earlier where ADTPro's Uthernet initialization interferes with the operation of the MicroDrive/Turbo running IIGS firmware. To be specific, if the MicroDrive/Turbo is in a slot number '''lower''' than the Uthernet or Uthernet II, ADTPro will not start . Even if you create and save an ADTPro Uthernet configuration to specify an Uthernet slot using a different computer, it still won't work. There are a number of solutions available:
# Use a version greater than 2.0.2 of ADTPro
# Move your MicroDrive/Turbo to a slot '''higher''' than your Uthernet or Uthernet II card (typical slots are 3 for Uthernet, and 7 for MicroDrive/Turbo)
# Use the //e version of firmware in your MicroDrive/Turbo.

== Support: Running The Preinstalled Games ==
With the CF Card that comes with the MicroDrive/Turbo you will find a "IIE GAMES" and a "GS GAMES" folder, which is part of the "[https://archive.org/details/TotalReplay Total Replay]" distribution. If you try to run the games you will receive an error message of "FILETYPE MISMATCH". First, run "BOOT.SYSTEM" which is a menu system for running the games correctly. Then select and run the game of your choice.

== Self Powered IDE to CF Adapters ==
The MicroDrive/Turbo sold by ReActiveMicro comes with a self powered IDE to CF Adapter with a pre-setup CF Card. They did not sell boards with mechanical HDDs. "Self powered" refers to the IDE to CF Adapter which uses power supplied on Pin 20 of the IDE connector and does not require an external power source. This means the Apple II can supply power to the CF Card and no other power source is needed.

Boards from 2006 to mid 2008 will have +5v connected to Pin 20 of the IDE Connector in the form of a small jumper wire on the rear of the board. Later boards have a small trace added to the face, left side of the board. Over the years some users insisted on trying to install the CF Adapter backwards which would cause a short and burn the added trace from the board. So all boards from late 2017 and on have a fuse added to the small trace for added protection. The pic below on the right with the fuse is a good example of what the added trace looks like and where it is located.

<gallery class="center" widths=300px heights=200px caption="IDE Pin 20 Power Mods">
File:MicroDrive-Turbo-Back-PowerMod1.jpg|Pre-2008 MicroDrive/Turbo With Flywire Power Mod and Self Powered CF Adapter
File:MicroDrive-Turbo-Face-PowerMod2.jpg|2018 MicroDrive/Turbo With "F1" Fuse and Self Powered CF Adapter
</gallery>

== Support: Installing Firmware ==
[[Image:MicroDrive-Turbo_-_Firmware_Install.jpg|thumb|ROM Location And Where To Pry To Remove]]
The MicroDrive Turbo usually comes pre-setup for IIe or IIGS use. This is determined by the Firmware ROM which is installed on the card. The ROM is the small square IC on the upper right of the card. It is the only IC in a socket.

You can use the IIe Firmware in an IIe and IIGS, however it is quite slow in a IIGS compared to the IIgs Firmware. You cannot use the IIGS Firmware in a IIe as it will cause the IIe to crash to Monitor.

The //e Firmware ROM is usually marked with a label that has "II" written on it. This isn't the best way to check which firmware in on the MicroDrive Turbo as the label could have been removed or fallen off. If your MicroDrive/Turbo works in an IIe then the IIe Firmware is installed.

To remove the Firmware ROM you will need a "PLCC Extraction Tool". These can be found on eBay for under $5 usually. You can also use a paperclip, small wire, an awl, small screw driver, or any strong thin implement. Do not pry too hard on the ROM Socket if possible. Reference the picture for the areas on which to pry up.

The new Firmware ROM should be installed in the same orientation with the chip markings facing up. '''Installing the ROM backwards WILL damage it!''' Reference the picture and you will notice one corner of the Socket and ROM are "cut". The other corners are square. There is usually a "DOT" or mark on the case of the IC to help denote which side is which. In the case of the MicroDrive/Turbo we want to make sure the "cut corner" and the "DOT" are facing to the LEFT. The chip markings should be facing up, legible, with the gold Edge Connector (aka - Slot Edge) on the bottom of the MicroDrive Turbo.

<gallery class="center" widths=150px heights=80>
File:Floppy_Icon_514sleeve.svg|MicroDrive-Turbo II, II''plus'', IIe Unenhanced (and IIGS but slow) Firmware|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/2/25/MicroDrive-Turbo-IIe-v1.60b-ROM.bin
File:Floppy_Icon_514sleeve.svg|MicroDrive Turbo IIGS ONLY Firmware|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/3/33/MicroDrive-Turbo_-_IIgs_v1.00_ROM_-_27512.bin
</gallery>

== Downloadable Files ==
<div class="new_window">
<gallery class="center" widths=150px heights=80 caption="RM MicroDrive-Turbo">
File:PDF_ICON.svg|2019/2020 Manual |link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/e/e7/MicroDrive_Manual_2019.pdf
<gallery class="center" widths=150px heights=80 caption="MicroDrive-Turbo">
File:RM_Icon_File_Server.svg|Software|link=http://downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/MicroDrive-Turbo/Software/
File:RM_Icon_File_Server.svg|CF Images|link=http://downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/MicroDrive-Turbo/CF_Volume_Images/
File:RM_Icon_File_Server.svg|Assorted Files|link=http://downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/MicroDrive-Turbo/
</gallery>
</div>

[[Category:Hardware]]
[[Category:Apple]]
[[Category:ReActiveMicro Projects]]

User talk:Tomcharlesworth

2024-05-11T19:01:29Z

RMHenry: Welcome!

User:Tomcharlesworth

2024-05-11T19:01:29Z

RMHenry: Creating user page for new user.

Maintainer of AppleWin (Apple II Windows emulator) and mb-audit for testing/diagnostics of Mockingboard & Phasor cards.

A2FPGA

2024-05-08T07:03:59Z

RMHenry: /* Incompatibilities */

[[Image:A2FPGA-200x400.png|300px|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/3/3f/A2FPGA-200x400.png]]

[[Image:Photoroom_20240316_143943.jpg|thumb|A2FPGA A2N20 v2.0|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/b/b3/Photoroom_20240316_143943.jpg]]

The A2FPGA is primarily an HD video and Mockingboard-compatible sound card for the Apple II, II+, //e, and IIgs. It's a small, Apple II peripheral card that can be installed in any Apple II computer II, II+, //e, IIgs. See Slots below for compatible slot locations by system type. The A2FPGA uses a modern FPGA (field-programmable gate array or "programmable logic") to provide precise timing-accurate interfacing to the Apple II bus. This allows the card to capture all access to Apple II display memory in order to faithfully generate Apple text and graphics in crisp 720p 60Hz HD as well as providing the functionality of a number of popular peripheral cards in a single Apple II slot. The A2FPGA has been tested with Apple II, II+, //e, and IIgs models and brings the classic Apple II experience to a whole new level on any monitor or television.

Product Status: Actively sold by ReActiveMicro.

Support: Post on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME}}|Discussion]] page (link above) or email [http://store.reactivemicro.com/contact-us/ ReActiveMicro Support].

Sales: Visit the [https://www.reactivemicro.com/product/a2fpga-multicard/ ReActiveMicro Store].

== Features ==
As of April 2024 the standard features currently are:
720x480 @ 60Hz HDMI output supporting all Apple II, II+, //e, & IIgs display modes.*
Mockingboard sound compatibility (Slot 4)
Both Apple II system speaker audio AND Mockingboard audio are output to your HDMI display's speakers
Synetix SuperSprite and Ciarcia EZ-Color TMS9918a compatibility (Slot 7)

*If your monitor doesn't support 720x480 resolution, or some older "CCTV" type monitors, then you may not receive video. More common and newer HDMI monitors should not have any issues.
*All functionality is supported simultaneously. Users don’t have to change modes or configuration to switch between features.
*The A2N20-V2 Multicard does NOT connect the INT_IN/INT_OUT or DMA_IN/DMA_OUT daisy chain lines. Systems that have multiple cards which depend on daisy chaining may not function.

Slots: 
II/Plus/e - Any Slot, We recommend Slot 7 for better HDMI cable routing 
IIgs ROM0 - NOT TESTED, But Slot 3 ONLY 
IIgs ROM1 - Slot 3 ONLY 
IIgs ROM3 - Any Slot 1-6 but WILL NOT function in Slot 7 
 
WARNING! This board MUST be installed with the HDMI connector facing the forward keyboard end of the chassis! Failure to do so will result in damage to your Apple II as all bus lines are active.
 
 
NOTE:
*The A2FPGA is fully DMA compliant and cards such as the MicroDrive/Turbo do work with DMA mode enabled.
*If Mockingboard is enabled, NO other card may be physically present in Slot 4. For IIgs, you must set the control panel slot 4 to "My Card"
*The FPGA used on A2FPGA takes ~2 seconds to power on and sync to an HDMI display. During this time the Apple II system is held in RESET, meaning the II will do nothing (not even beep) until the A2FPGA board has been fully setup and synched. The initial Apple II power on "beep" will be missed, but all subsequent Apple II sound can be output to HDMI if SW2 is ON.
*The A2FPGA is NOT an emulator. It is a full and complete implementation of all of the original logic for these hardware components plus bus decoding, memory shadowing, and the full range of video modes for the entire Apple II family. Plus a complete implementation of the TMS-9918A VDP and the SuperSprite and Ciarcia compatible means to hook into it.

=== Incompatibilities & Issues ===
* Any peripheral cards installed in Slots 4 or 7 might not work correctly, and other slots should be used. Slot 4 is where the Mockingboard is accessed, and Slot 7 is where the Synetix SuperSprite card is accessed. These options can be disabled with reprogramming the firmware. See [[#Firmware / FPGA Core|Firmware / FPGA Core]] below for firmware options.

* IIgs Ensoniq Sound does NOT get output to the HDMI audio - yet. This is currently in the works and there will be a firmware update available listed below.

== Reviews ==
On May 6th, 2024 Chris Torrence of Assembly Lines posted a review video of the A2FPGA in a IIgs environment. Also shows things like setting up the Control Panel in the IIgs.
{{#ev:youtube|w0WaGExOT14|400|center|Chris Torrence: A2FPGA in the Apple IIGS|frame}}

<hr>

On April 27nd, 2024 Chris Torrence of Assembly Lines posted a review video of the A2FPGA in a II Plus and IIe environment. Chris also reviews and does a firmware update in real time. Skip to [https://youtu.be/Wt-DLSyuBCw?t=596 9:56] to see it and follow along!
{{#ev:youtube|Wt-DLSyuBCw|400|center|Chris Torrence: Can One Apple II Card Replace Them All?|frame}}
{{#ev:youtube|Wt-DLSyuBCw|400|center|The Review Breakdown In 1 Minute|frame|start=921}}

<hr>

On April 22nd, 2024 Joe Strosnider of Joe's Computer Museum posted a review video of the A2FPGA in a IIgs environment. Joe also reviews and does a firmware update in real time. Skip to [https://youtu.be/rM0Phma_B9o?t=901 15:03] to see it and follow along!
{{#ev:youtube|rM0Phma_B9o|400|center|Joe Strosnider: Reviewing the A2FPGA!|frame|start=102}}
{{#ev:youtube|rM0Phma_B9o|400|center|The Review Breakdown In 1 Minute|frame|start=6208}}

== DIP Switch Settings ==
The A2N20v2 has a 4-switch DIP switch that controls the following settings:

SW1: Enable Scanline effect when set to ON (default).
SW2: Enable Apple II speaker sounds via HDMI when set to ON (default).
SW3: Set to ON (default) for Power-on-Reset Hold - Delay Apple II start-up until FPGA is initialized and running.
SW4: Apple IIgs - Set to ON when installed in an Apple IIgs. OFF for II, II+ and II/e systems.

The Mockingboard functionality is directly tied to Slot #4. At present there is no way to override this behavior. In order for the Mockingboard implementation to work properly, no other card may be physically present in Slot 4 on any Apple II system. Further, if you have a IIgs, you must configure slot 4 as "My Card" in the Apple IIgs control panel.

The Synetix SuperSprite functionality is also directly tied to Slot #7. If you intend to use a card in slot #7, you will not be able to access the SuperSprite (TMS-9918A / F18A VDP functions). Additionally, making slot #7 usable for your own card requires that you perform a firmware update using the "NOSPRITE7" version of the firmware located below.

== Firmware / FPGA Core ==
The A2FPGA firmware is easily updated on any PC or Mac and is based on open-source code so that new functionality and bug fixes from the developer community can be added over time.

You can learn more about this exciting project on its public GitHub repository: https://github.com/a2fpga/a2fpga_core.

The team also maintains a presence on X (formerly Twitter) here: https://twitter.com/a2fpga.

=== UPDATING THE A2N20-V2 FPGA FIRMWARE ===

All versions of the firmware for this product are listed below and organized by date.

[https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/3/3c/A2n20v2-04252024.zip A2n20v2-04252024.zip] a2n20v2 Multicard Firmware Version 04-25-2024 (LATEST STABLE RELEASE). Mockingboard and Synetix SuperSprite card ENABLED.
 

[COMING SOON] a2n20v2 Multicard Firmware Version 04-25-2024-NOSPRITE7 (LATEST STABLE RELEASE, NO SUPERSPRITE ON SLOT 7). Mockingboard ENABLED (Slot 4) and Synetix SuperSprite (Slot 7) card DISABLED. NOTE: Use this version of the firmware if you wish to use Slot #7 with any of your other cards. You will not be able to access any of the SuperSprite VDP capabilities, but there are only so many slots available in every Apple II, and many users will want to use storage or other options in Slot 7.

These .ZIP files include the latest stable version of the firmware and a PDF with instructions for performing a firmware update for Windows, Mac and Linux systems. See the review videos above to follow along with a step by step, on screen update process.

== Testing ==
The A2FPGA displays video immediately when installed in the correct slot. Sound depends on the DIP Switch setting.

Any diagnostic program can be used to test varying video modes. Other programs, such as games, could also be used. Sound testing can more simply be performed using the Mockingboard Demo disk.

For testing Synetix SuperSprite features, this link https://mirrors.apple2.org.za/ftp.apple.asimov.net/images/hardware/video/StarSprite-SuperSprite-Programs.zip is a ZIP file with images for the Synetix SuperSprite programs. When you unpack it, the Demonstration Disk is probably the best one to use for testing.

== History ==
September 7th, 2023 A2FPGA contacted Henry to discuss their HDMI related project and about ReActiveMicro assisting with distribution and related sales, logistics, and support.

A2FPGA

2024-05-08T07:03:12Z

RMHenry: /* Incompatibilities */

[[Image:A2FPGA-200x400.png|300px|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/3/3f/A2FPGA-200x400.png]]

[[Image:Photoroom_20240316_143943.jpg|thumb|A2FPGA A2N20 v2.0|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/b/b3/Photoroom_20240316_143943.jpg]]

The A2FPGA is primarily an HD video and Mockingboard-compatible sound card for the Apple II, II+, //e, and IIgs. It's a small, Apple II peripheral card that can be installed in any Apple II computer II, II+, //e, IIgs. See Slots below for compatible slot locations by system type. The A2FPGA uses a modern FPGA (field-programmable gate array or "programmable logic") to provide precise timing-accurate interfacing to the Apple II bus. This allows the card to capture all access to Apple II display memory in order to faithfully generate Apple text and graphics in crisp 720p 60Hz HD as well as providing the functionality of a number of popular peripheral cards in a single Apple II slot. The A2FPGA has been tested with Apple II, II+, //e, and IIgs models and brings the classic Apple II experience to a whole new level on any monitor or television.

Product Status: Actively sold by ReActiveMicro.

Support: Post on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME}}|Discussion]] page (link above) or email [http://store.reactivemicro.com/contact-us/ ReActiveMicro Support].

Sales: Visit the [https://www.reactivemicro.com/product/a2fpga-multicard/ ReActiveMicro Store].

== Features ==
As of April 2024 the standard features currently are:
720x480 @ 60Hz HDMI output supporting all Apple II, II+, //e, & IIgs display modes.*
Mockingboard sound compatibility (Slot 4)
Both Apple II system speaker audio AND Mockingboard audio are output to your HDMI display's speakers
Synetix SuperSprite and Ciarcia EZ-Color TMS9918a compatibility (Slot 7)

*If your monitor doesn't support 720x480 resolution, or some older "CCTV" type monitors, then you may not receive video. More common and newer HDMI monitors should not have any issues.
*All functionality is supported simultaneously. Users don’t have to change modes or configuration to switch between features.
*The A2N20-V2 Multicard does NOT connect the INT_IN/INT_OUT or DMA_IN/DMA_OUT daisy chain lines. Systems that have multiple cards which depend on daisy chaining may not function.

Slots: 
II/Plus/e - Any Slot, We recommend Slot 7 for better HDMI cable routing 
IIgs ROM0 - NOT TESTED, But Slot 3 ONLY 
IIgs ROM1 - Slot 3 ONLY 
IIgs ROM3 - Any Slot 1-6 but WILL NOT function in Slot 7 
 
WARNING! This board MUST be installed with the HDMI connector facing the forward keyboard end of the chassis! Failure to do so will result in damage to your Apple II as all bus lines are active.
 
 
NOTE:
*The A2FPGA is fully DMA compliant and cards such as the MicroDrive/Turbo do work with DMA mode enabled.
*If Mockingboard is enabled, NO other card may be physically present in Slot 4. For IIgs, you must set the control panel slot 4 to "My Card"
*The FPGA used on A2FPGA takes ~2 seconds to power on and sync to an HDMI display. During this time the Apple II system is held in RESET, meaning the II will do nothing (not even beep) until the A2FPGA board has been fully setup and synched. The initial Apple II power on "beep" will be missed, but all subsequent Apple II sound can be output to HDMI if SW2 is ON.
*The A2FPGA is NOT an emulator. It is a full and complete implementation of all of the original logic for these hardware components plus bus decoding, memory shadowing, and the full range of video modes for the entire Apple II family. Plus a complete implementation of the TMS-9918A VDP and the SuperSprite and Ciarcia compatible means to hook into it.

=== Incompatibilities ===
* Any peripheral cards installed in Slots 4 or 7 might not work correctly, and other slots should be used. Slot 4 is where the Mockingboard is accessed, and Slot 7 is where the Synetix SuperSprite card is accessed. These options can be disabled with reprogramming the firmware. See [[#Firmware / FPGA Core|Firmware / FPGA Core]] below for firmware options.

* IIgs Ensoniq Sound does NOT get output to the HDMI audio - yet. This is currently in the works and there will be a firmware update available listed below.

== Reviews ==
On May 6th, 2024 Chris Torrence of Assembly Lines posted a review video of the A2FPGA in a IIgs environment. Also shows things like setting up the Control Panel in the IIgs.
{{#ev:youtube|w0WaGExOT14|400|center|Chris Torrence: A2FPGA in the Apple IIGS|frame}}

<hr>

On April 27nd, 2024 Chris Torrence of Assembly Lines posted a review video of the A2FPGA in a II Plus and IIe environment. Chris also reviews and does a firmware update in real time. Skip to [https://youtu.be/Wt-DLSyuBCw?t=596 9:56] to see it and follow along!
{{#ev:youtube|Wt-DLSyuBCw|400|center|Chris Torrence: Can One Apple II Card Replace Them All?|frame}}
{{#ev:youtube|Wt-DLSyuBCw|400|center|The Review Breakdown In 1 Minute|frame|start=921}}

<hr>

On April 22nd, 2024 Joe Strosnider of Joe's Computer Museum posted a review video of the A2FPGA in a IIgs environment. Joe also reviews and does a firmware update in real time. Skip to [https://youtu.be/rM0Phma_B9o?t=901 15:03] to see it and follow along!
{{#ev:youtube|rM0Phma_B9o|400|center|Joe Strosnider: Reviewing the A2FPGA!|frame|start=102}}
{{#ev:youtube|rM0Phma_B9o|400|center|The Review Breakdown In 1 Minute|frame|start=6208}}

== DIP Switch Settings ==
The A2N20v2 has a 4-switch DIP switch that controls the following settings:

SW1: Enable Scanline effect when set to ON (default).
SW2: Enable Apple II speaker sounds via HDMI when set to ON (default).
SW3: Set to ON (default) for Power-on-Reset Hold - Delay Apple II start-up until FPGA is initialized and running.
SW4: Apple IIgs - Set to ON when installed in an Apple IIgs. OFF for II, II+ and II/e systems.

The Mockingboard functionality is directly tied to Slot #4. At present there is no way to override this behavior. In order for the Mockingboard implementation to work properly, no other card may be physically present in Slot 4 on any Apple II system. Further, if you have a IIgs, you must configure slot 4 as "My Card" in the Apple IIgs control panel.

The Synetix SuperSprite functionality is also directly tied to Slot #7. If you intend to use a card in slot #7, you will not be able to access the SuperSprite (TMS-9918A / F18A VDP functions). Additionally, making slot #7 usable for your own card requires that you perform a firmware update using the "NOSPRITE7" version of the firmware located below.

== Firmware / FPGA Core ==
The A2FPGA firmware is easily updated on any PC or Mac and is based on open-source code so that new functionality and bug fixes from the developer community can be added over time.

You can learn more about this exciting project on its public GitHub repository: https://github.com/a2fpga/a2fpga_core.

The team also maintains a presence on X (formerly Twitter) here: https://twitter.com/a2fpga.

=== UPDATING THE A2N20-V2 FPGA FIRMWARE ===

All versions of the firmware for this product are listed below and organized by date.

[https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/3/3c/A2n20v2-04252024.zip A2n20v2-04252024.zip] a2n20v2 Multicard Firmware Version 04-25-2024 (LATEST STABLE RELEASE). Mockingboard and Synetix SuperSprite card ENABLED.
 

[COMING SOON] a2n20v2 Multicard Firmware Version 04-25-2024-NOSPRITE7 (LATEST STABLE RELEASE, NO SUPERSPRITE ON SLOT 7). Mockingboard ENABLED (Slot 4) and Synetix SuperSprite (Slot 7) card DISABLED. NOTE: Use this version of the firmware if you wish to use Slot #7 with any of your other cards. You will not be able to access any of the SuperSprite VDP capabilities, but there are only so many slots available in every Apple II, and many users will want to use storage or other options in Slot 7.

These .ZIP files include the latest stable version of the firmware and a PDF with instructions for performing a firmware update for Windows, Mac and Linux systems. See the review videos above to follow along with a step by step, on screen update process.

== Testing ==
The A2FPGA displays video immediately when installed in the correct slot. Sound depends on the DIP Switch setting.

Any diagnostic program can be used to test varying video modes. Other programs, such as games, could also be used. Sound testing can more simply be performed using the Mockingboard Demo disk.

For testing Synetix SuperSprite features, this link https://mirrors.apple2.org.za/ftp.apple.asimov.net/images/hardware/video/StarSprite-SuperSprite-Programs.zip is a ZIP file with images for the Synetix SuperSprite programs. When you unpack it, the Demonstration Disk is probably the best one to use for testing.

== History ==
September 7th, 2023 A2FPGA contacted Henry to discuss their HDMI related project and about ReActiveMicro assisting with distribution and related sales, logistics, and support.

A2FPGA

2024-05-08T07:02:38Z

RMHenry: /* Incompatibilities */

[[Image:A2FPGA-200x400.png|300px|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/3/3f/A2FPGA-200x400.png]]

[[Image:Photoroom_20240316_143943.jpg|thumb|A2FPGA A2N20 v2.0|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/b/b3/Photoroom_20240316_143943.jpg]]

The A2FPGA is primarily an HD video and Mockingboard-compatible sound card for the Apple II, II+, //e, and IIgs. It's a small, Apple II peripheral card that can be installed in any Apple II computer II, II+, //e, IIgs. See Slots below for compatible slot locations by system type. The A2FPGA uses a modern FPGA (field-programmable gate array or "programmable logic") to provide precise timing-accurate interfacing to the Apple II bus. This allows the card to capture all access to Apple II display memory in order to faithfully generate Apple text and graphics in crisp 720p 60Hz HD as well as providing the functionality of a number of popular peripheral cards in a single Apple II slot. The A2FPGA has been tested with Apple II, II+, //e, and IIgs models and brings the classic Apple II experience to a whole new level on any monitor or television.

Product Status: Actively sold by ReActiveMicro.

Support: Post on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME}}|Discussion]] page (link above) or email [http://store.reactivemicro.com/contact-us/ ReActiveMicro Support].

Sales: Visit the [https://www.reactivemicro.com/product/a2fpga-multicard/ ReActiveMicro Store].

== Features ==
As of April 2024 the standard features currently are:
720x480 @ 60Hz HDMI output supporting all Apple II, II+, //e, & IIgs display modes.*
Mockingboard sound compatibility (Slot 4)
Both Apple II system speaker audio AND Mockingboard audio are output to your HDMI display's speakers
Synetix SuperSprite and Ciarcia EZ-Color TMS9918a compatibility (Slot 7)

*If your monitor doesn't support 720x480 resolution, or some older "CCTV" type monitors, then you may not receive video. More common and newer HDMI monitors should not have any issues.
*All functionality is supported simultaneously. Users don’t have to change modes or configuration to switch between features.
*The A2N20-V2 Multicard does NOT connect the INT_IN/INT_OUT or DMA_IN/DMA_OUT daisy chain lines. Systems that have multiple cards which depend on daisy chaining may not function.

Slots: 
II/Plus/e - Any Slot, We recommend Slot 7 for better HDMI cable routing 
IIgs ROM0 - NOT TESTED, But Slot 3 ONLY 
IIgs ROM1 - Slot 3 ONLY 
IIgs ROM3 - Any Slot 1-6 but WILL NOT function in Slot 7 
 
WARNING! This board MUST be installed with the HDMI connector facing the forward keyboard end of the chassis! Failure to do so will result in damage to your Apple II as all bus lines are active.
 
 
NOTE:
*The A2FPGA is fully DMA compliant and cards such as the MicroDrive/Turbo do work with DMA mode enabled.
*If Mockingboard is enabled, NO other card may be physically present in Slot 4. For IIgs, you must set the control panel slot 4 to "My Card"
*The FPGA used on A2FPGA takes ~2 seconds to power on and sync to an HDMI display. During this time the Apple II system is held in RESET, meaning the II will do nothing (not even beep) until the A2FPGA board has been fully setup and synched. The initial Apple II power on "beep" will be missed, but all subsequent Apple II sound can be output to HDMI if SW2 is ON.
*The A2FPGA is NOT an emulator. It is a full and complete implementation of all of the original logic for these hardware components plus bus decoding, memory shadowing, and the full range of video modes for the entire Apple II family. Plus a complete implementation of the TMS-9918A VDP and the SuperSprite and Ciarcia compatible means to hook into it.

=== Incompatibilities ===
Any peripheral cards installed in Slots 4 or 7 might not work correctly, and other slots should be used. Slot 4 is where the Mockingboard is accessed, and Slot 7 is where the Synetix SuperSprite card is accessed. These options can be disabled with reprogramming the firmware. See [[#Firmware / FPGA Core|Firmware / FPGA Core]] below for firmware options.

IIgs Ensoniq Sound does NOT get output to the HDMI audio - yet. This is currently in the works and there will be a firmware update available listed below.

== Reviews ==
On May 6th, 2024 Chris Torrence of Assembly Lines posted a review video of the A2FPGA in a IIgs environment. Also shows things like setting up the Control Panel in the IIgs.
{{#ev:youtube|w0WaGExOT14|400|center|Chris Torrence: A2FPGA in the Apple IIGS|frame}}

<hr>

On April 27nd, 2024 Chris Torrence of Assembly Lines posted a review video of the A2FPGA in a II Plus and IIe environment. Chris also reviews and does a firmware update in real time. Skip to [https://youtu.be/Wt-DLSyuBCw?t=596 9:56] to see it and follow along!
{{#ev:youtube|Wt-DLSyuBCw|400|center|Chris Torrence: Can One Apple II Card Replace Them All?|frame}}
{{#ev:youtube|Wt-DLSyuBCw|400|center|The Review Breakdown In 1 Minute|frame|start=921}}

<hr>

On April 22nd, 2024 Joe Strosnider of Joe's Computer Museum posted a review video of the A2FPGA in a IIgs environment. Joe also reviews and does a firmware update in real time. Skip to [https://youtu.be/rM0Phma_B9o?t=901 15:03] to see it and follow along!
{{#ev:youtube|rM0Phma_B9o|400|center|Joe Strosnider: Reviewing the A2FPGA!|frame|start=102}}
{{#ev:youtube|rM0Phma_B9o|400|center|The Review Breakdown In 1 Minute|frame|start=6208}}

== DIP Switch Settings ==
The A2N20v2 has a 4-switch DIP switch that controls the following settings:

SW1: Enable Scanline effect when set to ON (default).
SW2: Enable Apple II speaker sounds via HDMI when set to ON (default).
SW3: Set to ON (default) for Power-on-Reset Hold - Delay Apple II start-up until FPGA is initialized and running.
SW4: Apple IIgs - Set to ON when installed in an Apple IIgs. OFF for II, II+ and II/e systems.

The Mockingboard functionality is directly tied to Slot #4. At present there is no way to override this behavior. In order for the Mockingboard implementation to work properly, no other card may be physically present in Slot 4 on any Apple II system. Further, if you have a IIgs, you must configure slot 4 as "My Card" in the Apple IIgs control panel.

The Synetix SuperSprite functionality is also directly tied to Slot #7. If you intend to use a card in slot #7, you will not be able to access the SuperSprite (TMS-9918A / F18A VDP functions). Additionally, making slot #7 usable for your own card requires that you perform a firmware update using the "NOSPRITE7" version of the firmware located below.

== Firmware / FPGA Core ==
The A2FPGA firmware is easily updated on any PC or Mac and is based on open-source code so that new functionality and bug fixes from the developer community can be added over time.

You can learn more about this exciting project on its public GitHub repository: https://github.com/a2fpga/a2fpga_core.

The team also maintains a presence on X (formerly Twitter) here: https://twitter.com/a2fpga.

=== UPDATING THE A2N20-V2 FPGA FIRMWARE ===

All versions of the firmware for this product are listed below and organized by date.

[https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/3/3c/A2n20v2-04252024.zip A2n20v2-04252024.zip] a2n20v2 Multicard Firmware Version 04-25-2024 (LATEST STABLE RELEASE). Mockingboard and Synetix SuperSprite card ENABLED.
 

[COMING SOON] a2n20v2 Multicard Firmware Version 04-25-2024-NOSPRITE7 (LATEST STABLE RELEASE, NO SUPERSPRITE ON SLOT 7). Mockingboard ENABLED (Slot 4) and Synetix SuperSprite (Slot 7) card DISABLED. NOTE: Use this version of the firmware if you wish to use Slot #7 with any of your other cards. You will not be able to access any of the SuperSprite VDP capabilities, but there are only so many slots available in every Apple II, and many users will want to use storage or other options in Slot 7.

These .ZIP files include the latest stable version of the firmware and a PDF with instructions for performing a firmware update for Windows, Mac and Linux systems. See the review videos above to follow along with a step by step, on screen update process.

== Testing ==
The A2FPGA displays video immediately when installed in the correct slot. Sound depends on the DIP Switch setting.

Any diagnostic program can be used to test varying video modes. Other programs, such as games, could also be used. Sound testing can more simply be performed using the Mockingboard Demo disk.

For testing Synetix SuperSprite features, this link https://mirrors.apple2.org.za/ftp.apple.asimov.net/images/hardware/video/StarSprite-SuperSprite-Programs.zip is a ZIP file with images for the Synetix SuperSprite programs. When you unpack it, the Demonstration Disk is probably the best one to use for testing.

== History ==
September 7th, 2023 A2FPGA contacted Henry to discuss their HDMI related project and about ReActiveMicro assisting with distribution and related sales, logistics, and support.

A2FPGA

2024-05-08T06:43:44Z

RMHenry: /* Reviews */

[[Image:A2FPGA-200x400.png|300px|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/3/3f/A2FPGA-200x400.png]]

[[Image:Photoroom_20240316_143943.jpg|thumb|A2FPGA A2N20 v2.0|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/b/b3/Photoroom_20240316_143943.jpg]]

The A2FPGA is primarily an HD video and Mockingboard-compatible sound card for the Apple II, II+, //e, and IIgs. It's a small, Apple II peripheral card that can be installed in any Apple II computer II, II+, //e, IIgs. See Slots below for compatible slot locations by system type. The A2FPGA uses a modern FPGA (field-programmable gate array or "programmable logic") to provide precise timing-accurate interfacing to the Apple II bus. This allows the card to capture all access to Apple II display memory in order to faithfully generate Apple text and graphics in crisp 720p 60Hz HD as well as providing the functionality of a number of popular peripheral cards in a single Apple II slot. The A2FPGA has been tested with Apple II, II+, //e, and IIgs models and brings the classic Apple II experience to a whole new level on any monitor or television.

Product Status: Actively sold by ReActiveMicro.

Support: Post on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME}}|Discussion]] page (link above) or email [http://store.reactivemicro.com/contact-us/ ReActiveMicro Support].

Sales: Visit the [https://www.reactivemicro.com/product/a2fpga-multicard/ ReActiveMicro Store].

== Features ==
As of April 2024 the standard features currently are:
720x480 @ 60Hz HDMI output supporting all Apple II, II+, //e, & IIgs display modes.*
Mockingboard sound compatibility (Slot 4)
Both Apple II system speaker audio AND Mockingboard audio are output to your HDMI display's speakers
Synetix SuperSprite and Ciarcia EZ-Color TMS9918a compatibility (Slot 7)

*If your monitor doesn't support 720x480 resolution, or some older "CCTV" type monitors, then you may not receive video. More common and newer HDMI monitors should not have any issues.
*All functionality is supported simultaneously. Users don’t have to change modes or configuration to switch between features.
*The A2N20-V2 Multicard does NOT connect the INT_IN/INT_OUT or DMA_IN/DMA_OUT daisy chain lines. Systems that have multiple cards which depend on daisy chaining may not function.

Slots: 
II/Plus/e - Any Slot, We recommend Slot 7 for better HDMI cable routing 
IIgs ROM0 - NOT TESTED, But Slot 3 ONLY 
IIgs ROM1 - Slot 3 ONLY 
IIgs ROM3 - Any Slot 1-6 but WILL NOT function in Slot 7 
 
WARNING! This board MUST be installed with the HDMI connector facing the forward keyboard end of the chassis! Failure to do so will result in damage to your Apple II as all bus lines are active.
 
 
NOTE:
*The A2FPGA is fully DMA compliant and cards such as the MicroDrive/Turbo do work with DMA mode enabled.
*If Mockingboard is enabled, NO other card may be physically present in Slot 4. For IIgs, you must set the control panel slot 4 to "My Card"
*The FPGA used on A2FPGA takes ~2 seconds to power on and sync to an HDMI display. During this time the Apple II system is held in RESET, meaning the II will do nothing (not even beep) until the A2FPGA board has been fully setup and synched. The initial Apple II power on "beep" will be missed, but all subsequent Apple II sound can be output to HDMI if SW2 is ON.
*The A2FPGA is NOT an emulator. It is a full and complete implementation of all of the original logic for these hardware components plus bus decoding, memory shadowing, and the full range of video modes for the entire Apple II family. Plus a complete implementation of the TMS-9918A VDP and the SuperSprite and Ciarcia compatible means to hook into it.

=== Incompatibilities ===
Any peripheral cards installed in Slots 4 or 7 might not work correctly, and other slots should be used. Slot 4 is where the Mockingboard is accessed, and Slot 7 is where the Synetix SuperSprite card is accessed. These options can be disabled with reprogramming the firmware. See [[#Firmware / FPGA Core|Firmware / FPGA Core]] below for firmware options.

== Reviews ==
On May 6th, 2024 Chris Torrence of Assembly Lines posted a review video of the A2FPGA in a IIgs environment. Also shows things like setting up the Control Panel in the IIgs.
{{#ev:youtube|w0WaGExOT14|400|center|Chris Torrence: A2FPGA in the Apple IIGS|frame}}

<hr>

On April 27nd, 2024 Chris Torrence of Assembly Lines posted a review video of the A2FPGA in a II Plus and IIe environment. Chris also reviews and does a firmware update in real time. Skip to [https://youtu.be/Wt-DLSyuBCw?t=596 9:56] to see it and follow along!
{{#ev:youtube|Wt-DLSyuBCw|400|center|Chris Torrence: Can One Apple II Card Replace Them All?|frame}}
{{#ev:youtube|Wt-DLSyuBCw|400|center|The Review Breakdown In 1 Minute|frame|start=921}}

<hr>

On April 22nd, 2024 Joe Strosnider of Joe's Computer Museum posted a review video of the A2FPGA in a IIgs environment. Joe also reviews and does a firmware update in real time. Skip to [https://youtu.be/rM0Phma_B9o?t=901 15:03] to see it and follow along!
{{#ev:youtube|rM0Phma_B9o|400|center|Joe Strosnider: Reviewing the A2FPGA!|frame|start=102}}
{{#ev:youtube|rM0Phma_B9o|400|center|The Review Breakdown In 1 Minute|frame|start=6208}}

== DIP Switch Settings ==
The A2N20v2 has a 4-switch DIP switch that controls the following settings:

SW1: Enable Scanline effect when set to ON (default).
SW2: Enable Apple II speaker sounds via HDMI when set to ON (default).
SW3: Set to ON (default) for Power-on-Reset Hold - Delay Apple II start-up until FPGA is initialized and running.
SW4: Apple IIgs - Set to ON when installed in an Apple IIgs. OFF for II, II+ and II/e systems.

The Mockingboard functionality is directly tied to Slot #4. At present there is no way to override this behavior. In order for the Mockingboard implementation to work properly, no other card may be physically present in Slot 4 on any Apple II system. Further, if you have a IIgs, you must configure slot 4 as "My Card" in the Apple IIgs control panel.

The Synetix SuperSprite functionality is also directly tied to Slot #7. If you intend to use a card in slot #7, you will not be able to access the SuperSprite (TMS-9918A / F18A VDP functions). Additionally, making slot #7 usable for your own card requires that you perform a firmware update using the "NOSPRITE7" version of the firmware located below.

== Firmware / FPGA Core ==
The A2FPGA firmware is easily updated on any PC or Mac and is based on open-source code so that new functionality and bug fixes from the developer community can be added over time.

You can learn more about this exciting project on its public GitHub repository: https://github.com/a2fpga/a2fpga_core.

The team also maintains a presence on X (formerly Twitter) here: https://twitter.com/a2fpga.

=== UPDATING THE A2N20-V2 FPGA FIRMWARE ===

All versions of the firmware for this product are listed below and organized by date.

[https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/3/3c/A2n20v2-04252024.zip A2n20v2-04252024.zip] a2n20v2 Multicard Firmware Version 04-25-2024 (LATEST STABLE RELEASE). Mockingboard and Synetix SuperSprite card ENABLED.
 

[COMING SOON] a2n20v2 Multicard Firmware Version 04-25-2024-NOSPRITE7 (LATEST STABLE RELEASE, NO SUPERSPRITE ON SLOT 7). Mockingboard ENABLED (Slot 4) and Synetix SuperSprite (Slot 7) card DISABLED. NOTE: Use this version of the firmware if you wish to use Slot #7 with any of your other cards. You will not be able to access any of the SuperSprite VDP capabilities, but there are only so many slots available in every Apple II, and many users will want to use storage or other options in Slot 7.

These .ZIP files include the latest stable version of the firmware and a PDF with instructions for performing a firmware update for Windows, Mac and Linux systems. See the review videos above to follow along with a step by step, on screen update process.

== Testing ==
The A2FPGA displays video immediately when installed in the correct slot. Sound depends on the DIP Switch setting.

Any diagnostic program can be used to test varying video modes. Other programs, such as games, could also be used. Sound testing can more simply be performed using the Mockingboard Demo disk.

For testing Synetix SuperSprite features, this link https://mirrors.apple2.org.za/ftp.apple.asimov.net/images/hardware/video/StarSprite-SuperSprite-Programs.zip is a ZIP file with images for the Synetix SuperSprite programs. When you unpack it, the Demonstration Disk is probably the best one to use for testing.

== History ==
September 7th, 2023 A2FPGA contacted Henry to discuss their HDMI related project and about ReActiveMicro assisting with distribution and related sales, logistics, and support.

A2FPGA

2024-05-06T22:13:30Z

RMHenry: /* Features */

A2FPGA

2024-05-06T22:13:05Z

RMHenry:

A2FPGA

2024-05-06T22:12:32Z

RMHenry:

Mockingboard

2024-05-04T00:37:18Z

RMHenry: /* Downloadable Files */

[[Image:Title_Mockingboard.svg|440px|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/c/cb/Title_Mockingboard.svg]]

[[Image:2018-03-28-ReActiveMicro-Mockingboard-v2.2-Assembled-Wiki.png|thumb|Mockingboard v2.2 Current version from ReActiveMicro|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/5/5e/2018-03-28-ReActiveMicro-Mockingboard-v2.2-Assembled-Wiki.png]]

The[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mockingboard Mockingboard]is a 6 voice sound card for the Apple II/II ''plus'', IIe, IIGS family of computers. The sound card was originally designed by Sweet Micro Systems. In 2005 [[ReActiveMicro]] (then called GSE-Reactive) was the first company to reproduce a clone of the board called "Mockingboard v1.0". Since then ReActiveMicro has released several versions of the Mockingboard in both assembled and kit forms.

Product Status: Actively sold by ReActiveMicro.

Support: Post on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME}}|Discussion]] page (link above) or email [https://www.reactivemicro.com/contact-us/ ReActiveMicro Support].

Sales: Visit the [https://www.reactivemicro.com/shop/ ReActiveMicro Store].

==Installation==
Thanks for your support by purchasing your Mockingboard from ReActiveMicro! To install your Mockingboard reference the [[#Documentation, Files, and Software|User's Manual links]] at the bottom of the page. Generally the board is installed in Slot 4. The 2 Pin Audio Cable can be connected to your Apple II motherboard and to the 2 pin header on the lower left of the Mockingboard labeled "MB Speaker". When you reboot or power on the Apple II you should hear the "beep" over your speakers. If you do not, reverse the 2 pin cable and try again. The sound is only able to transfer with the cable connected one way.

For the Apple IIGS be sure to set your system on "Normal" speed in the Control Panel or the board will not work correctly.

Speech Chip option: The top socket is the primary socket when installing the chip. It is generally labeled SC-02, Arctic-02, SSI-263P, SSI-263AP, or 78A263A-P. The jumper on the "Stereo Speech" 2 pin header allows speech output to both speakers if a Speech Chip is installed. Removing the jumper sends speech only to one speaker.

==Kit Assembly==
The parts included with your v2.2 kit and the PCB have basic labels. There are 315 pads which need to be soldered. Those with intermediate knowledge should have little trouble assembling the kit from just these labels. The images of the Mockingboard can also be used for reference or determine orientation, such as the diodes.

<gallery class="center" widths=400px heights=260px>
File:2018-01-31-ReActiveMicro-Mockingboard-v2.1-Kit-Wiki.jpg|v2.1 of The Mockingboard Kit.
</gallery>

'''Note:''' Some care needs to be taken when installing capacitors and diodes.

If your kit includes Aluminum or Tantalum capacitors, or "caps" for short, then be sure to install them in the correct orientation. The PCB will be clearly marked with "+" signs for all cap locations when the orientation of the part matters, or a polarized part is normally used. Sometimes a non-polarized part is used in place of a polarized one and then its orientation does not matter. However install a polarized cap backwards and you will damage it. An Aluminum Electrolytic will have a strip pointing to the NEGATIVE end lead. A Tantalum Electrolytic will generally have a marking or stripe to denote (not always pointing to) the POSITIVE lead.

All caps will have value markings on them. "106" is 10uF, and "104" is .1uF. 10uF is also physically a lot larger than .1uF. This should help identify the two ceramic caps in the kit. They along with the Electrolytic caps can also clearly be seen in the assembled pic above.

A diode also has a marking on it, and needs to be installed correctly as it only allows current to flow in one direction. Install it backwards and you won't usually damage it, however the circuit will no longer operate as intended. They can also clearly be seen in the assembled pic above.

'''Show below are example illustrations of different caps, a diode, and their related markings.'''

<gallery class="center" widths=400px heights=250px>
File:Caps_Chart.svg|Caps Markings|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/d/d1/Caps_Chart.svg
File:Diode_Anatomy.svg|Diode Markings|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/e/e9/Diode_Anatomy.svg
</gallery>

Your kit may include resistors. If so they could be the less precise "4 band" style which are typically 5% tolerance. Or the more precise "4 band" style which are typically 1% tolerance. Here are some charts on how to read them to help make matching locations on your PCB more easy.

<gallery class="center" widths=400px heights=400px>
File:4_Band_Resistor_Chart.svg|4-band Resistor Markings
File:5_Band_Resistor_Chart.svg|5-band Resistor Markings
</gallery>

The "MB Sound" connection on the card can be connected with a 2 pin cable to the Apple II motherboard. Disconnect the II's speaker and connect the 2 pin cable to the motherboard and Mockingboard. Turn on the Apple II and if you hear the system beep through your speakers then the cable is connected correctly. If no sound is heard then reverse one of the cable connections and reconnect. If still no sound is heard then there is an issue with the cable or Mockingboard.

Here are the assembly instructions for your reference. These are good to use if you want something local or to print out while soldering.

<div class="new_window">
<gallery class="center" widths=80px heights=80>
File:PDF_ICON.svg|Mockingboard Assembly Guide PDF 2019|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/2/24/Mockingboard_Assembly_Guide_2019.pdf
</gallery>
</div>

{{#ev:youtube|watch?v=rbI527j5LV4&feature=youtu.be&t=1m40s|600|center|Joe Strosnider Livestream Assembly Of The Mockingboard v2.1 And Review|frame}}
On February 8th, 2018 Joe Strosnider made an assembly and review of the Mockingboard v2.1 Kit. He gives some very good feedback and shows his own assembly of the project. The kit is so simple to assemble with some basic knowledge that as Joe states at 59:46 he just dives in without reading this wiki page or the assembly instructions and has little issue completing his work.

{{#ev:youtube|WgBCwFeyD7g|600|center|Chris Torrence's Assembly And Overview Of The Mockingboard v2.1|frame}}
On February 20th, 2018 Chris Torrence's Assembly Lines #62 video podcast did a review of the Mockingboard v2.1. He doesn't show full assembly like Joe Strosnider does, but it's still a good video to learn more in depth about the project and parts as well as mods, pics, and testing.

== Software Titles That Support Sound and Speech ==
We will likely add a table here to better outline all the known titles. However, for now it is best to reference this site:
http://www.applevault.com/hardware/sweet_micro_systems/mockingboard/

== History ==
The Mockingboard v1 was the first project ReActiveMicro started with in September 2005. After a bit of market research there seemed be enough demand to warrant this project. The board itself also seemed like a good candidate since it was a simple design, 2 layer PCB, and used standard parts which were still easily sourceable.

Henry disassembled the originally produced Mockingboard and noted what all the parts were. Bill was involved with starting the CAD layout, however he wasn't able to finish, so Henry took over and completed the project. Bill also helped with updating the design from an RCA Audio Cable to a 3.5mm Jack. He is also credited with the concept to add the 3.5mm Jack to the rear side of the IIe, which allows a more simple and shorter cable connection. Henry is credited with adding the II speaker input jack circuit to the board.

==Notable Mentions==
Henry's work on the Mockingboard project is mentioned in "Sophistication and Simplicity. The Life and Times of the Apple II Computer” by Steven Weyhrich. On page 171 Steven writes "In 2005, Henry Courbis of ReactiveMicro.com produced a fully functioning modern clone of the Mockingboard C, called the Mockingboard v1, selling it for $60. Since he was not equipped for large-scale production and had delays in meeting demand for it, another enterprising hacker, Tom Arnold, produced a clone of the clone in 2010, and sold it through the ReactiveMicro website as the Mockingboard v1a."

Steven however got most of this wrong. For starters there is no "large-scale" anything in the Apple II Community anymore, and this includes demand. Henry had 50 PCBs of the Mockingboard v1 produced, assembled most by hand, and sold the rest as kits. They took almost a year to complete selling. Selling 3-4 boards a month was about the average. Henry wanted to start the [[Phasor]] clone project after but was delayed due to other business opportunities. Demand started to grow again and in 2010 is when Tom Arnold said he would be making some more boards to help fill the need in the Community.

==Versions==
[[Image:MB v1 GSE.jpg|thumb|Mockingboard v1 from GSE-Reactive]]
In late 2005 ReActiveMicro (then called GSE-Reactive) produced a clone of the board called "Mockingboard v1". ReActiveMicro sold the Mockingboard v1 in fully assembled, or in user-assemblable "kit" form. There were about 50 units produced and sold. The silkscreen shows "GSE-Reactive.com" on the lower front.

<gallery class="center" widths=300px caption="More Pics Of The Mockingboard Project">
File:Mockingboard_v1_Proto.png|The First Mockingboard v1 Proto
File:Mockingboard_v1_Kit1.JPG|The Mockingboard v1 in Kit form. From about early 2006.
File:Mockingboard_v1_Kit2.JPG|The Mockingboard v1 in Kit form. From about early 2006.
</gallery>

[[Image:MBv1a-1.jpg|thumb|Mockingboard v1a from ReActiveMicro]]
In late 2010 Tom Arnold of philosophyofsound.com approached Henry about making a new run of boards. Tom used the ReActiveMicro design but relabeled it as "Mockingboard v1a". About 40 units were produced. The silkscreen shows "ReactiveMicro.com" on the lower front. Ulitmate-Micro helped distribute these boards via the UltimateApple2.com Store. Tom also sold some units himself.

[[Image:IMG_20160108_124830_1-Fixed.jpg|thumb|Mockingboard v1a from Ultimate-Micro]]
Although still called "Mockingboard v1", in 2015 Tom had another batch of boards made, but this later run has the "UM" logo on it and shows "UltimateApple2.com" and "ReActiveMicro.com" on the lower front. About 30 units were produced.

On October 9th, 2017 Henry relayedout the Mockingboard and incremented the version to v2.1. He also made some mods which is a jumper to allow stereo speech output from a single speech chip. No programs ever used the second speech chip option, so the mod allows better speech output sound. Henry also fixed the reversed channel issue on all previous Mockingboard clones. This version of the board was released for sale as assembled units and kits on January 31st, 2018. v2.0 was released as GERBER files to several people in the Community, however no one ever used the files to make more boards, which prompted the v2.1 "official" ReActiveMicro release.
<gallery class="center" widths=300px>
File:2018-03-10-ReActiveMicro-Slider-Mockingboard1.jpg|The Mockingboard v2.1 in Assembled form.|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/c/cc/2018-03-10-ReActiveMicro-Slider-Mockingboard1.jpg
File:2018-01-31-ReActiveMicro-Mockingboard-v2.1-Kit-Wiki.jpg|The Mockingboard v2.1 in Kit form.
</gallery>

On February 28th, 2018 Henry relayedout the Mockingboard and incoremented the version to v2.2. The only change was removal of the stereo speech output jumper. The connection is now defaulted on and made using a trace which can be cut by the user and the header pins and jumper can be added if they wish to reconnect the circuit.
<gallery class="center" widths=300px>
File:2018-03-28-ReActiveMicro-Mockingboard-v2.2-Assembled-Wiki.png|The Mockingboard v2.2 in Assembled form.
</gallery>

== Known Design Issues ==
A few design issues have been discovered over the years in the ReActiveMicro Mockingboards.

On [https://www.facebook.com/groups/5251478676/permalink/10157620999923677/ June 15th, 2018 a user reported] they receive no sound output from their II motherboard. It seems II, II ''plus'' and the Europlus systems are affected. When the sound circuit was being designed no one from the Community was willing to help advise or assist with testing. So there does seem to be an issue affecting some early II systems as noted. This will be addressed in future versions of the design.

In 2016 Chris Torrence discovered that the 3.5mm Audio Jack was wired backwards. This is evident all the way back to the GarberStreet schematic (upper right schematic area, linked below) of the Mockingboard from 2004. v2.1 fixed this issue. Tom Arnold has since devised a work-around mod that Chris demonstrates in a video. In all the years of the Mockingboard being sold no one noticed this issue until Chris did.

All ReActiveMicro Mockingboards up to v2.1 have a cross-channel audio issue as part of the Apple II speaker input circuit Henry designed in 2005. The issue is left and right Mockingboard audio channels get mixed together and can not be distinguished very clearly. Chris also demonstrates this fix in a video. Again, in all the years of the Mockingboard being sold no one noticed this issue until Chris did. v2.2 has this fix standard.

Chris Torrence has a few Assembly Lines videos that can be found on YouTube addressing the different issues listed above. He has been a big help in improving the Mockingboard design and helping the Community, and ReActiveMicro for one thanks him for his time and efforts.

<center>
{{#ev:youtube|ZJcy34_rT70|400|inline|Assembly Lines #22: Mockingboard v1a from Ultimate-Micro|frame}}{{#ev:youtube|Ermg5BLPfj8|400|inline|Assembly Lines #23: Mockingboard v1a Mods #1|frame}}{{#ev:youtube|HnG0ovQa-nk|400|inline|Assembly Lines #24: Mockingboard v1a Mods #2|frame}}
</center>

Also noteworthy, but which does not affect ReActiveMicro designs, is a known "Reset Bug" with some early slot-based Mockingboard designs as originally documented by Michael J. Mahon in CALL-A.P.P.L.E. (12/1983). There is a chance the AY Sound Generators will be "stuck" on and producing sound when a program crashes or the Apple II is reset. This is due to no Apple II system /RESET signal being sent to the AY Sound Generators. To resolve this issue two diodes need to be installed, one on each of the AY Sound Generator's Pin 21, to the Apple II's /RESET line. The diodes will allow reset of the AY Sound Generators without running a special program to do so. The Diodes are of course necessary to prevent a system reset from occurring when software wants to reset just the AY Sound Generators through the VIA's PB2 line. All ReActiveMicro Mockingboards have this fix standard, as does the original Mockingboard C from which the clone design and schematic originates.

== Downloadable Files ==

<center>[[Image:SubTitle_Mockingboard.svg|340px|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/0/08/SubTitle_Mockingboard.svg ]]</center>

<gallery class="center" widths=150px heights=80>
File:PDF_ICON.svg|Manual|link=http://www.downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/Mockingboard_v1/Mockingboard-v1a-Docs.pdf
File:Floppy_Icon_514bare.svg|v1 Test Disk 1/2|link=http://www.downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/Mockingboard_A/Software/mockingboard1.dsk
File:Floppy_Icon_514bare.svg|v1 Test Disk 2/2|link=http://www.downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/Mockingboard_A/Software/mockingboard2.dsk
File:Mockingboard_Schematic-Garber.gif|Schematic by Bill Garber
File:Mockingboard_Schematic_Arnold.pdf|Schematic by Tom Arnold

File:PNG_ICON.svg|Desktop Wallpaper 4096*2304|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/d/d5/Mockingboard_4096x2304K.png

<gallery class="center" widths=150px heights=80 caption="More Pics, Docs, Software, and Info>
File:RM_Icon_File_Server.svg|A Folder|link=http://www.downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/Mockingboard_A/
File:RM_Icon_File_Server.svg|D Folder|link=http://www.downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/Mockingboard_D/
File:RM_Icon_File_Server.svg|M Folder|link=http://www.downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/Mockingboard_M/
File:RM_Icon_File_Server.svg|Sound & Speech I Folder|link=http://www.downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/Mockingboard_Sound-Speech_I/
File:RM_Icon_File_Server.svg|v1 Folder|link=http://www.downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/Mockingboard_v1/
</gallery>
</div>

[[Category:Hardware]]
[[Category:Apple]]
[[Category:ReActiveMicro Projects]]

Tom Charlesworth's MB-Audit project: https://github.com/tomcw/mb-audit
This project (released as an Apple II disk image) includes a suit of diagnostic tests that exercise real Mockingboard (and Phasor) hardware to identify any faults in all components on the card: 6522s, AY-3-8913s, SC-01 & SSI263s.

It is regularly updated, and the AppleWin emulator is kept in lock-step with these tests too.

A2FPGA

2024-05-04T00:11:22Z

RMHenry:

Mockingboard

2024-04-30T07:32:53Z

RMHenry: /* Downloadable Files */

A2FPGA

2024-04-28T22:28:58Z

RMHenry:

File:A2n20v2-04252024.zip

2024-04-28T22:28:27Z

RMHenry: Firmware version 04-25-2024 for the a2n20-v2 Multicard by A2FPGA.

== Summary ==
Firmware version 04-25-2024 for the a2n20-v2 Multicard by A2FPGA.

A2FPGA

2024-04-28T22:26:18Z

RMHenry:

A2FPGA

2024-04-28T21:35:13Z

RMHenry:

A2FPGA

2024-04-28T21:33:18Z

RMHenry:

A2FPGA

2024-04-28T21:32:15Z

RMHenry:

A2FPGA

2024-04-28T21:29:23Z

RMHenry:

A2FPGA

2024-04-28T03:18:40Z

RMHenry: