The ReActiveMicro Apple II Wiki - User contributions [en]

A2FPGA

2024-12-30T21:30:38Z

Khaibitgfx:

[[Image:Title_a2n20.svg|700px|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/1/1c/Title_a2n20.svg]]

[[Image:Photoroom_20240316_143943.jpg|thumb|A2FPGA A2N20 v2.0|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/b/b3/Photoroom_20240316_143943.jpg]]

The A2FPGA is a remarkable innovation for the Apple II ecosystem, blending vintage computing with modern technology. This compact peripheral card transforms your Apple II, II+, //e, or IIgs into an HDMI-capable machine, enabling crisp 480p 60Hz HD output. By leveraging an FPGA, the A2FPGA precisely mimics the original timing of the Apple II bus, ensuring faithful reproduction of text and graphics.

But the A2FPGA doesn't stop at video enhancements—it also integrates the functionality of the classic Mockingboard sound card. This means it delivers high-quality audio compatible with a variety of software titles, bringing both visual and auditory fidelity to a new level.

Occupying just a single slot, it consolidates multiple features, effectively revitalizing your vintage hardware and making it accessible on modern displays. Whether you're an Apple II enthusiast looking to relive old memories or a tech hobbyist exploring retro computing, the A2FPGA bridges the gap between the past and the present beautifully.

Product Status: Actively sold by ReActiveMicro.

Support: Post on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME}}|Discussion]] page (link above) or email [http://store.reactivemicro.com/contact-us/ ReActiveMicro Support].

Sales: Visit the [https://www.reactivemicro.com/product/a2fpga-multicard/ ReActiveMicro Store].

Open Source: Visit the [https://github.com/a2fpga/a2fpga_core A2FPGA Core on GitHub].

== Features ==
As of April 2024 the standard features currently are:
720x480 @ 60Hz HDMI output supporting all Apple II, II+, //e, & IIgs display modes.*
Mockingboard sound compatibility (Slot 4)
Both Apple II system speaker audio AND Mockingboard audio are output to your HDMI display's speakers
Synetix SuperSprite and Ciarcia EZ-Color TMS9918a compatibility (Slot 7)

*If your monitor doesn't support 720x480 resolution, or some older "CCTV" type monitors, then you may not receive video. More common and newer HDMI monitors should not have any issues.
*All functionality is supported simultaneously. Users don’t have to change modes or configuration to switch between features.
*The A2N20-V2 Multicard does NOT connect the INT_IN/INT_OUT or DMA_IN/DMA_OUT daisy chain lines. Systems that have multiple cards which depend on daisy chaining may not function.

Slots: 
II/Plus/e - Any Slot, We recommend Slot 7 for better HDMI cable routing 
IIgs ROM0 - NOT TESTED, But Slot 3 ONLY 
IIgs ROM1 - Slot 3 ONLY* 
IIgs ROM3 - Any Slot 1-6 but WILL NOT function in Slot 7 
*A user can use the A2FPGA in any slot in the ROM1 IIgs if they install a jumper wire mod from Slot 3, pin 35, to whichever slot they want to use the card, pin 35.
 
WARNING! This board MUST be installed with the HDMI connector facing the forward keyboard end of the chassis! Failure to do so will result in damage to your Apple II as all bus lines are active.
 
 
NOTE:
*The A2FPGA is fully DMA compliant and cards such as the MicroDrive/Turbo do work with DMA mode enabled.
*If Mockingboard is enabled, NO other card may be physically present in Slot 4. For IIgs, you must set the control panel slot 4 to "My Card"
*The FPGA used on A2FPGA takes ~2 seconds to power on and sync to an HDMI display. During this time the Apple II system is held in RESET, meaning the II will do nothing (not even beep) until the A2FPGA board has been fully setup and synched. The initial Apple II power on "beep" will be missed, but all subsequent Apple II sound can be output to HDMI if SW2 is ON.
*The A2FPGA is NOT an emulator. It is a full and complete implementation of all of the original logic for these hardware components plus bus decoding, memory shadowing, and the full range of video modes for the entire Apple II family. Plus a complete implementation of the TMS-9918A VDP and the SuperSprite and Ciarcia compatible means to hook into it.
*TMS-9918A VDP: A complete implementation of the original V1 F18A Core (created by Matt Haggerty). 16K RAM is allocated to the VDP. That is implemented 100% in the FPGA.

=== Incompatibilities & Issues ===

* [https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/8-bit-shack/undead-a-new-apple-role-player-game Undead by 8-Bit-Shack]- please update to the latest firmware that fixes the double-lores mode that the game uses. It should work fine with the latest firmware.

* Any peripheral cards installed in Slots 4 or 7 might not work correctly, and other slots should be used. Slot 4 is where the Mockingboard is accessed, and Slot 7 is where the Synetix SuperSprite card is accessed. These options can be disabled with reprogramming the firmware. See [[#Firmware / FPGA Core|Firmware / FPGA Core]] below for firmware options.

* IIgs Ensoniq Sound does NOT get output to the HDMI audio - yet. This is currently in the works and there will be a firmware update available listed below.

* Users have encountered issues when routing the output of the A2N20-V2 MultiCard through various video capture devices due to differing supported video modes. The recommended workaround is to use an HDMI audio embedder/extractor device, which forces the output packets to be re-encoded correctly for video capture devices. A successfully tested example is the SIIG device available on [https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B07HNM2F1Q Amazon]. Another option is to use an HDMI output splitter. We have tested this model available at Amazon [https://www.amazon.com/dp/B092VJXGJ6?th=1] and it works well. Other less expensive options have not performed as well. The team is working on a potential firmware update or other possible solution to improve compatibility with video capture cards in the future and this page will be updated as new information becomes available.

* BuGS and GS.Pacman might show some sprite issues when playing with elements disappearing. The IIgs has the ability to do set scan line interrupts that trigger when a video line is being output. This allows the software developer to time their writes to the screen after the raster is sent to the monitor. What this means is that game software can erase and redraw the graphics elements without flickering. Very few original IIgs games used this technique but it is more common with modern IIgs games. A fix is currently being researched for the few titles that are affected. A list will be maintained here for easy reference.
*BuGS
*GS.Pacman

== KansasFest 2024 ==

On July 27th, 2024, the A2FPGA team presented at KansasFest 2024 and the video of the presentation is here:

{{#ev:youtube|gJXZZJZc5gI|400|center|KansasFest 2024: Making of the A2FPGA|frame}}

== Reviews ==
On June 08th, 2024 Lon.TV posted a review video of the A2FPGA in a IIe environment. A IIgs review is planned in the future.
{{#ev:youtube|EZbnXDUP9Ys|400|center|Lon.TV: Adding an FPGA for HDMI and Audio with the A2FPGA|frame}}

<hr>

On May 6th, 2024 Chris Torrence of Assembly Lines posted a review video of the A2FPGA in a IIgs environment. Also shows things like setting up the Control Panel in the IIgs.
{{#ev:youtube|w0WaGExOT14|400|center|Chris Torrence: A2FPGA in the Apple IIGS|frame}}

<hr>

On April 27nd, 2024 Chris Torrence of Assembly Lines posted a review video of the A2FPGA in a II Plus and IIe environment. Chris also reviews and does a firmware update in real time. Skip to [https://youtu.be/Wt-DLSyuBCw?t=596 9:56] to see it and follow along!
{{#ev:youtube|Wt-DLSyuBCw|400|center|Chris Torrence: Can One Apple II Card Replace Them All?|frame}}
{{#ev:youtube|Wt-DLSyuBCw|400|center|The Review Breakdown In 1 Minute|frame|start=921}}

<hr>

On April 22nd, 2024 Joe Strosnider of Joe's Computer Museum posted a review video of the A2FPGA in a IIgs environment. Joe also reviews and does a firmware update in real time. Skip to [https://youtu.be/rM0Phma_B9o?t=901 15:03] to see it and follow along!
{{#ev:youtube|rM0Phma_B9o|400|center|Joe Strosnider: Reviewing the A2FPGA!|frame|start=102}}
{{#ev:youtube|rM0Phma_B9o|400|center|The Review Breakdown In 1 Minute|frame|start=6208}}

== DIP Switch Settings ==
The A2N20v2 has a 4-switch DIP switch that controls the following settings:

SW1: Enable Scanline effect when set to ON (default).
SW2: Enable Apple II speaker sounds via HDMI when set to ON (default).
SW3: Set to ON (default) for Power-on-Reset Hold - Delay Apple II start-up until FPGA is initialized and running.
SW4: Apple IIgs - Set to ON when installed in an Apple IIgs. OFF for II, II+ and II/e systems.

The Mockingboard functionality is directly tied to Slot #4. At present there is no way to override this behavior. In order for the Mockingboard implementation to work properly, no other card may be physically present in Slot 4 on any Apple II system. Further, if you have a IIgs, you must configure slot 4 as "My Card" in the Apple IIgs control panel.

The Synetix SuperSprite functionality is also directly tied to Slot #7. If you intend to use a card in slot #7, you will not be able to access the SuperSprite (TMS-9918A / F18A VDP functions). Additionally, making slot #7 usable for your own card requires that you perform a firmware update using the "NOSPRITE7" version of the firmware located below.

== Firmware / FPGA Core ==
The A2FPGA firmware is easily updated on any PC or Mac and is based on open-source code so that new functionality and bug fixes from the developer community can be added over time.

You can learn more about this exciting project on its public GitHub repository: https://github.com/a2fpga/a2fpga_core.

The team also maintains a presence on X (formerly Twitter) here: https://twitter.com/a2fpga.

=== UPDATING THE A2N20-V2 FPGA FIRMWARE ===

https://github.com/a2fpga/a2fpga_core/releases/tag/12-14-2024: The latest (12-14-2024) firmware builds for the a2n20v2 Multicard. Please note that all firmware is now available via the Releases area at the GitHub repository link. The release includes a README.pdf file containing important, step-by-step instructions for updating your a2n20v2 Multicard. Users should read this document completely prior to attempting to update their firmware as there are now more options available and the process has slightly changed. Five (5) variant builds are now included in this release and there is now a new series of options that include the Apple Super Serial Card functionality on Slot 2:

a2n20v2-12-14-2024-DEFAULT.fs ---> HD Video, SSC Slot 2, Mockingboard Slot 4, SuperSprite Slot 7

a2n20v2-12-14-2024-MB4.fs ---> HD Video, Mockingboard Slot 4 - No Other Features

a2n20v2-12-14-2024-SSC2-MB4.fs ---> HD Video, SSC Slot 2, Mockingboard Slot 4 - No Other Features

a2n20v2-12-14-2024-SSC2.fs ---> HD Video, SSC Slot 2 - No Other Features

a2n20v2-12-14-2024-VIDEO-ONLY.fs ---> HD Video Only, No Other Features

The main project repository with all open source code for the project is here: https://github.com/a2fpga/a2fpga_core

RELEASE NOTES:

This release fully updates the Mockingboard implementation for 100% compatibility with mbaudit 1.52-1.55 (https://github.com/tomcw/mb-audit). A2FPGA now successfully passes ALL mbaudit tests.

All prior versions of the firmware for this product are listed below and organized by date:

https://github.com/a2fpga/a2fpga_core/releases/tag/10-12-2024: The 10-12-2024 firmware builds for the an220v2 Multicard. Please note that all firmware is available via the Releases area at the GitHub repository link. The release includes a README.pdf file containing important, step-by-step instructions for updating your a2n20v2 Multicard. Users should read this document completely prior to attempting to update their firmware as there are now more options available and the process has slightly changed. Five (5) variant builds are included in this release and there are several options that include the Apple Super Serial Card functionality on Slot 2:

a2n20v2-10-12-2024-DEFAULT.fs ---> HD Video, SSC Slot 2, Mockingboard Slot 4, SuperSprite Slot 7

a2n20v2-10-12-2024-MB4.fs ---> HD Video, Mockingboard Slot 4 - No Other Features

a2n20v2-10-12-2024-SSC2-MB4.fs ---> HD Video, SSC Slot 2, Mockingboard Slot 4 - No Other Features

a2n20v2-10-12-2024-SSC2.fs ---> HD Video, SSC Slot 2 - No Other Features

a2n20v2-10-12-2024-VIDEO-ONLY.fs ---> HD Video Only, No Other Features

https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/e/e9/A2fpga-08-17-2024-FIRMWARE.zip: The a2n20v2 Multicard Firmware Version 08-17-2024 (PRIOR STABLE RELEASE, DEFAULT, NOSPRITE7, and VIDEO-ONLY BUILDS). NOTE: This ZIP file contains the latest DEFAULT, NOSPRITE7, and VIDEO-ONLY builds of the firmware. DEFAULT enables Mockingboard in Slot #4 and Synetix SuperSprite in Slot #7. NO OTHER BOARDS MAY BE PRESENT IN THESE SLOTS USING THE DEFAULT FIRMWARE. If you require the use of Slot #7, and do not plan to work with the Synetix SuperSprite functionality, we recommend that you install the NOSPRITE7 build of the firmware contained in this Zip file as it has been tested to properly function with the Reactive Microdrive Turbo in slot 7. If you only wish to use A2FPGA for high-quality video output of all Apple II video modes, we recommend the VIDEO-ONLY build. The README.pdf file contained in the ZIP file includes detailed instructions, release notes, and more information to help you choose the correct build for your configuration and flash it into your a2n20-v2 Multicard - please read it completely before attempting to flash your firmware.

https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/5/59/A2n20v2-04252024-ALL.zip: The a2n20v2 Multicard Firmware Version 04-25-2024 (PRIOR STABLE RELEASE, DEFAULT and NOSPRITE7 BUILDS). NOTE: This ZIP file contains BOTH the DEFAULT and NOSPRITE7 builds of the firmware. DEFAULT enables Mockingboard in Slot #4 and Synetix SuperSprite in Slot #7. NO OTHER BOARDS MAY BE PRESENT IN THESE SLOTS USING THE DEFAULT FIRMWARE. If you require the use of Slot #7, and do not plan to work with the Synetix SuperSprite functionality, we recommend that you install the NOSPRITE7 build of the firmware contained in this Zip file as it has been tested to properly function with the Reactive Microdrive Turbo in slot 7. The README.pdf file contained in the ZIP file includes detailed instructions and more information to help you choose the correct build for your configuration and flash it into your a2n20-v2 Multicard - please read it completely before attempting to flash your firmware.

== Known Compatibility Issues ==
Apple //e Users who install ROMXce -AND- A2Heaven FastChip //e Accelerators have reported issues when used in combination with A2FPGA. At this time, this combination is UNSUPPORTED. Please note that no issues have been reported with Transwarp-based accelerators, this issue only manifests with the FastChip //e. Also note that ROMX, ROMXce, and ROMX+ all appear to operate correctly with the A2FPGA. This conflict is NOT an issue with the ROMXce or ROMX+, rather it is an issue with the operation of the A2Heaven FastChip //e.

The GBBS bulletin board system employs a highly customized super serial card device driver and it has been confirmed that GBBS may only function properly with the VIDEO-ONLY version of the firmware in some configurations. At this time, we recommend that if users plan to operate a BBS with GBBS, the simplest solution is to use the VIDEO-ONLY version of the firmware on the A2FPGA. This will eliminate all potential conflicts with any other cards in the system while enabling high-quality HD video output for the Apple II on a modern display.

== Testing ==
The A2FPGA displays video immediately when installed in the correct slot. Sound depends on the DIP Switch setting.

Any diagnostic program can be used to test varying video modes. Other programs, such as games, could also be used. Sound testing can more simply be performed using the Mockingboard Demo disk.

For testing Synetix SuperSprite features, this link https://mirrors.apple2.org.za/ftp.apple.asimov.net/images/hardware/video/StarSprite-SuperSprite-Programs.zip is a ZIP file with images for the Synetix SuperSprite programs. When you unpack it, the Demonstration Disk is probably the best one to use for testing.

== History ==
September 7th, 2023 A2FPGA contacted Henry to discuss their HDMI related project and about ReActiveMicro assisting with distribution and related sales, logistics, and support.

Phasor

2024-12-20T21:56:22Z

Khaibitgfx: /* Downloadable Files */

[[Image:Title_Phasor_Sound_Card.svg|440px|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/9/9c/Title_Phasor_Sound_Card.svg]]

[[Image:IMG_20190713_161320401_HDR-Wiki-tiny.png|thumb|ReActiveMicro Phasor v1.0|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/f/f3/IMG_20190713_161320401_HDR-Wiki-tiny.png ]]

The Phasor is a 12 voice sound card for the Apple II, II ''plus'', IIe and IIGS. Originally designed by Applied Engineering (aka - AE).

The Phasor is usually seen as one [[Mockingboard_v1|Mockingboard]] by programs which support the Mockingboard. Some programs can even see the Phasor as two Mockingboards, which allow for all 12 voices to be used. Other programs will directly support the Phasor, however the list is much smaller than those that support the Mockingboard.

In 2016 Tom Arnold worked with [[ReActiveMicro]] to reproduce a clone of the board called "FAZOR" v1.0beta. On June 6th, 2019 ReActiveMicro released their own v1.0 Phasor expansion card. This is what is currently offered for sale.

WIKI Info: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phasor_%28sound_synthesizer%29 Phasor]

Product Status: Actively sold by ReActiveMicro.

Support: Post on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME}}|Discussion]] page (link above) or email [https://store.reactivemicro.com/contact-us/ ReActiveMicro Support].

Sales: Visit the [https://store.reactivemicro.com/shop/ ReActiveMicro Store].

'''Future Developments:''' RM is ''actively'' working on v2 which will use custom logic to emulate the ICs.

==Kit Assembly==
The Phasor Sound Card Kit is a total of 465 pads or "solder joints". It takes about 1 hour or less to fully assemble a kit if you have a decent iron, flux, and solder. The parts included with your kit and the PCB have basic labels. Those with even basic knowledge should have little trouble assembling the kit from the labels on the parts, the bags, and the PCB. The images here of the assembled card can also be used for reference or to determine orientation, such as the diodes.

To assemble your kit we recommend adding parts in groups and then soldering them. This will be the fastest way to assemble the kit rather than adding one part at a time then soldering it.
* Start with the small passive parts like caps and resistors. Some of the location labels will be hard to see if you start with the sockets or other parts. Each time a part is added you can simply bend over a leg on each side to help hold the part to the PCB which allows the board to be turned over and prevents parts from falling out. It is most simple to load all the parts in groups and then solder and clip the legs as needed.
* Once the passive parts are installed next should be the IC sockets. When a socket is loaded on the board bending the corner pins of the sockets helps hole it to the PCB which allows group loading and soldering. The sockets are all the same thickness. So if you solder on a flat surface then this will also help hold all the sockets flat to the PCB and give a more uniform appearance when completed. '''Be sure ALL pin 1 'notches' '''are facing the correct way! See the silk screen markings on the PCB to ensure the correct orientation.
* End with the larger parts, like jacks, the large cap, and the header pins. Don't bend over the jack legs or pin legs as they will be too stiff. The jack's legs are prebent also which should help hold it to the PCB. The rest you may need to hold the parts in place as you solder a few pins before you can group solder.

{{#ev:youtube|rKruhFEpX6E|400|center|Alexander Jacocks: Phasor Build - Part 1|frame}} {{#ev:youtube|hS_skJ8cjaU|400|center|Alexander Jacocks: Phasor Build - Part 2|frame}}
On April 10th, 2021 Alexander Jacocks posted a build video of the Phasor v1.0 Apple II Sound Card Kit. He goes in to some detail about the card, and reviews the PCB and shows the full assembly. About an hour later he has an assembled and working board.

{{#ev:youtube|ICPE9AL-OcM|400|center|Old Computer Fun!: Assembling the ReactiveMicro Phasor clone for the Apple II|frame}}
On August 16th, 2020 Old Computer Fun! posted a build video of the Phasor v1.0 Apple II Sound Card Kit. At 10:26 he points out a potential pitfall with cap. Well worth noting.

{{#ev:youtube|QrVqP6GTYQs|400|center|Chris Torrence: Assembly Lines #112: Apple II Phasor (Mockingboard) Sound Card Kit|frame}}

On April 24th, 2020 Chris Torrence posted a build video of the Phasor v1.0 Apple II Sound Card Kit. He even shows one of the possible mistakes (LS245 backwards). A good vid to review before building your kit! We highly recommend watching it before starting your kit as well as fully reviewing this Wiki page.

'''Note: ''' A good loupe (magnifying glass) is recommended for helping identify and confirm parts, like the markings on some small caps. It also helps with solder joint inspection. An illuminated 40 x 25mm and a 35 x 50mm loupe are well worth the investment and can be had for about $10 each on eBay.

'''Some care needs to be taken when installing capacitors and diodes.'''

If your kit includes Aluminum or Tantalum capacitors, or "caps" for short, then be sure to install them in the correct orientation. The PCB will be clearly marked with "+" signs for all cap locations when the orientation of the part matters, or a polarized part is normally used. Sometimes a non-polarized part is used in place of a polarized one and then its orientation does not matter. However install a polarized cap backwards and you will damage it. An Aluminum Electrolytic will have a strip pointing to the NEGATIVE end lead. A Tantalum Electrolytic will generally have a marking or stripe to denote (not always pointing to) the POSITIVE lead.
* Install the 10uF Aluminum caps at locations C17 and C27. Be sure to install correctly as they are polarized.

All caps will have value markings on them. "106" is 10uF, and "104" is .1uF. 10uF is also typically physically larger than .1uF. This should help identify the ceramic caps in the kit. They along with the Electrolytic caps can also clearly be seen in the assembled pic above.
* Install a 47pF cap at location "C3 (COLOR TRIM)". This can be from any of the two pads on the right to the one pad on the left.

A diode also has a marking on it, and needs to be installed correctly as it only allows current to flow in one direction. Install it backwards and you won't usually damage it, however the circuit will no longer operate as intended. They can also clearly be seen in the assembled pic above.
* Install the diode at location CR1. Be sure to install with the line side down (towards the "A" row).

'''Show below are example illustrations of different caps, a diode, and their related markings.'''

<gallery class="center" widths=400px heights=250px>
File:Caps_Chart.svg|Caps Markings|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/d/d1/Caps_Chart.svg
File:Diode_Anatomy.svg|Diode Markings|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/e/e9/Diode_Anatomy.svg
</gallery>

Your kit also includes resistors. They should be the less precise "4 band" style which are typically 5% tolerance. You can also use the more precise "5 band" style which are typically 1% tolerance. Here are some charts on how to read them to help make matching locations on your PCB more easy.

<gallery class="center" widths=400px heights=400px>
File:4_Band_Resistor_Chart.svg|4-band Resistor Markings
File:5_Band_Resistor_Chart.svg|5-band Resistor Markings
</gallery>

== Software Titles That Support Sound and Speech ==
We will likely add a table here to better outline all the known titles. However, for now it is best to reference this site:
http://www.applevault.com/hardware/sweet_micro_systems/mockingboard/

== History ==
The Phasor was the second project collaboration between Tom Arnold of philosophyofsound.com and Henry from ReActiveMicro. After a bit of market research there seemed be enough demand to warrant this project. Previously Tom had worked on and released a clone of the [[Mockingboard_v1|Mockingboard]]. This project however would be more difficult since the Phasor uses two PAL devices.

About mid-February 2013 Henry sent Tom a Phasor to depopulate and start the cloning process as Henry was planning to be busy with other non-Apple II related business till about 2014. Tom produced a schematic and then relaid out a new PCB for alpha testing. This would allow testing of the schematic and new components.

Tom worked with the project in his spare time during 2013 and 2014. There was no major rush in the project since Ultimate-Micro still had stock of the Mockingboard v1a they were selling. Not much was done with the project till about mid-2015, after the Mockingboard v1a stock was liquidated.

During the whole process Tom had been trying to copy the protected PAL devices. After several weeks Tom managed to produce a good copy of "PH1". "PH2" however proved to be a lot harder to copy. Henry sent the PH2 device to JammArcade.net who specializes in duplicating older PAL devices. After several weeks they managed to produce a working copy about the very end of 2015.

From 2016 till 2019 Tom Arnold didn't produce any more Phasors. Henry decided to have more units produced with the main goal of also supplying kits. On April 4th 2019 Henry started working on the Phasor v1.0 project. He scanned the PCB, produced new CAD files, and revised the component layout and BOM. The main changes to the project compared to AE was to remove the old RCA audio jacks and use a more common 3.5mm jack, and to remove the thumbwheel potentiometers which set the output volume. The output volume is now hardset at a suitable level for use with amplified speakers most commonly found with desktop PCs.

== Phasor Versions ==
Applied Engineering released the original Phasor in 1984, and it's believed all these early boards are marked "Rev. E" and are missing the 74LS245 near the card's edge connector. This "Rev. F" is from about 1986 and has the 74LS245. It's believed the change was due to a possible issue with the newer IIGS. From a design standpoint it should have been on the card to begin with to comply with Apple's specs as it drives the data bus.

<gallery class="center" widths=300px>
File:P_20180916_112027_vHDR_Auto-Wiki.png|Applied Engineering Phasor.
</gallery>

At the very end of June 2016 Tom sent ReActiveMicro a working Fazor v1.0 Beta clone for testing and to include in their raffle at [[KFEST 2016]].

<gallery class="center" widths=300px>
File:Fazor_v1.0beta_Face.png|Fazor v1.0 Beta from ReActiveMicro.
</gallery>

<gallery class=center" widths=300px>
File:Fazor_v1.0beta_Face_Marking.jpg|The front "beta" marking on the Fazor.
File:Fazor_v1.0beta_Face_RM_Marking.jpg|The "ReActiveMicro" marking on the Fazor.
File:Fazor_v1.0beta_Rear_Beta_Markings.jpg|The rear "beta" and "Tom" markings on the Fazor.
</gallery>

The Phasor v1.0 is the current release of the project. Three exact 1-to-1 sample boards were produced to prove the CAD files and Bill of Materials was correct and factory assembly wasn't an issue. After that the pots were removed and resistors added to set the output volume level. Also removed were the RCA connectors and a more common 3.5mm audio jack was installed. This allows standard desktop speakers to be used.

<gallery class="center" widths=300px caption="Phasor v1.0.x From ReActiveMicro">
File:IMG_20190606_092101451-Wiki-tiny.png|The Phasor v1.0.0. Only three with audio pots were produced.
File:IMG_20190713_161320401_HDR-Wiki-tiny.png|The Phasor v1.0.1. The audio pots were replaced with resistors.
</gallery>

This is the proto project for v2 of the project. It will be based on an FPGA and allow the board to be produced more cheaply when the 6522 and AY-3-8913 ICs become more scarce. However it probably won't be able to be offered in kit form.

<gallery class="center" widths=300px caption="The Phasor v2 Alpha PCB">
File:Phasor_v2_Alpha1.jpg|First Alpha Design
File:Phasor_v2.A.1.jpg|Second Alpha Design
</gallery>

== Reviews & Examples ==
{{#ev:youtube|Bs9G21110B8|400|right|Nox Archaist Music Files|frame}}
Here is a good example of the Phasor in use playing the music for the game Nox Archaist.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

{{#ev:youtube|QrVqP6GTYQs|400|right|Chris Torrence: Assembly Lines #112: Apple II Phasor (Mockingboard) Sound Card Kit|frame}}
On April 24th, 2020 Chris Torrence posted a build video of the Phasor v1.0 Apple II Sound Card Kit. He shows how simple and fun this kit can be, as well as a finished product. He even shows one of the possible mistakes (LS245 backwards). A good vid to review before building your kit!

{{#ev:youtube|dlV_-0jvLFE|400|right|Chris Torrence: Assembly Lines #97: Phasor Apple II Sound Card|frame}}
On June 6th, 2019 Chris Torrence posted a review about the Phasor v1.0 Apple II Sound Card. He shows it working with several different programs, and discusses the features and benefit verses the Mockingboard.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

==ICs Of The Phasor==
The main control of the [http://www.cpcwiki.eu/index.php/Datasheet_AY-8913 AY-3-8913 Sound Generator ICs] is controlled by the 6522 Versatile Interface Adapter (VIA). The Apple II sends commands to the VIAs and the VIAs are connected in a way to send packages of instructions to the Programmable Sound Generators (PSG), and the PSGs produce audio.

The Apple II clock is phase shifted by 180 degrees on the Phasor using an RC Network and a 74HCT02. Part of the Apple II Audio Input circuit is also routed through the 74HCT02.

The SSI-263AP Speech Synthesis IC is not controlled by the VIAs, but is controlled by the onboard GALs. The GALs also produce clock for the PSGs and help control the VIAs.

==FPGA Emulation Of Analog ICs==
At the heart of the Phasor v2 sound card project is the emulation of the 6522 VIA's and AY-3-8913 Sound Generator ICs.

The FPGA reproduces audio using the same techniques as the Sound Generators. The Digital to Analog Converter (DAC) takes the commands from the 6522 part of the code and modulates the output accordingly. Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) is responsible for mixing and levels. The audio produced is very close to analog. The only real difference is the analog parts of the AY-3-8913 Sound Generator are never the same from IC to IC whereas they are always the same from FPGA to FPGA. The analog audio from the Sound Generators tends to be more "warm" however the audio from the FPGA tends to be more clear. Some high tones tend to be lower or washed out in analog when compared to digital samples. This could also be related to poor design of the filter circuits on the original AE Phasor.

==OpAmp And Audio Mixer Circuit==
The mixer circuits on the original AE Phasor were not of the best design. Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) and other related noise, channel bleed, and voltage level issues can all be heard on the original card. The Analog and Digital ground separation is also not of the best design. All of these issues were addressed on the ReActiveMicro project.

RFI tends to be heard with CPU, bus, and drive operation and can sound like clicks or slight beeps of varying tones. It's mostly heard when there is no or low audio and the volume is turned up or headphones are used. Channel bleed can be hard when audio is being played in one channel and silence in the other, and can make audio sound more mono or distorted in some cases. Voltage level issues tend to lead to some things sounding louder or softer than others. For example the speech IC tends to sound louder than sound effects or music.

In the Phasor v2 project the second speech IC option was removed since it was unused by all programs and even the test program. There was no known way to test it, although now mb-audit exists (see below) which includes tests for both SSI263 chips. In the current Phasor project the right and left channels for speech are combined for mono output which sounds a lot better than the original signal channel, and the voltage level was normalized to better match the audio output.

== Downloadable Files ==
This is the original AE Phasor test software. It is very limited in what it tests, and due to these limits development of the Phasor v2 project has been delayed. It has been very difficult to find and fix issues as a result. Most of the test software project is actually very simple as the code exists in all the original test programs. Now mb-audit exists (see below) which contains many Phasor-specific tests.

<div class="new_window">
<gallery class="center" widths=150px heights=80 caption="SERVER FILES">

File:RM_Icon_File_Server.svg|Software|link=http://www.downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/Phasor/Software/
File:RM_Icon_File_Server.svg|Assorted Files|link=http://www.downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/Phasor/
File:RM_Icon_File_Server.svg|Test files - Tom Porter|link=https://www.dropbox.com/s/jz6emstwvouan2z/MIDI%20To%20PHASOR.zip?dl=0
</gallery>
</div>

<div class="new_window">
<gallery class="center" widths=150px heights=80 caption="PRINTABLE DOCUMENTS">

File:PDF_ICON.svg|File:2018-06-09_-_Eric_Rangell_-_ProgrammingThePhasor_-_v1.5.pdf|Programming The Phasor: Part 1|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/4/4b/2018-06-09_-_Eric_Rangell_-_ProgrammingThePhasor_-_v1.5.pdf
File:PDF_ICON.svg|File:Phasor_Programming_Supplement.pdf|Programming The Phasor: Part 2|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/2/21/Phasor_Programming_Supplement.pdf
File:PDF_ICON.svg|Manual v1.4 2024|link= https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/5/50/Phasor_Manual_v1.4_2024.pdf</gallery>
</div>

[[Category:Hardware]]
[[Category:Apple]]
[[Category:ReActiveMicro Projects]]

Tom Charlesworth's MB-Audit project: https://github.com/tomcw/mb-audit

This project (released as an Apple II disk image) includes a suit of diagnostic tests that exercise real Mockingboard (and Phasor) hardware to identify any faults in all components on the card: 6522s, AY-3-8913s, SC-01 & SSI263s.

It is regularly updated, and the AppleWin emulator is kept in lock-step with these tests too.

Phasor

2024-12-20T21:53:27Z

Khaibitgfx: /* Downloadable Files */

[[Image:Title_Phasor_Sound_Card.svg|440px|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/9/9c/Title_Phasor_Sound_Card.svg]]

[[Image:IMG_20190713_161320401_HDR-Wiki-tiny.png|thumb|ReActiveMicro Phasor v1.0|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/f/f3/IMG_20190713_161320401_HDR-Wiki-tiny.png ]]

The Phasor is a 12 voice sound card for the Apple II, II ''plus'', IIe and IIGS. Originally designed by Applied Engineering (aka - AE).

The Phasor is usually seen as one [[Mockingboard_v1|Mockingboard]] by programs which support the Mockingboard. Some programs can even see the Phasor as two Mockingboards, which allow for all 12 voices to be used. Other programs will directly support the Phasor, however the list is much smaller than those that support the Mockingboard.

In 2016 Tom Arnold worked with [[ReActiveMicro]] to reproduce a clone of the board called "FAZOR" v1.0beta. On June 6th, 2019 ReActiveMicro released their own v1.0 Phasor expansion card. This is what is currently offered for sale.

WIKI Info: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phasor_%28sound_synthesizer%29 Phasor]

Product Status: Actively sold by ReActiveMicro.

Support: Post on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME}}|Discussion]] page (link above) or email [https://store.reactivemicro.com/contact-us/ ReActiveMicro Support].

Sales: Visit the [https://store.reactivemicro.com/shop/ ReActiveMicro Store].

'''Future Developments:''' RM is ''actively'' working on v2 which will use custom logic to emulate the ICs.

==Kit Assembly==
The Phasor Sound Card Kit is a total of 465 pads or "solder joints". It takes about 1 hour or less to fully assemble a kit if you have a decent iron, flux, and solder. The parts included with your kit and the PCB have basic labels. Those with even basic knowledge should have little trouble assembling the kit from the labels on the parts, the bags, and the PCB. The images here of the assembled card can also be used for reference or to determine orientation, such as the diodes.

To assemble your kit we recommend adding parts in groups and then soldering them. This will be the fastest way to assemble the kit rather than adding one part at a time then soldering it.
* Start with the small passive parts like caps and resistors. Some of the location labels will be hard to see if you start with the sockets or other parts. Each time a part is added you can simply bend over a leg on each side to help hold the part to the PCB which allows the board to be turned over and prevents parts from falling out. It is most simple to load all the parts in groups and then solder and clip the legs as needed.
* Once the passive parts are installed next should be the IC sockets. When a socket is loaded on the board bending the corner pins of the sockets helps hole it to the PCB which allows group loading and soldering. The sockets are all the same thickness. So if you solder on a flat surface then this will also help hold all the sockets flat to the PCB and give a more uniform appearance when completed. '''Be sure ALL pin 1 'notches' '''are facing the correct way! See the silk screen markings on the PCB to ensure the correct orientation.
* End with the larger parts, like jacks, the large cap, and the header pins. Don't bend over the jack legs or pin legs as they will be too stiff. The jack's legs are prebent also which should help hold it to the PCB. The rest you may need to hold the parts in place as you solder a few pins before you can group solder.

{{#ev:youtube|rKruhFEpX6E|400|center|Alexander Jacocks: Phasor Build - Part 1|frame}} {{#ev:youtube|hS_skJ8cjaU|400|center|Alexander Jacocks: Phasor Build - Part 2|frame}}
On April 10th, 2021 Alexander Jacocks posted a build video of the Phasor v1.0 Apple II Sound Card Kit. He goes in to some detail about the card, and reviews the PCB and shows the full assembly. About an hour later he has an assembled and working board.

{{#ev:youtube|ICPE9AL-OcM|400|center|Old Computer Fun!: Assembling the ReactiveMicro Phasor clone for the Apple II|frame}}
On August 16th, 2020 Old Computer Fun! posted a build video of the Phasor v1.0 Apple II Sound Card Kit. At 10:26 he points out a potential pitfall with cap. Well worth noting.

{{#ev:youtube|QrVqP6GTYQs|400|center|Chris Torrence: Assembly Lines #112: Apple II Phasor (Mockingboard) Sound Card Kit|frame}}

On April 24th, 2020 Chris Torrence posted a build video of the Phasor v1.0 Apple II Sound Card Kit. He even shows one of the possible mistakes (LS245 backwards). A good vid to review before building your kit! We highly recommend watching it before starting your kit as well as fully reviewing this Wiki page.

'''Note: ''' A good loupe (magnifying glass) is recommended for helping identify and confirm parts, like the markings on some small caps. It also helps with solder joint inspection. An illuminated 40 x 25mm and a 35 x 50mm loupe are well worth the investment and can be had for about $10 each on eBay.

'''Some care needs to be taken when installing capacitors and diodes.'''

If your kit includes Aluminum or Tantalum capacitors, or "caps" for short, then be sure to install them in the correct orientation. The PCB will be clearly marked with "+" signs for all cap locations when the orientation of the part matters, or a polarized part is normally used. Sometimes a non-polarized part is used in place of a polarized one and then its orientation does not matter. However install a polarized cap backwards and you will damage it. An Aluminum Electrolytic will have a strip pointing to the NEGATIVE end lead. A Tantalum Electrolytic will generally have a marking or stripe to denote (not always pointing to) the POSITIVE lead.
* Install the 10uF Aluminum caps at locations C17 and C27. Be sure to install correctly as they are polarized.

All caps will have value markings on them. "106" is 10uF, and "104" is .1uF. 10uF is also typically physically larger than .1uF. This should help identify the ceramic caps in the kit. They along with the Electrolytic caps can also clearly be seen in the assembled pic above.
* Install a 47pF cap at location "C3 (COLOR TRIM)". This can be from any of the two pads on the right to the one pad on the left.

A diode also has a marking on it, and needs to be installed correctly as it only allows current to flow in one direction. Install it backwards and you won't usually damage it, however the circuit will no longer operate as intended. They can also clearly be seen in the assembled pic above.
* Install the diode at location CR1. Be sure to install with the line side down (towards the "A" row).

'''Show below are example illustrations of different caps, a diode, and their related markings.'''

<gallery class="center" widths=400px heights=250px>
File:Caps_Chart.svg|Caps Markings|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/d/d1/Caps_Chart.svg
File:Diode_Anatomy.svg|Diode Markings|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/e/e9/Diode_Anatomy.svg
</gallery>

Your kit also includes resistors. They should be the less precise "4 band" style which are typically 5% tolerance. You can also use the more precise "5 band" style which are typically 1% tolerance. Here are some charts on how to read them to help make matching locations on your PCB more easy.

<gallery class="center" widths=400px heights=400px>
File:4_Band_Resistor_Chart.svg|4-band Resistor Markings
File:5_Band_Resistor_Chart.svg|5-band Resistor Markings
</gallery>

== Software Titles That Support Sound and Speech ==
We will likely add a table here to better outline all the known titles. However, for now it is best to reference this site:
http://www.applevault.com/hardware/sweet_micro_systems/mockingboard/

== History ==
The Phasor was the second project collaboration between Tom Arnold of philosophyofsound.com and Henry from ReActiveMicro. After a bit of market research there seemed be enough demand to warrant this project. Previously Tom had worked on and released a clone of the [[Mockingboard_v1|Mockingboard]]. This project however would be more difficult since the Phasor uses two PAL devices.

About mid-February 2013 Henry sent Tom a Phasor to depopulate and start the cloning process as Henry was planning to be busy with other non-Apple II related business till about 2014. Tom produced a schematic and then relaid out a new PCB for alpha testing. This would allow testing of the schematic and new components.

Tom worked with the project in his spare time during 2013 and 2014. There was no major rush in the project since Ultimate-Micro still had stock of the Mockingboard v1a they were selling. Not much was done with the project till about mid-2015, after the Mockingboard v1a stock was liquidated.

During the whole process Tom had been trying to copy the protected PAL devices. After several weeks Tom managed to produce a good copy of "PH1". "PH2" however proved to be a lot harder to copy. Henry sent the PH2 device to JammArcade.net who specializes in duplicating older PAL devices. After several weeks they managed to produce a working copy about the very end of 2015.

From 2016 till 2019 Tom Arnold didn't produce any more Phasors. Henry decided to have more units produced with the main goal of also supplying kits. On April 4th 2019 Henry started working on the Phasor v1.0 project. He scanned the PCB, produced new CAD files, and revised the component layout and BOM. The main changes to the project compared to AE was to remove the old RCA audio jacks and use a more common 3.5mm jack, and to remove the thumbwheel potentiometers which set the output volume. The output volume is now hardset at a suitable level for use with amplified speakers most commonly found with desktop PCs.

== Phasor Versions ==
Applied Engineering released the original Phasor in 1984, and it's believed all these early boards are marked "Rev. E" and are missing the 74LS245 near the card's edge connector. This "Rev. F" is from about 1986 and has the 74LS245. It's believed the change was due to a possible issue with the newer IIGS. From a design standpoint it should have been on the card to begin with to comply with Apple's specs as it drives the data bus.

<gallery class="center" widths=300px>
File:P_20180916_112027_vHDR_Auto-Wiki.png|Applied Engineering Phasor.
</gallery>

At the very end of June 2016 Tom sent ReActiveMicro a working Fazor v1.0 Beta clone for testing and to include in their raffle at [[KFEST 2016]].

<gallery class="center" widths=300px>
File:Fazor_v1.0beta_Face.png|Fazor v1.0 Beta from ReActiveMicro.
</gallery>

<gallery class=center" widths=300px>
File:Fazor_v1.0beta_Face_Marking.jpg|The front "beta" marking on the Fazor.
File:Fazor_v1.0beta_Face_RM_Marking.jpg|The "ReActiveMicro" marking on the Fazor.
File:Fazor_v1.0beta_Rear_Beta_Markings.jpg|The rear "beta" and "Tom" markings on the Fazor.
</gallery>

The Phasor v1.0 is the current release of the project. Three exact 1-to-1 sample boards were produced to prove the CAD files and Bill of Materials was correct and factory assembly wasn't an issue. After that the pots were removed and resistors added to set the output volume level. Also removed were the RCA connectors and a more common 3.5mm audio jack was installed. This allows standard desktop speakers to be used.

<gallery class="center" widths=300px caption="Phasor v1.0.x From ReActiveMicro">
File:IMG_20190606_092101451-Wiki-tiny.png|The Phasor v1.0.0. Only three with audio pots were produced.
File:IMG_20190713_161320401_HDR-Wiki-tiny.png|The Phasor v1.0.1. The audio pots were replaced with resistors.
</gallery>

This is the proto project for v2 of the project. It will be based on an FPGA and allow the board to be produced more cheaply when the 6522 and AY-3-8913 ICs become more scarce. However it probably won't be able to be offered in kit form.

<gallery class="center" widths=300px caption="The Phasor v2 Alpha PCB">
File:Phasor_v2_Alpha1.jpg|First Alpha Design
File:Phasor_v2.A.1.jpg|Second Alpha Design
</gallery>

== Reviews & Examples ==
{{#ev:youtube|Bs9G21110B8|400|right|Nox Archaist Music Files|frame}}
Here is a good example of the Phasor in use playing the music for the game Nox Archaist.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

{{#ev:youtube|QrVqP6GTYQs|400|right|Chris Torrence: Assembly Lines #112: Apple II Phasor (Mockingboard) Sound Card Kit|frame}}
On April 24th, 2020 Chris Torrence posted a build video of the Phasor v1.0 Apple II Sound Card Kit. He shows how simple and fun this kit can be, as well as a finished product. He even shows one of the possible mistakes (LS245 backwards). A good vid to review before building your kit!

{{#ev:youtube|dlV_-0jvLFE|400|right|Chris Torrence: Assembly Lines #97: Phasor Apple II Sound Card|frame}}
On June 6th, 2019 Chris Torrence posted a review about the Phasor v1.0 Apple II Sound Card. He shows it working with several different programs, and discusses the features and benefit verses the Mockingboard.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

==ICs Of The Phasor==
The main control of the [http://www.cpcwiki.eu/index.php/Datasheet_AY-8913 AY-3-8913 Sound Generator ICs] is controlled by the 6522 Versatile Interface Adapter (VIA). The Apple II sends commands to the VIAs and the VIAs are connected in a way to send packages of instructions to the Programmable Sound Generators (PSG), and the PSGs produce audio.

The Apple II clock is phase shifted by 180 degrees on the Phasor using an RC Network and a 74HCT02. Part of the Apple II Audio Input circuit is also routed through the 74HCT02.

The SSI-263AP Speech Synthesis IC is not controlled by the VIAs, but is controlled by the onboard GALs. The GALs also produce clock for the PSGs and help control the VIAs.

==FPGA Emulation Of Analog ICs==
At the heart of the Phasor v2 sound card project is the emulation of the 6522 VIA's and AY-3-8913 Sound Generator ICs.

The FPGA reproduces audio using the same techniques as the Sound Generators. The Digital to Analog Converter (DAC) takes the commands from the 6522 part of the code and modulates the output accordingly. Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) is responsible for mixing and levels. The audio produced is very close to analog. The only real difference is the analog parts of the AY-3-8913 Sound Generator are never the same from IC to IC whereas they are always the same from FPGA to FPGA. The analog audio from the Sound Generators tends to be more "warm" however the audio from the FPGA tends to be more clear. Some high tones tend to be lower or washed out in analog when compared to digital samples. This could also be related to poor design of the filter circuits on the original AE Phasor.

==OpAmp And Audio Mixer Circuit==
The mixer circuits on the original AE Phasor were not of the best design. Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) and other related noise, channel bleed, and voltage level issues can all be heard on the original card. The Analog and Digital ground separation is also not of the best design. All of these issues were addressed on the ReActiveMicro project.

RFI tends to be heard with CPU, bus, and drive operation and can sound like clicks or slight beeps of varying tones. It's mostly heard when there is no or low audio and the volume is turned up or headphones are used. Channel bleed can be hard when audio is being played in one channel and silence in the other, and can make audio sound more mono or distorted in some cases. Voltage level issues tend to lead to some things sounding louder or softer than others. For example the speech IC tends to sound louder than sound effects or music.

In the Phasor v2 project the second speech IC option was removed since it was unused by all programs and even the test program. There was no known way to test it, although now mb-audit exists (see below) which includes tests for both SSI263 chips. In the current Phasor project the right and left channels for speech are combined for mono output which sounds a lot better than the original signal channel, and the voltage level was normalized to better match the audio output.

== Downloadable Files ==
This is the original AE Phasor test software. It is very limited in what it tests, and due to these limits development of the Phasor v2 project has been delayed. It has been very difficult to find and fix issues as a result. Most of the test software project is actually very simple as the code exists in all the original test programs. Now mb-audit exists (see below) which contains many Phasor-specific tests.

<div class="new_window">
<gallery class="center" widths=150px heights=80 caption="SERVER FILES">

File:RM_Icon_File_Server.svg|Software|link=http://www.downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/Phasor/Software/
File:RM_Icon_File_Server.svg|Assorted Files|link=http://www.downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/Phasor/
File:RM_Icon_File_Server.svg|Test files - Tom Porter|link=https://www.dropbox.com/s/jz6emstwvouan2z/MIDI%20To%20PHASOR.zip?dl=0
</gallery>
</div>

<div class="new_window">
<gallery class="center" widths=150px heights=80 caption="PRINTABLE DOCUMENTS">

File:PDF_ICON.svg|File:2018-06-09_-_Eric_Rangell_-_ProgrammingThePhasor_-_v1.5.pdf|Programming The Phasor: Part 1|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/4/4b/2018-06-09_-_Eric_Rangell_-_ProgrammingThePhasor_-_v1.5.pdf
File:PDF_ICON.svg|File:Phasor_Programming_Supplement.pdf|Programming The Phasor: Part 2|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/2/21/Phasor_Programming_Supplement.pdf
File:PDF_ICON.svg|Manual v1.4 2024 Revised Edition|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/File:Phasor_Manual_v1.4_2024.pdf
</gallery>
</div>

[[Category:Hardware]]
[[Category:Apple]]
[[Category:ReActiveMicro Projects]]

Tom Charlesworth's MB-Audit project: https://github.com/tomcw/mb-audit

This project (released as an Apple II disk image) includes a suit of diagnostic tests that exercise real Mockingboard (and Phasor) hardware to identify any faults in all components on the card: 6522s, AY-3-8913s, SC-01 & SSI263s.

It is regularly updated, and the AppleWin emulator is kept in lock-step with these tests too.

File:Phasor Manual v1.4 2024.pdf

2024-12-20T21:48:47Z

Khaibitgfx:

Phasor

2024-10-04T17:25:01Z

Khaibitgfx: /* Downloadable Files */

[[Image:Title_Phasor_Sound_Card.svg|440px|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/9/9c/Title_Phasor_Sound_Card.svg]]

[[Image:IMG_20190713_161320401_HDR-Wiki-tiny.png|thumb|ReActiveMicro Phasor v1.0|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/f/f3/IMG_20190713_161320401_HDR-Wiki-tiny.png ]]

The Phasor is a 12 voice sound card for the Apple II, II ''plus'', IIe and IIGS. Originally designed by Applied Engineering (aka - AE).

The Phasor is usually seen as one [[Mockingboard_v1|Mockingboard]] by programs which support the Mockingboard. Some programs can even see the Phasor as two Mockingboards, which allow for all 12 voices to be used. Other programs will directly support the Phasor, however the list is much smaller than those that support the Mockingboard.

In 2016 Tom Arnold worked with [[ReActiveMicro]] to reproduce a clone of the board called "FAZOR" v1.0beta. On June 6th, 2019 ReActiveMicro released their own v1.0 Phasor expansion card. This is what is currently offered for sale.

WIKI Info: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phasor_%28sound_synthesizer%29 Phasor]

Product Status: Actively sold by ReActiveMicro.

Support: Post on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME}}|Discussion]] page (link above) or email [https://store.reactivemicro.com/contact-us/ ReActiveMicro Support].

Sales: Visit the [https://store.reactivemicro.com/shop/ ReActiveMicro Store].

'''Future Developments:''' RM is ''actively'' working on v2 which will use custom logic to emulate the ICs.

==Kit Assembly==
The Phasor Sound Card Kit is a total of 465 pads or "solder joints". It takes about 1 hour or less to fully assemble a kit if you have a decent iron, flux, and solder. The parts included with your kit and the PCB have basic labels. Those with even basic knowledge should have little trouble assembling the kit from the labels on the parts, the bags, and the PCB. The images here of the assembled card can also be used for reference or to determine orientation, such as the diodes.

To assemble your kit we recommend adding parts in groups and then soldering them. This will be the fastest way to assemble the kit rather than adding one part at a time then soldering it.
* Start with the small passive parts like caps and resistors. Some of the location labels will be hard to see if you start with the sockets or other parts. Each time a part is added you can simply bend over a leg on each side to help hold the part to the PCB which allows the board to be turned over and prevents parts from falling out. It is most simple to load all the parts in groups and then solder and clip the legs as needed.
* Once the passive parts are installed next should be the IC sockets. When a socket is loaded on the board bending the corner pins of the sockets helps hole it to the PCB which allows group loading and soldering. The sockets are all the same thickness. So if you solder on a flat surface then this will also help hold all the sockets flat to the PCB and give a more uniform appearance when completed. '''Be sure ALL pin 1 'notches' '''are facing the correct way! See the silk screen markings on the PCB to ensure the correct orientation.
* End with the larger parts, like jacks, the large cap, and the header pins. Don't bend over the jack legs or pin legs as they will be too stiff. The jack's legs are prebent also which should help hold it to the PCB. The rest you may need to hold the parts in place as you solder a few pins before you can group solder.

{{#ev:youtube|rKruhFEpX6E|400|center|Alexander Jacocks: Phasor Build - Part 1|frame}} {{#ev:youtube|hS_skJ8cjaU|400|center|Alexander Jacocks: Phasor Build - Part 2|frame}}
On April 10th, 2021 Alexander Jacocks posted a build video of the Phasor v1.0 Apple II Sound Card Kit. He goes in to some detail about the card, and reviews the PCB and shows the full assembly. About an hour later he has an assembled and working board.

{{#ev:youtube|ICPE9AL-OcM|400|center|Old Computer Fun!: Assembling the ReactiveMicro Phasor clone for the Apple II|frame}}
On August 16th, 2020 Old Computer Fun! posted a build video of the Phasor v1.0 Apple II Sound Card Kit. At 10:26 he points out a potential pitfall with cap. Well worth noting.

{{#ev:youtube|QrVqP6GTYQs|400|center|Chris Torrence: Assembly Lines #112: Apple II Phasor (Mockingboard) Sound Card Kit|frame}}

On April 24th, 2020 Chris Torrence posted a build video of the Phasor v1.0 Apple II Sound Card Kit. He even shows one of the possible mistakes (LS245 backwards). A good vid to review before building your kit! We highly recommend watching it before starting your kit as well as fully reviewing this Wiki page.

'''Note: ''' A good loupe (magnifying glass) is recommended for helping identify and confirm parts, like the markings on some small caps. It also helps with solder joint inspection. An illuminated 40 x 25mm and a 35 x 50mm loupe are well worth the investment and can be had for about $10 each on eBay.

'''Some care needs to be taken when installing capacitors and diodes.'''

If your kit includes Aluminum or Tantalum capacitors, or "caps" for short, then be sure to install them in the correct orientation. The PCB will be clearly marked with "+" signs for all cap locations when the orientation of the part matters, or a polarized part is normally used. Sometimes a non-polarized part is used in place of a polarized one and then its orientation does not matter. However install a polarized cap backwards and you will damage it. An Aluminum Electrolytic will have a strip pointing to the NEGATIVE end lead. A Tantalum Electrolytic will generally have a marking or stripe to denote (not always pointing to) the POSITIVE lead.
* Install the 10uF Aluminum caps at locations C17 and C27. Be sure to install correctly as they are polarized.

All caps will have value markings on them. "106" is 10uF, and "104" is .1uF. 10uF is also typically physically larger than .1uF. This should help identify the ceramic caps in the kit. They along with the Electrolytic caps can also clearly be seen in the assembled pic above.
* Install a 47pF cap at location "C3 (COLOR TRIM)". This can be from any of the two pads on the right to the one pad on the left.

A diode also has a marking on it, and needs to be installed correctly as it only allows current to flow in one direction. Install it backwards and you won't usually damage it, however the circuit will no longer operate as intended. They can also clearly be seen in the assembled pic above.
* Install the diode at location CR1. Be sure to install with the line side down (towards the "A" row).

'''Show below are example illustrations of different caps, a diode, and their related markings.'''

<gallery class="center" widths=400px heights=250px>
File:Caps_Chart.svg|Caps Markings|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/d/d1/Caps_Chart.svg
File:Diode_Anatomy.svg|Diode Markings|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/e/e9/Diode_Anatomy.svg
</gallery>

Your kit also includes resistors. They should be the less precise "4 band" style which are typically 5% tolerance. You can also use the more precise "5 band" style which are typically 1% tolerance. Here are some charts on how to read them to help make matching locations on your PCB more easy.

<gallery class="center" widths=400px heights=400px>
File:4_Band_Resistor_Chart.svg|4-band Resistor Markings
File:5_Band_Resistor_Chart.svg|5-band Resistor Markings
</gallery>

== Software Titles That Support Sound and Speech ==
We will likely add a table here to better outline all the known titles. However, for now it is best to reference this site:
http://www.applevault.com/hardware/sweet_micro_systems/mockingboard/

== History ==
The Phasor was the second project collaboration between Tom Arnold of philosophyofsound.com and Henry from ReActiveMicro. After a bit of market research there seemed be enough demand to warrant this project. Previously Tom had worked on and released a clone of the [[Mockingboard_v1|Mockingboard]]. This project however would be more difficult since the Phasor uses two PAL devices.

About mid-February 2013 Henry sent Tom a Phasor to depopulate and start the cloning process as Henry was planning to be busy with other non-Apple II related business till about 2014. Tom produced a schematic and then relaid out a new PCB for alpha testing. This would allow testing of the schematic and new components.

Tom worked with the project in his spare time during 2013 and 2014. There was no major rush in the project since Ultimate-Micro still had stock of the Mockingboard v1a they were selling. Not much was done with the project till about mid-2015, after the Mockingboard v1a stock was liquidated.

During the whole process Tom had been trying to copy the protected PAL devices. After several weeks Tom managed to produce a good copy of "PH1". "PH2" however proved to be a lot harder to copy. Henry sent the PH2 device to JammArcade.net who specializes in duplicating older PAL devices. After several weeks they managed to produce a working copy about the very end of 2015.

From 2016 till 2019 Tom Arnold didn't produce any more Phasors. Henry decided to have more units produced with the main goal of also supplying kits. On April 4th 2019 Henry started working on the Phasor v1.0 project. He scanned the PCB, produced new CAD files, and revised the component layout and BOM. The main changes to the project compared to AE was to remove the old RCA audio jacks and use a more common 3.5mm jack, and to remove the thumbwheel potentiometers which set the output volume. The output volume is now hardset at a suitable level for use with amplified speakers most commonly found with desktop PCs.

== Phasor Versions ==
Applied Engineering released the original Phasor in 1984, and it's believed all these early boards are marked "Rev. E" and are missing the 74LS245 near the card's edge connector. This "Rev. F" is from about 1986 and has the 74LS245. It's believed the change was due to a possible issue with the newer IIGS. From a design standpoint it should have been on the card to begin with to comply with Apple's specs as it drives the data bus.

<gallery class="center" widths=300px>
File:P_20180916_112027_vHDR_Auto-Wiki.png|Applied Engineering Phasor.
</gallery>

At the very end of June 2016 Tom sent ReActiveMicro a working Fazor v1.0 Beta clone for testing and to include in their raffle at [[KFEST 2016]].

<gallery class="center" widths=300px>
File:Fazor_v1.0beta_Face.png|Fazor v1.0 Beta from ReActiveMicro.
</gallery>

<gallery class=center" widths=300px>
File:Fazor_v1.0beta_Face_Marking.jpg|The front "beta" marking on the Fazor.
File:Fazor_v1.0beta_Face_RM_Marking.jpg|The "ReActiveMicro" marking on the Fazor.
File:Fazor_v1.0beta_Rear_Beta_Markings.jpg|The rear "beta" and "Tom" markings on the Fazor.
</gallery>

The Phasor v1.0 is the current release of the project. Three exact 1-to-1 sample boards were produced to prove the CAD files and Bill of Materials was correct and factory assembly wasn't an issue. After that the pots were removed and resistors added to set the output volume level. Also removed were the RCA connectors and a more common 3.5mm audio jack was installed. This allows standard desktop speakers to be used.

<gallery class="center" widths=300px caption="Phasor v1.0.x From ReActiveMicro">
File:IMG_20190606_092101451-Wiki-tiny.png|The Phasor v1.0.0. Only three with audio pots were produced.
File:IMG_20190713_161320401_HDR-Wiki-tiny.png|The Phasor v1.0.1. The audio pots were replaced with resistors.
</gallery>

This is the proto project for v2 of the project. It will be based on an FPGA and allow the board to be produced more cheaply when the 6522 and AY-3-8913 ICs become more scarce. However it probably won't be able to be offered in kit form.

<gallery class="center" widths=300px caption="The Phasor v2 Alpha PCB">
File:Phasor_v2_Alpha1.jpg|First Alpha Design
File:Phasor_v2.A.1.jpg|Second Alpha Design
</gallery>

== Reviews & Examples ==
{{#ev:youtube|Bs9G21110B8|400|right|Nox Archaist Music Files|frame}}
Here is a good example of the Phasor in use playing the music for the game Nox Archaist.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

{{#ev:youtube|QrVqP6GTYQs|400|right|Chris Torrence: Assembly Lines #112: Apple II Phasor (Mockingboard) Sound Card Kit|frame}}
On April 24th, 2020 Chris Torrence posted a build video of the Phasor v1.0 Apple II Sound Card Kit. He shows how simple and fun this kit can be, as well as a finished product. He even shows one of the possible mistakes (LS245 backwards). A good vid to review before building your kit!

{{#ev:youtube|dlV_-0jvLFE|400|right|Chris Torrence: Assembly Lines #97: Phasor Apple II Sound Card|frame}}
On June 6th, 2019 Chris Torrence posted a review about the Phasor v1.0 Apple II Sound Card. He shows it working with several different programs, and discusses the features and benefit verses the Mockingboard.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

==ICs Of The Phasor==
The main control of the [http://www.cpcwiki.eu/index.php/Datasheet_AY-8913 AY-3-8913 Sound Generator ICs] is controlled by the 6522 Versatile Interface Adapter (VIA). The Apple II sends commands to the VIAs and the VIAs are connected in a way to send packages of instructions to the Programmable Sound Generators (PSG), and the PSGs produce audio.

The Apple II clock is phase shifted by 180 degrees on the Phasor using an RC Network and a 74HCT02. Part of the Apple II Audio Input circuit is also routed through the 74HCT02.

The SSI-263AP Speech Synthesis IC is not controlled by the VIAs, but is controlled by the onboard GALs. The GALs also produce clock for the PSGs and help control the VIAs.

==FPGA Emulation Of Analog ICs==
At the heart of the Phasor v2 sound card project is the emulation of the 6522 VIA's and AY-3-8913 Sound Generator ICs.

The FPGA reproduces audio using the same techniques as the Sound Generators. The Digital to Analog Converter (DAC) takes the commands from the 6522 part of the code and modulates the output accordingly. Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) is responsible for mixing and levels. The audio produced is very close to analog. The only real difference is the analog parts of the AY-3-8913 Sound Generator are never the same from IC to IC whereas they are always the same from FPGA to FPGA. The analog audio from the Sound Generators tends to be more "warm" however the audio from the FPGA tends to be more clear. Some high tones tend to be lower or washed out in analog when compared to digital samples. This could also be related to poor design of the filter circuits on the original AE Phasor.

==OpAmp And Audio Mixer Circuit==
The mixer circuits on the original AE Phasor were not of the best design. Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) and other related noise, channel bleed, and voltage level issues can all be heard on the original card. The Analog and Digital ground separation is also not of the best design. All of these issues were addressed on the ReActiveMicro project.

RFI tends to be heard with CPU, bus, and drive operation and can sound like clicks or slight beeps of varying tones. It's mostly heard when there is no or low audio and the volume is turned up or headphones are used. Channel bleed can be hard when audio is being played in one channel and silence in the other, and can make audio sound more mono or distorted in some cases. Voltage level issues tend to lead to some things sounding louder or softer than others. For example the speech IC tends to sound louder than sound effects or music.

In the Phasor v2 project the second speech IC option was removed since it was unused by all programs and even the test program. There was no known way to test it, although now mb-audit exists (see below) which includes tests for both SSI263 chips. In the current Phasor project the right and left channels for speech are combined for mono output which sounds a lot better than the original signal channel, and the voltage level was normalized to better match the audio output.

== Downloadable Files ==
This is the original AE Phasor test software. It is very limited in what it tests, and due to these limits development of the Phasor v2 project has been delayed. It has been very difficult to find and fix issues as a result. Most of the test software project is actually very simple as the code exists in all the original test programs. Now mb-audit exists (see below) which contains many Phasor-specific tests.

<div class="new_window">
<gallery class="center" widths=150px heights=80 caption="SERVER FILES">

File:RM_Icon_File_Server.svg|Software|link=http://www.downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/Phasor/Software/
File:RM_Icon_File_Server.svg|Assorted Files|link=http://www.downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/Phasor/
File:RM_Icon_File_Server.svg|Test files - Tom Porter|link=https://www.dropbox.com/s/jz6emstwvouan2z/MIDI%20To%20PHASOR.zip?dl=0
</gallery>
</div>

<div class="new_window">
<gallery class="center" widths=150px heights=80 caption="PRINTABLE DOCUMENTS">

File:PDF_ICON.svg|File:2018-06-09_-_Eric_Rangell_-_ProgrammingThePhasor_-_v1.5.pdf|Programming The Phasor: Part 1|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/4/4b/2018-06-09_-_Eric_Rangell_-_ProgrammingThePhasor_-_v1.5.pdf
File:PDF_ICON.svg|File:Phasor_Programming_Supplement.pdf|Programming The Phasor: Part 2|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/2/21/Phasor_Programming_Supplement.pdf
File:PDF_ICON.svg|Manual 2019 2024 Revised Edition|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/d/d3/Phasor_Manual_2019.pdf
</gallery>
</div>

[[Category:Hardware]]
[[Category:Apple]]
[[Category:ReActiveMicro Projects]]

Tom Charlesworth's MB-Audit project: https://github.com/tomcw/mb-audit

This project (released as an Apple II disk image) includes a suit of diagnostic tests that exercise real Mockingboard (and Phasor) hardware to identify any faults in all components on the card: 6522s, AY-3-8913s, SC-01 & SSI263s.

It is regularly updated, and the AppleWin emulator is kept in lock-step with these tests too.

Phasor

2024-10-04T17:20:54Z

Khaibitgfx: /* Downloadable Files */

[[Image:Title_Phasor_Sound_Card.svg|440px|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/9/9c/Title_Phasor_Sound_Card.svg]]

[[Image:IMG_20190713_161320401_HDR-Wiki-tiny.png|thumb|ReActiveMicro Phasor v1.0|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/f/f3/IMG_20190713_161320401_HDR-Wiki-tiny.png ]]

The Phasor is a 12 voice sound card for the Apple II, II ''plus'', IIe and IIGS. Originally designed by Applied Engineering (aka - AE).

The Phasor is usually seen as one [[Mockingboard_v1|Mockingboard]] by programs which support the Mockingboard. Some programs can even see the Phasor as two Mockingboards, which allow for all 12 voices to be used. Other programs will directly support the Phasor, however the list is much smaller than those that support the Mockingboard.

In 2016 Tom Arnold worked with [[ReActiveMicro]] to reproduce a clone of the board called "FAZOR" v1.0beta. On June 6th, 2019 ReActiveMicro released their own v1.0 Phasor expansion card. This is what is currently offered for sale.

WIKI Info: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phasor_%28sound_synthesizer%29 Phasor]

Product Status: Actively sold by ReActiveMicro.

Support: Post on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME}}|Discussion]] page (link above) or email [https://store.reactivemicro.com/contact-us/ ReActiveMicro Support].

Sales: Visit the [https://store.reactivemicro.com/shop/ ReActiveMicro Store].

'''Future Developments:''' RM is ''actively'' working on v2 which will use custom logic to emulate the ICs.

==Kit Assembly==
The Phasor Sound Card Kit is a total of 465 pads or "solder joints". It takes about 1 hour or less to fully assemble a kit if you have a decent iron, flux, and solder. The parts included with your kit and the PCB have basic labels. Those with even basic knowledge should have little trouble assembling the kit from the labels on the parts, the bags, and the PCB. The images here of the assembled card can also be used for reference or to determine orientation, such as the diodes.

To assemble your kit we recommend adding parts in groups and then soldering them. This will be the fastest way to assemble the kit rather than adding one part at a time then soldering it.
* Start with the small passive parts like caps and resistors. Some of the location labels will be hard to see if you start with the sockets or other parts. Each time a part is added you can simply bend over a leg on each side to help hold the part to the PCB which allows the board to be turned over and prevents parts from falling out. It is most simple to load all the parts in groups and then solder and clip the legs as needed.
* Once the passive parts are installed next should be the IC sockets. When a socket is loaded on the board bending the corner pins of the sockets helps hole it to the PCB which allows group loading and soldering. The sockets are all the same thickness. So if you solder on a flat surface then this will also help hold all the sockets flat to the PCB and give a more uniform appearance when completed. '''Be sure ALL pin 1 'notches' '''are facing the correct way! See the silk screen markings on the PCB to ensure the correct orientation.
* End with the larger parts, like jacks, the large cap, and the header pins. Don't bend over the jack legs or pin legs as they will be too stiff. The jack's legs are prebent also which should help hold it to the PCB. The rest you may need to hold the parts in place as you solder a few pins before you can group solder.

{{#ev:youtube|rKruhFEpX6E|400|center|Alexander Jacocks: Phasor Build - Part 1|frame}} {{#ev:youtube|hS_skJ8cjaU|400|center|Alexander Jacocks: Phasor Build - Part 2|frame}}
On April 10th, 2021 Alexander Jacocks posted a build video of the Phasor v1.0 Apple II Sound Card Kit. He goes in to some detail about the card, and reviews the PCB and shows the full assembly. About an hour later he has an assembled and working board.

{{#ev:youtube|ICPE9AL-OcM|400|center|Old Computer Fun!: Assembling the ReactiveMicro Phasor clone for the Apple II|frame}}
On August 16th, 2020 Old Computer Fun! posted a build video of the Phasor v1.0 Apple II Sound Card Kit. At 10:26 he points out a potential pitfall with cap. Well worth noting.

{{#ev:youtube|QrVqP6GTYQs|400|center|Chris Torrence: Assembly Lines #112: Apple II Phasor (Mockingboard) Sound Card Kit|frame}}

On April 24th, 2020 Chris Torrence posted a build video of the Phasor v1.0 Apple II Sound Card Kit. He even shows one of the possible mistakes (LS245 backwards). A good vid to review before building your kit! We highly recommend watching it before starting your kit as well as fully reviewing this Wiki page.

'''Note: ''' A good loupe (magnifying glass) is recommended for helping identify and confirm parts, like the markings on some small caps. It also helps with solder joint inspection. An illuminated 40 x 25mm and a 35 x 50mm loupe are well worth the investment and can be had for about $10 each on eBay.

'''Some care needs to be taken when installing capacitors and diodes.'''

If your kit includes Aluminum or Tantalum capacitors, or "caps" for short, then be sure to install them in the correct orientation. The PCB will be clearly marked with "+" signs for all cap locations when the orientation of the part matters, or a polarized part is normally used. Sometimes a non-polarized part is used in place of a polarized one and then its orientation does not matter. However install a polarized cap backwards and you will damage it. An Aluminum Electrolytic will have a strip pointing to the NEGATIVE end lead. A Tantalum Electrolytic will generally have a marking or stripe to denote (not always pointing to) the POSITIVE lead.
* Install the 10uF Aluminum caps at locations C17 and C27. Be sure to install correctly as they are polarized.

All caps will have value markings on them. "106" is 10uF, and "104" is .1uF. 10uF is also typically physically larger than .1uF. This should help identify the ceramic caps in the kit. They along with the Electrolytic caps can also clearly be seen in the assembled pic above.
* Install a 47pF cap at location "C3 (COLOR TRIM)". This can be from any of the two pads on the right to the one pad on the left.

A diode also has a marking on it, and needs to be installed correctly as it only allows current to flow in one direction. Install it backwards and you won't usually damage it, however the circuit will no longer operate as intended. They can also clearly be seen in the assembled pic above.
* Install the diode at location CR1. Be sure to install with the line side down (towards the "A" row).

'''Show below are example illustrations of different caps, a diode, and their related markings.'''

<gallery class="center" widths=400px heights=250px>
File:Caps_Chart.svg|Caps Markings|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/d/d1/Caps_Chart.svg
File:Diode_Anatomy.svg|Diode Markings|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/e/e9/Diode_Anatomy.svg
</gallery>

Your kit also includes resistors. They should be the less precise "4 band" style which are typically 5% tolerance. You can also use the more precise "5 band" style which are typically 1% tolerance. Here are some charts on how to read them to help make matching locations on your PCB more easy.

<gallery class="center" widths=400px heights=400px>
File:4_Band_Resistor_Chart.svg|4-band Resistor Markings
File:5_Band_Resistor_Chart.svg|5-band Resistor Markings
</gallery>

== Software Titles That Support Sound and Speech ==
We will likely add a table here to better outline all the known titles. However, for now it is best to reference this site:
http://www.applevault.com/hardware/sweet_micro_systems/mockingboard/

== History ==
The Phasor was the second project collaboration between Tom Arnold of philosophyofsound.com and Henry from ReActiveMicro. After a bit of market research there seemed be enough demand to warrant this project. Previously Tom had worked on and released a clone of the [[Mockingboard_v1|Mockingboard]]. This project however would be more difficult since the Phasor uses two PAL devices.

About mid-February 2013 Henry sent Tom a Phasor to depopulate and start the cloning process as Henry was planning to be busy with other non-Apple II related business till about 2014. Tom produced a schematic and then relaid out a new PCB for alpha testing. This would allow testing of the schematic and new components.

Tom worked with the project in his spare time during 2013 and 2014. There was no major rush in the project since Ultimate-Micro still had stock of the Mockingboard v1a they were selling. Not much was done with the project till about mid-2015, after the Mockingboard v1a stock was liquidated.

During the whole process Tom had been trying to copy the protected PAL devices. After several weeks Tom managed to produce a good copy of "PH1". "PH2" however proved to be a lot harder to copy. Henry sent the PH2 device to JammArcade.net who specializes in duplicating older PAL devices. After several weeks they managed to produce a working copy about the very end of 2015.

From 2016 till 2019 Tom Arnold didn't produce any more Phasors. Henry decided to have more units produced with the main goal of also supplying kits. On April 4th 2019 Henry started working on the Phasor v1.0 project. He scanned the PCB, produced new CAD files, and revised the component layout and BOM. The main changes to the project compared to AE was to remove the old RCA audio jacks and use a more common 3.5mm jack, and to remove the thumbwheel potentiometers which set the output volume. The output volume is now hardset at a suitable level for use with amplified speakers most commonly found with desktop PCs.

== Phasor Versions ==
Applied Engineering released the original Phasor in 1984, and it's believed all these early boards are marked "Rev. E" and are missing the 74LS245 near the card's edge connector. This "Rev. F" is from about 1986 and has the 74LS245. It's believed the change was due to a possible issue with the newer IIGS. From a design standpoint it should have been on the card to begin with to comply with Apple's specs as it drives the data bus.

<gallery class="center" widths=300px>
File:P_20180916_112027_vHDR_Auto-Wiki.png|Applied Engineering Phasor.
</gallery>

At the very end of June 2016 Tom sent ReActiveMicro a working Fazor v1.0 Beta clone for testing and to include in their raffle at [[KFEST 2016]].

<gallery class="center" widths=300px>
File:Fazor_v1.0beta_Face.png|Fazor v1.0 Beta from ReActiveMicro.
</gallery>

<gallery class=center" widths=300px>
File:Fazor_v1.0beta_Face_Marking.jpg|The front "beta" marking on the Fazor.
File:Fazor_v1.0beta_Face_RM_Marking.jpg|The "ReActiveMicro" marking on the Fazor.
File:Fazor_v1.0beta_Rear_Beta_Markings.jpg|The rear "beta" and "Tom" markings on the Fazor.
</gallery>

The Phasor v1.0 is the current release of the project. Three exact 1-to-1 sample boards were produced to prove the CAD files and Bill of Materials was correct and factory assembly wasn't an issue. After that the pots were removed and resistors added to set the output volume level. Also removed were the RCA connectors and a more common 3.5mm audio jack was installed. This allows standard desktop speakers to be used.

<gallery class="center" widths=300px caption="Phasor v1.0.x From ReActiveMicro">
File:IMG_20190606_092101451-Wiki-tiny.png|The Phasor v1.0.0. Only three with audio pots were produced.
File:IMG_20190713_161320401_HDR-Wiki-tiny.png|The Phasor v1.0.1. The audio pots were replaced with resistors.
</gallery>

This is the proto project for v2 of the project. It will be based on an FPGA and allow the board to be produced more cheaply when the 6522 and AY-3-8913 ICs become more scarce. However it probably won't be able to be offered in kit form.

<gallery class="center" widths=300px caption="The Phasor v2 Alpha PCB">
File:Phasor_v2_Alpha1.jpg|First Alpha Design
File:Phasor_v2.A.1.jpg|Second Alpha Design
</gallery>

== Reviews & Examples ==
{{#ev:youtube|Bs9G21110B8|400|right|Nox Archaist Music Files|frame}}
Here is a good example of the Phasor in use playing the music for the game Nox Archaist.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

{{#ev:youtube|QrVqP6GTYQs|400|right|Chris Torrence: Assembly Lines #112: Apple II Phasor (Mockingboard) Sound Card Kit|frame}}
On April 24th, 2020 Chris Torrence posted a build video of the Phasor v1.0 Apple II Sound Card Kit. He shows how simple and fun this kit can be, as well as a finished product. He even shows one of the possible mistakes (LS245 backwards). A good vid to review before building your kit!

{{#ev:youtube|dlV_-0jvLFE|400|right|Chris Torrence: Assembly Lines #97: Phasor Apple II Sound Card|frame}}
On June 6th, 2019 Chris Torrence posted a review about the Phasor v1.0 Apple II Sound Card. He shows it working with several different programs, and discusses the features and benefit verses the Mockingboard.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

==ICs Of The Phasor==
The main control of the [http://www.cpcwiki.eu/index.php/Datasheet_AY-8913 AY-3-8913 Sound Generator ICs] is controlled by the 6522 Versatile Interface Adapter (VIA). The Apple II sends commands to the VIAs and the VIAs are connected in a way to send packages of instructions to the Programmable Sound Generators (PSG), and the PSGs produce audio.

The Apple II clock is phase shifted by 180 degrees on the Phasor using an RC Network and a 74HCT02. Part of the Apple II Audio Input circuit is also routed through the 74HCT02.

The SSI-263AP Speech Synthesis IC is not controlled by the VIAs, but is controlled by the onboard GALs. The GALs also produce clock for the PSGs and help control the VIAs.

==FPGA Emulation Of Analog ICs==
At the heart of the Phasor v2 sound card project is the emulation of the 6522 VIA's and AY-3-8913 Sound Generator ICs.

The FPGA reproduces audio using the same techniques as the Sound Generators. The Digital to Analog Converter (DAC) takes the commands from the 6522 part of the code and modulates the output accordingly. Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) is responsible for mixing and levels. The audio produced is very close to analog. The only real difference is the analog parts of the AY-3-8913 Sound Generator are never the same from IC to IC whereas they are always the same from FPGA to FPGA. The analog audio from the Sound Generators tends to be more "warm" however the audio from the FPGA tends to be more clear. Some high tones tend to be lower or washed out in analog when compared to digital samples. This could also be related to poor design of the filter circuits on the original AE Phasor.

==OpAmp And Audio Mixer Circuit==
The mixer circuits on the original AE Phasor were not of the best design. Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) and other related noise, channel bleed, and voltage level issues can all be heard on the original card. The Analog and Digital ground separation is also not of the best design. All of these issues were addressed on the ReActiveMicro project.

RFI tends to be heard with CPU, bus, and drive operation and can sound like clicks or slight beeps of varying tones. It's mostly heard when there is no or low audio and the volume is turned up or headphones are used. Channel bleed can be hard when audio is being played in one channel and silence in the other, and can make audio sound more mono or distorted in some cases. Voltage level issues tend to lead to some things sounding louder or softer than others. For example the speech IC tends to sound louder than sound effects or music.

In the Phasor v2 project the second speech IC option was removed since it was unused by all programs and even the test program. There was no known way to test it, although now mb-audit exists (see below) which includes tests for both SSI263 chips. In the current Phasor project the right and left channels for speech are combined for mono output which sounds a lot better than the original signal channel, and the voltage level was normalized to better match the audio output.

== Downloadable Files ==
This is the original AE Phasor test software. It is very limited in what it tests, and due to these limits development of the Phasor v2 project has been delayed. It has been very difficult to find and fix issues as a result. Most of the test software project is actually very simple as the code exists in all the original test programs. Now mb-audit exists (see below) which contains many Phasor-specific tests.

<div class="new_window">
<gallery class="center" widths=150px heights=80 caption="SERVER FILES">

File:RM_Icon_File_Server.svg|Software|link=http://www.downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/Phasor/Software/
File:RM_Icon_File_Server.svg|Assorted Files|link=http://www.downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/Phasor/
File:RM_Icon_File_Server.svg|Test files - Tom Porter|link=https://www.dropbox.com/s/jz6emstwvouan2z/MIDI%20To%20PHASOR.zip?dl=0
</gallery>
</div>

<div class="new_window">
<gallery class="center" widths=150px heights=80 caption="PRINTABLE DOCUMENTS">

File:PDF_ICON.svg|File:2018-06-09_-_Eric_Rangell_-_ProgrammingThePhasor_-_v1.5.pdf|Programming The Phasor: Part 1|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/4/4b/2018-06-09_-_Eric_Rangell_-_ProgrammingThePhasor_-_v1.5.pdf
File:PDF_ICON.svg|File:Phasor_Programming_Supplement.pdf|Programming The Phasor: Part 2|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/2/21/Phasor_Programming_Supplement.pdf
File:PDF_ICON.svg|Manual 2019</cr>2024 Revised Edition|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/d/d3/Phasor_Manual_2019.pdf
</gallery>
</div>

[[Category:Hardware]]
[[Category:Apple]]
[[Category:ReActiveMicro Projects]]

Tom Charlesworth's MB-Audit project: https://github.com/tomcw/mb-audit

This project (released as an Apple II disk image) includes a suit of diagnostic tests that exercise real Mockingboard (and Phasor) hardware to identify any faults in all components on the card: 6522s, AY-3-8913s, SC-01 & SSI263s.

It is regularly updated, and the AppleWin emulator is kept in lock-step with these tests too.

Phasor

2024-10-04T17:19:43Z

Khaibitgfx: /* Downloadable Files */

[[Image:Title_Phasor_Sound_Card.svg|440px|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/9/9c/Title_Phasor_Sound_Card.svg]]

[[Image:IMG_20190713_161320401_HDR-Wiki-tiny.png|thumb|ReActiveMicro Phasor v1.0|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/f/f3/IMG_20190713_161320401_HDR-Wiki-tiny.png ]]

The Phasor is a 12 voice sound card for the Apple II, II ''plus'', IIe and IIGS. Originally designed by Applied Engineering (aka - AE).

The Phasor is usually seen as one [[Mockingboard_v1|Mockingboard]] by programs which support the Mockingboard. Some programs can even see the Phasor as two Mockingboards, which allow for all 12 voices to be used. Other programs will directly support the Phasor, however the list is much smaller than those that support the Mockingboard.

In 2016 Tom Arnold worked with [[ReActiveMicro]] to reproduce a clone of the board called "FAZOR" v1.0beta. On June 6th, 2019 ReActiveMicro released their own v1.0 Phasor expansion card. This is what is currently offered for sale.

WIKI Info: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phasor_%28sound_synthesizer%29 Phasor]

Product Status: Actively sold by ReActiveMicro.

Support: Post on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME}}|Discussion]] page (link above) or email [https://store.reactivemicro.com/contact-us/ ReActiveMicro Support].

Sales: Visit the [https://store.reactivemicro.com/shop/ ReActiveMicro Store].

'''Future Developments:''' RM is ''actively'' working on v2 which will use custom logic to emulate the ICs.

==Kit Assembly==
The Phasor Sound Card Kit is a total of 465 pads or "solder joints". It takes about 1 hour or less to fully assemble a kit if you have a decent iron, flux, and solder. The parts included with your kit and the PCB have basic labels. Those with even basic knowledge should have little trouble assembling the kit from the labels on the parts, the bags, and the PCB. The images here of the assembled card can also be used for reference or to determine orientation, such as the diodes.

To assemble your kit we recommend adding parts in groups and then soldering them. This will be the fastest way to assemble the kit rather than adding one part at a time then soldering it.
* Start with the small passive parts like caps and resistors. Some of the location labels will be hard to see if you start with the sockets or other parts. Each time a part is added you can simply bend over a leg on each side to help hold the part to the PCB which allows the board to be turned over and prevents parts from falling out. It is most simple to load all the parts in groups and then solder and clip the legs as needed.
* Once the passive parts are installed next should be the IC sockets. When a socket is loaded on the board bending the corner pins of the sockets helps hole it to the PCB which allows group loading and soldering. The sockets are all the same thickness. So if you solder on a flat surface then this will also help hold all the sockets flat to the PCB and give a more uniform appearance when completed. '''Be sure ALL pin 1 'notches' '''are facing the correct way! See the silk screen markings on the PCB to ensure the correct orientation.
* End with the larger parts, like jacks, the large cap, and the header pins. Don't bend over the jack legs or pin legs as they will be too stiff. The jack's legs are prebent also which should help hold it to the PCB. The rest you may need to hold the parts in place as you solder a few pins before you can group solder.

{{#ev:youtube|rKruhFEpX6E|400|center|Alexander Jacocks: Phasor Build - Part 1|frame}} {{#ev:youtube|hS_skJ8cjaU|400|center|Alexander Jacocks: Phasor Build - Part 2|frame}}
On April 10th, 2021 Alexander Jacocks posted a build video of the Phasor v1.0 Apple II Sound Card Kit. He goes in to some detail about the card, and reviews the PCB and shows the full assembly. About an hour later he has an assembled and working board.

{{#ev:youtube|ICPE9AL-OcM|400|center|Old Computer Fun!: Assembling the ReactiveMicro Phasor clone for the Apple II|frame}}
On August 16th, 2020 Old Computer Fun! posted a build video of the Phasor v1.0 Apple II Sound Card Kit. At 10:26 he points out a potential pitfall with cap. Well worth noting.

{{#ev:youtube|QrVqP6GTYQs|400|center|Chris Torrence: Assembly Lines #112: Apple II Phasor (Mockingboard) Sound Card Kit|frame}}

On April 24th, 2020 Chris Torrence posted a build video of the Phasor v1.0 Apple II Sound Card Kit. He even shows one of the possible mistakes (LS245 backwards). A good vid to review before building your kit! We highly recommend watching it before starting your kit as well as fully reviewing this Wiki page.

'''Note: ''' A good loupe (magnifying glass) is recommended for helping identify and confirm parts, like the markings on some small caps. It also helps with solder joint inspection. An illuminated 40 x 25mm and a 35 x 50mm loupe are well worth the investment and can be had for about $10 each on eBay.

'''Some care needs to be taken when installing capacitors and diodes.'''

If your kit includes Aluminum or Tantalum capacitors, or "caps" for short, then be sure to install them in the correct orientation. The PCB will be clearly marked with "+" signs for all cap locations when the orientation of the part matters, or a polarized part is normally used. Sometimes a non-polarized part is used in place of a polarized one and then its orientation does not matter. However install a polarized cap backwards and you will damage it. An Aluminum Electrolytic will have a strip pointing to the NEGATIVE end lead. A Tantalum Electrolytic will generally have a marking or stripe to denote (not always pointing to) the POSITIVE lead.
* Install the 10uF Aluminum caps at locations C17 and C27. Be sure to install correctly as they are polarized.

All caps will have value markings on them. "106" is 10uF, and "104" is .1uF. 10uF is also typically physically larger than .1uF. This should help identify the ceramic caps in the kit. They along with the Electrolytic caps can also clearly be seen in the assembled pic above.
* Install a 47pF cap at location "C3 (COLOR TRIM)". This can be from any of the two pads on the right to the one pad on the left.

A diode also has a marking on it, and needs to be installed correctly as it only allows current to flow in one direction. Install it backwards and you won't usually damage it, however the circuit will no longer operate as intended. They can also clearly be seen in the assembled pic above.
* Install the diode at location CR1. Be sure to install with the line side down (towards the "A" row).

'''Show below are example illustrations of different caps, a diode, and their related markings.'''

<gallery class="center" widths=400px heights=250px>
File:Caps_Chart.svg|Caps Markings|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/d/d1/Caps_Chart.svg
File:Diode_Anatomy.svg|Diode Markings|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/e/e9/Diode_Anatomy.svg
</gallery>

Your kit also includes resistors. They should be the less precise "4 band" style which are typically 5% tolerance. You can also use the more precise "5 band" style which are typically 1% tolerance. Here are some charts on how to read them to help make matching locations on your PCB more easy.

<gallery class="center" widths=400px heights=400px>
File:4_Band_Resistor_Chart.svg|4-band Resistor Markings
File:5_Band_Resistor_Chart.svg|5-band Resistor Markings
</gallery>

== Software Titles That Support Sound and Speech ==
We will likely add a table here to better outline all the known titles. However, for now it is best to reference this site:
http://www.applevault.com/hardware/sweet_micro_systems/mockingboard/

== History ==
The Phasor was the second project collaboration between Tom Arnold of philosophyofsound.com and Henry from ReActiveMicro. After a bit of market research there seemed be enough demand to warrant this project. Previously Tom had worked on and released a clone of the [[Mockingboard_v1|Mockingboard]]. This project however would be more difficult since the Phasor uses two PAL devices.

About mid-February 2013 Henry sent Tom a Phasor to depopulate and start the cloning process as Henry was planning to be busy with other non-Apple II related business till about 2014. Tom produced a schematic and then relaid out a new PCB for alpha testing. This would allow testing of the schematic and new components.

Tom worked with the project in his spare time during 2013 and 2014. There was no major rush in the project since Ultimate-Micro still had stock of the Mockingboard v1a they were selling. Not much was done with the project till about mid-2015, after the Mockingboard v1a stock was liquidated.

During the whole process Tom had been trying to copy the protected PAL devices. After several weeks Tom managed to produce a good copy of "PH1". "PH2" however proved to be a lot harder to copy. Henry sent the PH2 device to JammArcade.net who specializes in duplicating older PAL devices. After several weeks they managed to produce a working copy about the very end of 2015.

From 2016 till 2019 Tom Arnold didn't produce any more Phasors. Henry decided to have more units produced with the main goal of also supplying kits. On April 4th 2019 Henry started working on the Phasor v1.0 project. He scanned the PCB, produced new CAD files, and revised the component layout and BOM. The main changes to the project compared to AE was to remove the old RCA audio jacks and use a more common 3.5mm jack, and to remove the thumbwheel potentiometers which set the output volume. The output volume is now hardset at a suitable level for use with amplified speakers most commonly found with desktop PCs.

== Phasor Versions ==
Applied Engineering released the original Phasor in 1984, and it's believed all these early boards are marked "Rev. E" and are missing the 74LS245 near the card's edge connector. This "Rev. F" is from about 1986 and has the 74LS245. It's believed the change was due to a possible issue with the newer IIGS. From a design standpoint it should have been on the card to begin with to comply with Apple's specs as it drives the data bus.

<gallery class="center" widths=300px>
File:P_20180916_112027_vHDR_Auto-Wiki.png|Applied Engineering Phasor.
</gallery>

At the very end of June 2016 Tom sent ReActiveMicro a working Fazor v1.0 Beta clone for testing and to include in their raffle at [[KFEST 2016]].

<gallery class="center" widths=300px>
File:Fazor_v1.0beta_Face.png|Fazor v1.0 Beta from ReActiveMicro.
</gallery>

<gallery class=center" widths=300px>
File:Fazor_v1.0beta_Face_Marking.jpg|The front "beta" marking on the Fazor.
File:Fazor_v1.0beta_Face_RM_Marking.jpg|The "ReActiveMicro" marking on the Fazor.
File:Fazor_v1.0beta_Rear_Beta_Markings.jpg|The rear "beta" and "Tom" markings on the Fazor.
</gallery>

The Phasor v1.0 is the current release of the project. Three exact 1-to-1 sample boards were produced to prove the CAD files and Bill of Materials was correct and factory assembly wasn't an issue. After that the pots were removed and resistors added to set the output volume level. Also removed were the RCA connectors and a more common 3.5mm audio jack was installed. This allows standard desktop speakers to be used.

<gallery class="center" widths=300px caption="Phasor v1.0.x From ReActiveMicro">
File:IMG_20190606_092101451-Wiki-tiny.png|The Phasor v1.0.0. Only three with audio pots were produced.
File:IMG_20190713_161320401_HDR-Wiki-tiny.png|The Phasor v1.0.1. The audio pots were replaced with resistors.
</gallery>

This is the proto project for v2 of the project. It will be based on an FPGA and allow the board to be produced more cheaply when the 6522 and AY-3-8913 ICs become more scarce. However it probably won't be able to be offered in kit form.

<gallery class="center" widths=300px caption="The Phasor v2 Alpha PCB">
File:Phasor_v2_Alpha1.jpg|First Alpha Design
File:Phasor_v2.A.1.jpg|Second Alpha Design
</gallery>

== Reviews & Examples ==
{{#ev:youtube|Bs9G21110B8|400|right|Nox Archaist Music Files|frame}}
Here is a good example of the Phasor in use playing the music for the game Nox Archaist.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

{{#ev:youtube|QrVqP6GTYQs|400|right|Chris Torrence: Assembly Lines #112: Apple II Phasor (Mockingboard) Sound Card Kit|frame}}
On April 24th, 2020 Chris Torrence posted a build video of the Phasor v1.0 Apple II Sound Card Kit. He shows how simple and fun this kit can be, as well as a finished product. He even shows one of the possible mistakes (LS245 backwards). A good vid to review before building your kit!

{{#ev:youtube|dlV_-0jvLFE|400|right|Chris Torrence: Assembly Lines #97: Phasor Apple II Sound Card|frame}}
On June 6th, 2019 Chris Torrence posted a review about the Phasor v1.0 Apple II Sound Card. He shows it working with several different programs, and discusses the features and benefit verses the Mockingboard.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

==ICs Of The Phasor==
The main control of the [http://www.cpcwiki.eu/index.php/Datasheet_AY-8913 AY-3-8913 Sound Generator ICs] is controlled by the 6522 Versatile Interface Adapter (VIA). The Apple II sends commands to the VIAs and the VIAs are connected in a way to send packages of instructions to the Programmable Sound Generators (PSG), and the PSGs produce audio.

The Apple II clock is phase shifted by 180 degrees on the Phasor using an RC Network and a 74HCT02. Part of the Apple II Audio Input circuit is also routed through the 74HCT02.

The SSI-263AP Speech Synthesis IC is not controlled by the VIAs, but is controlled by the onboard GALs. The GALs also produce clock for the PSGs and help control the VIAs.

==FPGA Emulation Of Analog ICs==
At the heart of the Phasor v2 sound card project is the emulation of the 6522 VIA's and AY-3-8913 Sound Generator ICs.

The FPGA reproduces audio using the same techniques as the Sound Generators. The Digital to Analog Converter (DAC) takes the commands from the 6522 part of the code and modulates the output accordingly. Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) is responsible for mixing and levels. The audio produced is very close to analog. The only real difference is the analog parts of the AY-3-8913 Sound Generator are never the same from IC to IC whereas they are always the same from FPGA to FPGA. The analog audio from the Sound Generators tends to be more "warm" however the audio from the FPGA tends to be more clear. Some high tones tend to be lower or washed out in analog when compared to digital samples. This could also be related to poor design of the filter circuits on the original AE Phasor.

==OpAmp And Audio Mixer Circuit==
The mixer circuits on the original AE Phasor were not of the best design. Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) and other related noise, channel bleed, and voltage level issues can all be heard on the original card. The Analog and Digital ground separation is also not of the best design. All of these issues were addressed on the ReActiveMicro project.

RFI tends to be heard with CPU, bus, and drive operation and can sound like clicks or slight beeps of varying tones. It's mostly heard when there is no or low audio and the volume is turned up or headphones are used. Channel bleed can be hard when audio is being played in one channel and silence in the other, and can make audio sound more mono or distorted in some cases. Voltage level issues tend to lead to some things sounding louder or softer than others. For example the speech IC tends to sound louder than sound effects or music.

In the Phasor v2 project the second speech IC option was removed since it was unused by all programs and even the test program. There was no known way to test it, although now mb-audit exists (see below) which includes tests for both SSI263 chips. In the current Phasor project the right and left channels for speech are combined for mono output which sounds a lot better than the original signal channel, and the voltage level was normalized to better match the audio output.

== Downloadable Files ==
This is the original AE Phasor test software. It is very limited in what it tests, and due to these limits development of the Phasor v2 project has been delayed. It has been very difficult to find and fix issues as a result. Most of the test software project is actually very simple as the code exists in all the original test programs. Now mb-audit exists (see below) which contains many Phasor-specific tests.

<div class="new_window">
<gallery class="center" widths=150px heights=80 caption="SERVER FILES">

File:RM_Icon_File_Server.svg|Software|link=http://www.downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/Phasor/Software/
File:RM_Icon_File_Server.svg|Assorted Files|link=http://www.downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/Phasor/
File:RM_Icon_File_Server.svg|Test files - Tom Porter|link=https://www.dropbox.com/s/jz6emstwvouan2z/MIDI%20To%20PHASOR.zip?dl=0
</gallery>
</div>

<div class="new_window">
<gallery class="center" widths=150px heights=80 caption="PRINTABLE DOCUMENTS">

File:PDF_ICON.svg|File:2018-06-09_-_Eric_Rangell_-_ProgrammingThePhasor_-_v1.5.pdf|Programming The Phasor: Part 1|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/4/4b/2018-06-09_-_Eric_Rangell_-_ProgrammingThePhasor_-_v1.5.pdf
File:PDF_ICON.svg|File:Phasor_Programming_Supplement.pdf|Programming The Phasor: Part 2|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/2/21/Phasor_Programming_Supplement.pdf
File:PDF_ICON.svg|Manual 2019-2024 Revised Edition|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/d/d3/Phasor_Manual_2019.pdf
</gallery>
</div>

[[Category:Hardware]]
[[Category:Apple]]
[[Category:ReActiveMicro Projects]]

Tom Charlesworth's MB-Audit project: https://github.com/tomcw/mb-audit

This project (released as an Apple II disk image) includes a suit of diagnostic tests that exercise real Mockingboard (and Phasor) hardware to identify any faults in all components on the card: 6522s, AY-3-8913s, SC-01 & SSI263s.

It is regularly updated, and the AppleWin emulator is kept in lock-step with these tests too.

Phasor

2024-10-04T17:17:56Z

Khaibitgfx: /* Downloadable Files */

[[Image:Title_Phasor_Sound_Card.svg|440px|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/9/9c/Title_Phasor_Sound_Card.svg]]

[[Image:IMG_20190713_161320401_HDR-Wiki-tiny.png|thumb|ReActiveMicro Phasor v1.0|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/f/f3/IMG_20190713_161320401_HDR-Wiki-tiny.png ]]

The Phasor is a 12 voice sound card for the Apple II, II ''plus'', IIe and IIGS. Originally designed by Applied Engineering (aka - AE).

The Phasor is usually seen as one [[Mockingboard_v1|Mockingboard]] by programs which support the Mockingboard. Some programs can even see the Phasor as two Mockingboards, which allow for all 12 voices to be used. Other programs will directly support the Phasor, however the list is much smaller than those that support the Mockingboard.

In 2016 Tom Arnold worked with [[ReActiveMicro]] to reproduce a clone of the board called "FAZOR" v1.0beta. On June 6th, 2019 ReActiveMicro released their own v1.0 Phasor expansion card. This is what is currently offered for sale.

WIKI Info: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phasor_%28sound_synthesizer%29 Phasor]

Product Status: Actively sold by ReActiveMicro.

Support: Post on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME}}|Discussion]] page (link above) or email [https://store.reactivemicro.com/contact-us/ ReActiveMicro Support].

Sales: Visit the [https://store.reactivemicro.com/shop/ ReActiveMicro Store].

'''Future Developments:''' RM is ''actively'' working on v2 which will use custom logic to emulate the ICs.

==Kit Assembly==
The Phasor Sound Card Kit is a total of 465 pads or "solder joints". It takes about 1 hour or less to fully assemble a kit if you have a decent iron, flux, and solder. The parts included with your kit and the PCB have basic labels. Those with even basic knowledge should have little trouble assembling the kit from the labels on the parts, the bags, and the PCB. The images here of the assembled card can also be used for reference or to determine orientation, such as the diodes.

To assemble your kit we recommend adding parts in groups and then soldering them. This will be the fastest way to assemble the kit rather than adding one part at a time then soldering it.
* Start with the small passive parts like caps and resistors. Some of the location labels will be hard to see if you start with the sockets or other parts. Each time a part is added you can simply bend over a leg on each side to help hold the part to the PCB which allows the board to be turned over and prevents parts from falling out. It is most simple to load all the parts in groups and then solder and clip the legs as needed.
* Once the passive parts are installed next should be the IC sockets. When a socket is loaded on the board bending the corner pins of the sockets helps hole it to the PCB which allows group loading and soldering. The sockets are all the same thickness. So if you solder on a flat surface then this will also help hold all the sockets flat to the PCB and give a more uniform appearance when completed. '''Be sure ALL pin 1 'notches' '''are facing the correct way! See the silk screen markings on the PCB to ensure the correct orientation.
* End with the larger parts, like jacks, the large cap, and the header pins. Don't bend over the jack legs or pin legs as they will be too stiff. The jack's legs are prebent also which should help hold it to the PCB. The rest you may need to hold the parts in place as you solder a few pins before you can group solder.

{{#ev:youtube|rKruhFEpX6E|400|center|Alexander Jacocks: Phasor Build - Part 1|frame}} {{#ev:youtube|hS_skJ8cjaU|400|center|Alexander Jacocks: Phasor Build - Part 2|frame}}
On April 10th, 2021 Alexander Jacocks posted a build video of the Phasor v1.0 Apple II Sound Card Kit. He goes in to some detail about the card, and reviews the PCB and shows the full assembly. About an hour later he has an assembled and working board.

{{#ev:youtube|ICPE9AL-OcM|400|center|Old Computer Fun!: Assembling the ReactiveMicro Phasor clone for the Apple II|frame}}
On August 16th, 2020 Old Computer Fun! posted a build video of the Phasor v1.0 Apple II Sound Card Kit. At 10:26 he points out a potential pitfall with cap. Well worth noting.

{{#ev:youtube|QrVqP6GTYQs|400|center|Chris Torrence: Assembly Lines #112: Apple II Phasor (Mockingboard) Sound Card Kit|frame}}

On April 24th, 2020 Chris Torrence posted a build video of the Phasor v1.0 Apple II Sound Card Kit. He even shows one of the possible mistakes (LS245 backwards). A good vid to review before building your kit! We highly recommend watching it before starting your kit as well as fully reviewing this Wiki page.

'''Note: ''' A good loupe (magnifying glass) is recommended for helping identify and confirm parts, like the markings on some small caps. It also helps with solder joint inspection. An illuminated 40 x 25mm and a 35 x 50mm loupe are well worth the investment and can be had for about $10 each on eBay.

'''Some care needs to be taken when installing capacitors and diodes.'''

If your kit includes Aluminum or Tantalum capacitors, or "caps" for short, then be sure to install them in the correct orientation. The PCB will be clearly marked with "+" signs for all cap locations when the orientation of the part matters, or a polarized part is normally used. Sometimes a non-polarized part is used in place of a polarized one and then its orientation does not matter. However install a polarized cap backwards and you will damage it. An Aluminum Electrolytic will have a strip pointing to the NEGATIVE end lead. A Tantalum Electrolytic will generally have a marking or stripe to denote (not always pointing to) the POSITIVE lead.
* Install the 10uF Aluminum caps at locations C17 and C27. Be sure to install correctly as they are polarized.

All caps will have value markings on them. "106" is 10uF, and "104" is .1uF. 10uF is also typically physically larger than .1uF. This should help identify the ceramic caps in the kit. They along with the Electrolytic caps can also clearly be seen in the assembled pic above.
* Install a 47pF cap at location "C3 (COLOR TRIM)". This can be from any of the two pads on the right to the one pad on the left.

A diode also has a marking on it, and needs to be installed correctly as it only allows current to flow in one direction. Install it backwards and you won't usually damage it, however the circuit will no longer operate as intended. They can also clearly be seen in the assembled pic above.
* Install the diode at location CR1. Be sure to install with the line side down (towards the "A" row).

'''Show below are example illustrations of different caps, a diode, and their related markings.'''

<gallery class="center" widths=400px heights=250px>
File:Caps_Chart.svg|Caps Markings|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/d/d1/Caps_Chart.svg
File:Diode_Anatomy.svg|Diode Markings|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/e/e9/Diode_Anatomy.svg
</gallery>

Your kit also includes resistors. They should be the less precise "4 band" style which are typically 5% tolerance. You can also use the more precise "5 band" style which are typically 1% tolerance. Here are some charts on how to read them to help make matching locations on your PCB more easy.

<gallery class="center" widths=400px heights=400px>
File:4_Band_Resistor_Chart.svg|4-band Resistor Markings
File:5_Band_Resistor_Chart.svg|5-band Resistor Markings
</gallery>

== Software Titles That Support Sound and Speech ==
We will likely add a table here to better outline all the known titles. However, for now it is best to reference this site:
http://www.applevault.com/hardware/sweet_micro_systems/mockingboard/

== History ==
The Phasor was the second project collaboration between Tom Arnold of philosophyofsound.com and Henry from ReActiveMicro. After a bit of market research there seemed be enough demand to warrant this project. Previously Tom had worked on and released a clone of the [[Mockingboard_v1|Mockingboard]]. This project however would be more difficult since the Phasor uses two PAL devices.

About mid-February 2013 Henry sent Tom a Phasor to depopulate and start the cloning process as Henry was planning to be busy with other non-Apple II related business till about 2014. Tom produced a schematic and then relaid out a new PCB for alpha testing. This would allow testing of the schematic and new components.

Tom worked with the project in his spare time during 2013 and 2014. There was no major rush in the project since Ultimate-Micro still had stock of the Mockingboard v1a they were selling. Not much was done with the project till about mid-2015, after the Mockingboard v1a stock was liquidated.

During the whole process Tom had been trying to copy the protected PAL devices. After several weeks Tom managed to produce a good copy of "PH1". "PH2" however proved to be a lot harder to copy. Henry sent the PH2 device to JammArcade.net who specializes in duplicating older PAL devices. After several weeks they managed to produce a working copy about the very end of 2015.

From 2016 till 2019 Tom Arnold didn't produce any more Phasors. Henry decided to have more units produced with the main goal of also supplying kits. On April 4th 2019 Henry started working on the Phasor v1.0 project. He scanned the PCB, produced new CAD files, and revised the component layout and BOM. The main changes to the project compared to AE was to remove the old RCA audio jacks and use a more common 3.5mm jack, and to remove the thumbwheel potentiometers which set the output volume. The output volume is now hardset at a suitable level for use with amplified speakers most commonly found with desktop PCs.

== Phasor Versions ==
Applied Engineering released the original Phasor in 1984, and it's believed all these early boards are marked "Rev. E" and are missing the 74LS245 near the card's edge connector. This "Rev. F" is from about 1986 and has the 74LS245. It's believed the change was due to a possible issue with the newer IIGS. From a design standpoint it should have been on the card to begin with to comply with Apple's specs as it drives the data bus.

<gallery class="center" widths=300px>
File:P_20180916_112027_vHDR_Auto-Wiki.png|Applied Engineering Phasor.
</gallery>

At the very end of June 2016 Tom sent ReActiveMicro a working Fazor v1.0 Beta clone for testing and to include in their raffle at [[KFEST 2016]].

<gallery class="center" widths=300px>
File:Fazor_v1.0beta_Face.png|Fazor v1.0 Beta from ReActiveMicro.
</gallery>

<gallery class=center" widths=300px>
File:Fazor_v1.0beta_Face_Marking.jpg|The front "beta" marking on the Fazor.
File:Fazor_v1.0beta_Face_RM_Marking.jpg|The "ReActiveMicro" marking on the Fazor.
File:Fazor_v1.0beta_Rear_Beta_Markings.jpg|The rear "beta" and "Tom" markings on the Fazor.
</gallery>

The Phasor v1.0 is the current release of the project. Three exact 1-to-1 sample boards were produced to prove the CAD files and Bill of Materials was correct and factory assembly wasn't an issue. After that the pots were removed and resistors added to set the output volume level. Also removed were the RCA connectors and a more common 3.5mm audio jack was installed. This allows standard desktop speakers to be used.

<gallery class="center" widths=300px caption="Phasor v1.0.x From ReActiveMicro">
File:IMG_20190606_092101451-Wiki-tiny.png|The Phasor v1.0.0. Only three with audio pots were produced.
File:IMG_20190713_161320401_HDR-Wiki-tiny.png|The Phasor v1.0.1. The audio pots were replaced with resistors.
</gallery>

This is the proto project for v2 of the project. It will be based on an FPGA and allow the board to be produced more cheaply when the 6522 and AY-3-8913 ICs become more scarce. However it probably won't be able to be offered in kit form.

<gallery class="center" widths=300px caption="The Phasor v2 Alpha PCB">
File:Phasor_v2_Alpha1.jpg|First Alpha Design
File:Phasor_v2.A.1.jpg|Second Alpha Design
</gallery>

== Reviews & Examples ==
{{#ev:youtube|Bs9G21110B8|400|right|Nox Archaist Music Files|frame}}
Here is a good example of the Phasor in use playing the music for the game Nox Archaist.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

{{#ev:youtube|QrVqP6GTYQs|400|right|Chris Torrence: Assembly Lines #112: Apple II Phasor (Mockingboard) Sound Card Kit|frame}}
On April 24th, 2020 Chris Torrence posted a build video of the Phasor v1.0 Apple II Sound Card Kit. He shows how simple and fun this kit can be, as well as a finished product. He even shows one of the possible mistakes (LS245 backwards). A good vid to review before building your kit!

{{#ev:youtube|dlV_-0jvLFE|400|right|Chris Torrence: Assembly Lines #97: Phasor Apple II Sound Card|frame}}
On June 6th, 2019 Chris Torrence posted a review about the Phasor v1.0 Apple II Sound Card. He shows it working with several different programs, and discusses the features and benefit verses the Mockingboard.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

==ICs Of The Phasor==
The main control of the [http://www.cpcwiki.eu/index.php/Datasheet_AY-8913 AY-3-8913 Sound Generator ICs] is controlled by the 6522 Versatile Interface Adapter (VIA). The Apple II sends commands to the VIAs and the VIAs are connected in a way to send packages of instructions to the Programmable Sound Generators (PSG), and the PSGs produce audio.

The Apple II clock is phase shifted by 180 degrees on the Phasor using an RC Network and a 74HCT02. Part of the Apple II Audio Input circuit is also routed through the 74HCT02.

The SSI-263AP Speech Synthesis IC is not controlled by the VIAs, but is controlled by the onboard GALs. The GALs also produce clock for the PSGs and help control the VIAs.

==FPGA Emulation Of Analog ICs==
At the heart of the Phasor v2 sound card project is the emulation of the 6522 VIA's and AY-3-8913 Sound Generator ICs.

The FPGA reproduces audio using the same techniques as the Sound Generators. The Digital to Analog Converter (DAC) takes the commands from the 6522 part of the code and modulates the output accordingly. Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) is responsible for mixing and levels. The audio produced is very close to analog. The only real difference is the analog parts of the AY-3-8913 Sound Generator are never the same from IC to IC whereas they are always the same from FPGA to FPGA. The analog audio from the Sound Generators tends to be more "warm" however the audio from the FPGA tends to be more clear. Some high tones tend to be lower or washed out in analog when compared to digital samples. This could also be related to poor design of the filter circuits on the original AE Phasor.

==OpAmp And Audio Mixer Circuit==
The mixer circuits on the original AE Phasor were not of the best design. Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) and other related noise, channel bleed, and voltage level issues can all be heard on the original card. The Analog and Digital ground separation is also not of the best design. All of these issues were addressed on the ReActiveMicro project.

RFI tends to be heard with CPU, bus, and drive operation and can sound like clicks or slight beeps of varying tones. It's mostly heard when there is no or low audio and the volume is turned up or headphones are used. Channel bleed can be hard when audio is being played in one channel and silence in the other, and can make audio sound more mono or distorted in some cases. Voltage level issues tend to lead to some things sounding louder or softer than others. For example the speech IC tends to sound louder than sound effects or music.

In the Phasor v2 project the second speech IC option was removed since it was unused by all programs and even the test program. There was no known way to test it, although now mb-audit exists (see below) which includes tests for both SSI263 chips. In the current Phasor project the right and left channels for speech are combined for mono output which sounds a lot better than the original signal channel, and the voltage level was normalized to better match the audio output.

== Downloadable Files ==
This is the original AE Phasor test software. It is very limited in what it tests, and due to these limits development of the Phasor v2 project has been delayed. It has been very difficult to find and fix issues as a result. Most of the test software project is actually very simple as the code exists in all the original test programs. Now mb-audit exists (see below) which contains many Phasor-specific tests.

<div class="new_window">
<gallery class="center" widths=150px heights=80 caption="SERVER FILES">

File:RM_Icon_File_Server.svg|Software|link=http://www.downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/Phasor/Software/
File:RM_Icon_File_Server.svg|Assorted Files|link=http://www.downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/Phasor/
File:RM_Icon_File_Server.svg|Test files - Tom Porter|link=https://www.dropbox.com/s/jz6emstwvouan2z/MIDI%20To%20PHASOR.zip?dl=0
</gallery>
</div>

<div class="new_window">
<gallery class="center" widths=150px heights=80 caption="PRINTABLE DOCUMENTS">

File:PDF_ICON.svg|File:2018-06-09_-_Eric_Rangell_-_ProgrammingThePhasor_-_v1.5.pdf|Programming The Phasor: Part 1|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/4/4b/2018-06-09_-_Eric_Rangell_-_ProgrammingThePhasor_-_v1.5.pdf
File:PDF_ICON.svg|File:Phasor_Programming_Supplement.pdf|Programming The Phasor: Part 2|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/2/21/Phasor_Programming_Supplement.pdf
File:PDF_ICON.svg|Manual 2024 Edition|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/d/d3/Phasor_Manual_2019.pdf
</gallery>
</div>

[[Category:Hardware]]
[[Category:Apple]]
[[Category:ReActiveMicro Projects]]

Tom Charlesworth's MB-Audit project: https://github.com/tomcw/mb-audit

This project (released as an Apple II disk image) includes a suit of diagnostic tests that exercise real Mockingboard (and Phasor) hardware to identify any faults in all components on the card: 6522s, AY-3-8913s, SC-01 & SSI263s.

It is regularly updated, and the AppleWin emulator is kept in lock-step with these tests too.

File:Phasor Manual 2019.pdf

2024-10-04T17:16:21Z

Khaibitgfx: Khaibitgfx uploaded a new version of File:Phasor Manual 2019.pdf

A2FPGA

2024-10-03T16:38:36Z

Khaibitgfx:

[[Image:Title_a2n20.svg|700px|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/1/1c/Title_a2n20.svg]]

[[Image:Photoroom_20240316_143943.jpg|thumb|A2FPGA A2N20 v2.0|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/b/b3/Photoroom_20240316_143943.jpg]]

The A2FPGA is primarily an HD video and Mockingboard-compatible sound card for the Apple II, II+, //e, and IIgs. It's a small, Apple II peripheral card that can be installed in any Apple II computer II, II+, //e, IIgs. See Slots below for compatible slot locations by system type. The A2FPGA uses a modern FPGA (field-programmable gate array or "programmable logic") to provide precise timing-accurate interfacing to the Apple II bus. This allows the card to capture all access to Apple II display memory in order to faithfully generate Apple text and graphics in crisp 480p 60Hz HD as well as providing the functionality of a number of popular peripheral cards in a single Apple II slot. The A2FPGA has been tested with Apple II, II+, //e, and IIgs models and brings the classic Apple II experience to a whole new level on any monitor or television.

Product Status: Actively sold by ReActiveMicro.

Support: Post on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME}}|Discussion]] page (link above) or email [http://store.reactivemicro.com/contact-us/ ReActiveMicro Support].

Sales: Visit the [https://www.reactivemicro.com/product/a2fpga-multicard/ ReActiveMicro Store].

Open Source: Visit the [https://github.com/a2fpga/a2fpga_core A2FPGA Core on GitHub].

== Features ==
As of April 2024 the standard features currently are:
720x480 @ 60Hz HDMI output supporting all Apple II, II+, //e, & IIgs display modes.*
Mockingboard sound compatibility (Slot 4)
Both Apple II system speaker audio AND Mockingboard audio are output to your HDMI display's speakers
Synetix SuperSprite and Ciarcia EZ-Color TMS9918a compatibility (Slot 7)

*If your monitor doesn't support 720x480 resolution, or some older "CCTV" type monitors, then you may not receive video. More common and newer HDMI monitors should not have any issues.
*All functionality is supported simultaneously. Users don’t have to change modes or configuration to switch between features.
*The A2N20-V2 Multicard does NOT connect the INT_IN/INT_OUT or DMA_IN/DMA_OUT daisy chain lines. Systems that have multiple cards which depend on daisy chaining may not function.

Slots: 
II/Plus/e - Any Slot, We recommend Slot 7 for better HDMI cable routing 
IIgs ROM0 - NOT TESTED, But Slot 3 ONLY 
IIgs ROM1 - Slot 3 ONLY* 
IIgs ROM3 - Any Slot 1-6 but WILL NOT function in Slot 7 
*A user can use the A2FPGA in any slot in the ROM1 IIgs if they install a jumper wire mod from Slot 3, pin 35, to whichever slot they want to use the card, pin 35.
 
WARNING! This board MUST be installed with the HDMI connector facing the forward keyboard end of the chassis! Failure to do so will result in damage to your Apple II as all bus lines are active.
 
 
NOTE:
*The A2FPGA is fully DMA compliant and cards such as the MicroDrive/Turbo do work with DMA mode enabled.
*If Mockingboard is enabled, NO other card may be physically present in Slot 4. For IIgs, you must set the control panel slot 4 to "My Card"
*The FPGA used on A2FPGA takes ~2 seconds to power on and sync to an HDMI display. During this time the Apple II system is held in RESET, meaning the II will do nothing (not even beep) until the A2FPGA board has been fully setup and synched. The initial Apple II power on "beep" will be missed, but all subsequent Apple II sound can be output to HDMI if SW2 is ON.
*The A2FPGA is NOT an emulator. It is a full and complete implementation of all of the original logic for these hardware components plus bus decoding, memory shadowing, and the full range of video modes for the entire Apple II family. Plus a complete implementation of the TMS-9918A VDP and the SuperSprite and Ciarcia compatible means to hook into it.
*TMS-9918A VDP: A complete implementation of the original V1 F18A Core (created by Matt Haggerty). 16K RAM is allocated to the VDP. That is implemented 100% in the FPGA.

=== Incompatibilities & Issues ===

* [https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/8-bit-shack/undead-a-new-apple-role-player-game Undead by 8-Bit-Shack]- please update to the latest firmware that fixes the double-lores mode that the game uses. It should work fine with the latest firmware.

* Any peripheral cards installed in Slots 4 or 7 might not work correctly, and other slots should be used. Slot 4 is where the Mockingboard is accessed, and Slot 7 is where the Synetix SuperSprite card is accessed. These options can be disabled with reprogramming the firmware. See [[#Firmware / FPGA Core|Firmware / FPGA Core]] below for firmware options.

* IIgs Ensoniq Sound does NOT get output to the HDMI audio - yet. This is currently in the works and there will be a firmware update available listed below.

* Users have encountered issues when routing the output of the A2N20-V2 MultiCard through various video capture devices due to differing supported video modes. The recommended workaround is to use an HDMI audio embedder/extractor device, which forces the output packets to be re-encoded correctly for video capture devices. A successfully tested example is the SIIG device available on [https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B07HNM2F1Q Amazon]. Another option is to use an HDMI output splitter. We have tested this model available at Amazon [https://www.amazon.com/dp/B092VJXGJ6?th=1] and it works well. Other less expensive options have not performed as well. The team is working on a potential firmware update or other possible solution to improve compatibility with video capture cards in the future and this page will be updated as new information becomes available.

* BuGS and GS.Pacman might show some sprite issues when playing with elements disappearing. The IIgs has the ability to do set scan line interrupts that trigger when a video line is being output. This allows the software developer to time their writes to the screen after the raster is sent to the monitor. What this means is that game software can erase and redraw the graphics elements without flickering. Very few original IIgs games used this technique but it is more common with modern IIgs games. A fix is currently being researched for the few titles that are affected. A list will be maintained here for easy reference.
*BuGS
*GS.Pacman

== KansasFest 2024 ==

On July 27th, 2024, the A2FPGA team presented at KansasFest 2024 and the video of the presentation is here:

{{#ev:youtube|gJXZZJZc5gI|400|center|KansasFest 2024: Making of the A2FPGA|frame}}

== Reviews ==
On June 08th, 2024 Lon.TV posted a review video of the A2FPGA in a IIe environment. A IIgs review is planned in the future.
{{#ev:youtube|EZbnXDUP9Ys|400|center|Lon.TV: Adding an FPGA for HDMI and Audio with the A2FPGA|frame}}

<hr>

On May 6th, 2024 Chris Torrence of Assembly Lines posted a review video of the A2FPGA in a IIgs environment. Also shows things like setting up the Control Panel in the IIgs.
{{#ev:youtube|w0WaGExOT14|400|center|Chris Torrence: A2FPGA in the Apple IIGS|frame}}

<hr>

On April 27nd, 2024 Chris Torrence of Assembly Lines posted a review video of the A2FPGA in a II Plus and IIe environment. Chris also reviews and does a firmware update in real time. Skip to [https://youtu.be/Wt-DLSyuBCw?t=596 9:56] to see it and follow along!
{{#ev:youtube|Wt-DLSyuBCw|400|center|Chris Torrence: Can One Apple II Card Replace Them All?|frame}}
{{#ev:youtube|Wt-DLSyuBCw|400|center|The Review Breakdown In 1 Minute|frame|start=921}}

<hr>

On April 22nd, 2024 Joe Strosnider of Joe's Computer Museum posted a review video of the A2FPGA in a IIgs environment. Joe also reviews and does a firmware update in real time. Skip to [https://youtu.be/rM0Phma_B9o?t=901 15:03] to see it and follow along!
{{#ev:youtube|rM0Phma_B9o|400|center|Joe Strosnider: Reviewing the A2FPGA!|frame|start=102}}
{{#ev:youtube|rM0Phma_B9o|400|center|The Review Breakdown In 1 Minute|frame|start=6208}}

== DIP Switch Settings ==
The A2N20v2 has a 4-switch DIP switch that controls the following settings:

SW1: Enable Scanline effect when set to ON (default).
SW2: Enable Apple II speaker sounds via HDMI when set to ON (default).
SW3: Set to ON (default) for Power-on-Reset Hold - Delay Apple II start-up until FPGA is initialized and running.
SW4: Apple IIgs - Set to ON when installed in an Apple IIgs. OFF for II, II+ and II/e systems.

The Mockingboard functionality is directly tied to Slot #4. At present there is no way to override this behavior. In order for the Mockingboard implementation to work properly, no other card may be physically present in Slot 4 on any Apple II system. Further, if you have a IIgs, you must configure slot 4 as "My Card" in the Apple IIgs control panel.

The Synetix SuperSprite functionality is also directly tied to Slot #7. If you intend to use a card in slot #7, you will not be able to access the SuperSprite (TMS-9918A / F18A VDP functions). Additionally, making slot #7 usable for your own card requires that you perform a firmware update using the "NOSPRITE7" version of the firmware located below.

== Firmware / FPGA Core ==
The A2FPGA firmware is easily updated on any PC or Mac and is based on open-source code so that new functionality and bug fixes from the developer community can be added over time.

You can learn more about this exciting project on its public GitHub repository: https://github.com/a2fpga/a2fpga_core.

The team also maintains a presence on X (formerly Twitter) here: https://twitter.com/a2fpga.

=== UPDATING THE A2N20-V2 FPGA FIRMWARE ===

All versions of the firmware for this product are listed below and organized by date.

https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/e/e9/A2fpga-08-17-2024-FIRMWARE.zip: The LATEST a2n20v2 Multicard Firmware Version 08-17-2024 (LATEST STABLE RELEASE, DEFAULT, NOSPRITE7, and VIDEO-ONLY BUILDS). NOTE: This ZIP file contains the latest DEFAULT, NOSPRITE7, and VIDEO-ONLY builds of the firmware. DEFAULT enables Mockingboard in Slot #4 and Synetix SuperSprite in Slot #7. NO OTHER BOARDS MAY BE PRESENT IN THESE SLOTS USING THE DEFAULT FIRMWARE. If you require the use of Slot #7, and do not plan to work with the Synetix SuperSprite functionality, we recommend that you install the NOSPRITE7 build of the firmware contained in this Zip file as it has been tested to properly function with the Reactive Microdrive Turbo in slot 7. If you only wish to use A2FPGA for high-quality video output of all Apple II video modes, we recommend the VIDEO-ONLY build. The README.pdf file contained in the ZIP file includes detailed instructions, release notes, and more information to help you choose the correct build for your configuration and flash it into your a2n20-v2 Multicard - please read it completely before attempting to flash your firmware.

https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/5/59/A2n20v2-04252024-ALL.zip: The a2n20v2 Multicard Firmware Version 04-25-2024 (PRIOR STABLE RELEASE, DEFAULT and NOSPRITE7 BUILDS).NOTE: This ZIP file contains BOTH the DEFAULT and NOSPRITE7 builds of the firmware. DEFAULT enables Mockingboard in Slot #4 and Synetix SuperSprite in Slot #7. NO OTHER BOARDS MAY BE PRESENT IN THESE SLOTS USING THE DEFAULT FIRMWARE. If you require the use of Slot #7, and do not plan to work with the Synetix SuperSprite functionality, we recommend that you install the NOSPRITE7 build of the firmware contained in this Zip file as it has been tested to properly function with the Reactive Microdrive Turbo in slot 7. The README.pdf file contained in the ZIP file includes detailed instructions and more information to help you choose the correct build for your configuration and flash it into your a2n20-v2 Multicard - please read it completely before attempting to flash your firmware.

== Testing ==
The A2FPGA displays video immediately when installed in the correct slot. Sound depends on the DIP Switch setting.

Any diagnostic program can be used to test varying video modes. Other programs, such as games, could also be used. Sound testing can more simply be performed using the Mockingboard Demo disk.

For testing Synetix SuperSprite features, this link https://mirrors.apple2.org.za/ftp.apple.asimov.net/images/hardware/video/StarSprite-SuperSprite-Programs.zip is a ZIP file with images for the Synetix SuperSprite programs. When you unpack it, the Demonstration Disk is probably the best one to use for testing.

== History ==
September 7th, 2023 A2FPGA contacted Henry to discuss their HDMI related project and about ReActiveMicro assisting with distribution and related sales, logistics, and support.

A2FPGA

2024-10-03T16:35:35Z

Khaibitgfx:

[[Image:Title_a2n20.svg|700px|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/b/b9/Title_a2n20.svg]]

[[Image:Photoroom_20240316_143943.jpg|thumb|A2FPGA A2N20 v2.0|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/b/b3/Photoroom_20240316_143943.jpg]]

The A2FPGA is primarily an HD video and Mockingboard-compatible sound card for the Apple II, II+, //e, and IIgs. It's a small, Apple II peripheral card that can be installed in any Apple II computer II, II+, //e, IIgs. See Slots below for compatible slot locations by system type. The A2FPGA uses a modern FPGA (field-programmable gate array or "programmable logic") to provide precise timing-accurate interfacing to the Apple II bus. This allows the card to capture all access to Apple II display memory in order to faithfully generate Apple text and graphics in crisp 480p 60Hz HD as well as providing the functionality of a number of popular peripheral cards in a single Apple II slot. The A2FPGA has been tested with Apple II, II+, //e, and IIgs models and brings the classic Apple II experience to a whole new level on any monitor or television.

Product Status: Actively sold by ReActiveMicro.

Support: Post on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME}}|Discussion]] page (link above) or email [http://store.reactivemicro.com/contact-us/ ReActiveMicro Support].

Sales: Visit the [https://www.reactivemicro.com/product/a2fpga-multicard/ ReActiveMicro Store].

Open Source: Visit the [https://github.com/a2fpga/a2fpga_core A2FPGA Core on GitHub].

== Features ==
As of April 2024 the standard features currently are:
720x480 @ 60Hz HDMI output supporting all Apple II, II+, //e, & IIgs display modes.*
Mockingboard sound compatibility (Slot 4)
Both Apple II system speaker audio AND Mockingboard audio are output to your HDMI display's speakers
Synetix SuperSprite and Ciarcia EZ-Color TMS9918a compatibility (Slot 7)

*If your monitor doesn't support 720x480 resolution, or some older "CCTV" type monitors, then you may not receive video. More common and newer HDMI monitors should not have any issues.
*All functionality is supported simultaneously. Users don’t have to change modes or configuration to switch between features.
*The A2N20-V2 Multicard does NOT connect the INT_IN/INT_OUT or DMA_IN/DMA_OUT daisy chain lines. Systems that have multiple cards which depend on daisy chaining may not function.

Slots: 
II/Plus/e - Any Slot, We recommend Slot 7 for better HDMI cable routing 
IIgs ROM0 - NOT TESTED, But Slot 3 ONLY 
IIgs ROM1 - Slot 3 ONLY* 
IIgs ROM3 - Any Slot 1-6 but WILL NOT function in Slot 7 
*A user can use the A2FPGA in any slot in the ROM1 IIgs if they install a jumper wire mod from Slot 3, pin 35, to whichever slot they want to use the card, pin 35.
 
WARNING! This board MUST be installed with the HDMI connector facing the forward keyboard end of the chassis! Failure to do so will result in damage to your Apple II as all bus lines are active.
 
 
NOTE:
*The A2FPGA is fully DMA compliant and cards such as the MicroDrive/Turbo do work with DMA mode enabled.
*If Mockingboard is enabled, NO other card may be physically present in Slot 4. For IIgs, you must set the control panel slot 4 to "My Card"
*The FPGA used on A2FPGA takes ~2 seconds to power on and sync to an HDMI display. During this time the Apple II system is held in RESET, meaning the II will do nothing (not even beep) until the A2FPGA board has been fully setup and synched. The initial Apple II power on "beep" will be missed, but all subsequent Apple II sound can be output to HDMI if SW2 is ON.
*The A2FPGA is NOT an emulator. It is a full and complete implementation of all of the original logic for these hardware components plus bus decoding, memory shadowing, and the full range of video modes for the entire Apple II family. Plus a complete implementation of the TMS-9918A VDP and the SuperSprite and Ciarcia compatible means to hook into it.
*TMS-9918A VDP: A complete implementation of the original V1 F18A Core (created by Matt Haggerty). 16K RAM is allocated to the VDP. That is implemented 100% in the FPGA.

=== Incompatibilities & Issues ===

* [https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/8-bit-shack/undead-a-new-apple-role-player-game Undead by 8-Bit-Shack]- please update to the latest firmware that fixes the double-lores mode that the game uses. It should work fine with the latest firmware.

* Any peripheral cards installed in Slots 4 or 7 might not work correctly, and other slots should be used. Slot 4 is where the Mockingboard is accessed, and Slot 7 is where the Synetix SuperSprite card is accessed. These options can be disabled with reprogramming the firmware. See [[#Firmware / FPGA Core|Firmware / FPGA Core]] below for firmware options.

* IIgs Ensoniq Sound does NOT get output to the HDMI audio - yet. This is currently in the works and there will be a firmware update available listed below.

* Users have encountered issues when routing the output of the A2N20-V2 MultiCard through various video capture devices due to differing supported video modes. The recommended workaround is to use an HDMI audio embedder/extractor device, which forces the output packets to be re-encoded correctly for video capture devices. A successfully tested example is the SIIG device available on [https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B07HNM2F1Q Amazon]. Another option is to use an HDMI output splitter. We have tested this model available at Amazon [https://www.amazon.com/dp/B092VJXGJ6?th=1] and it works well. Other less expensive options have not performed as well. The team is working on a potential firmware update or other possible solution to improve compatibility with video capture cards in the future and this page will be updated as new information becomes available.

* BuGS and GS.Pacman might show some sprite issues when playing with elements disappearing. The IIgs has the ability to do set scan line interrupts that trigger when a video line is being output. This allows the software developer to time their writes to the screen after the raster is sent to the monitor. What this means is that game software can erase and redraw the graphics elements without flickering. Very few original IIgs games used this technique but it is more common with modern IIgs games. A fix is currently being researched for the few titles that are affected. A list will be maintained here for easy reference.
*BuGS
*GS.Pacman

== KansasFest 2024 ==

On July 27th, 2024, the A2FPGA team presented at KansasFest 2024 and the video of the presentation is here:

{{#ev:youtube|gJXZZJZc5gI|400|center|KansasFest 2024: Making of the A2FPGA|frame}}

== Reviews ==
On June 08th, 2024 Lon.TV posted a review video of the A2FPGA in a IIe environment. A IIgs review is planned in the future.
{{#ev:youtube|EZbnXDUP9Ys|400|center|Lon.TV: Adding an FPGA for HDMI and Audio with the A2FPGA|frame}}

<hr>

On May 6th, 2024 Chris Torrence of Assembly Lines posted a review video of the A2FPGA in a IIgs environment. Also shows things like setting up the Control Panel in the IIgs.
{{#ev:youtube|w0WaGExOT14|400|center|Chris Torrence: A2FPGA in the Apple IIGS|frame}}

<hr>

On April 27nd, 2024 Chris Torrence of Assembly Lines posted a review video of the A2FPGA in a II Plus and IIe environment. Chris also reviews and does a firmware update in real time. Skip to [https://youtu.be/Wt-DLSyuBCw?t=596 9:56] to see it and follow along!
{{#ev:youtube|Wt-DLSyuBCw|400|center|Chris Torrence: Can One Apple II Card Replace Them All?|frame}}
{{#ev:youtube|Wt-DLSyuBCw|400|center|The Review Breakdown In 1 Minute|frame|start=921}}

<hr>

On April 22nd, 2024 Joe Strosnider of Joe's Computer Museum posted a review video of the A2FPGA in a IIgs environment. Joe also reviews and does a firmware update in real time. Skip to [https://youtu.be/rM0Phma_B9o?t=901 15:03] to see it and follow along!
{{#ev:youtube|rM0Phma_B9o|400|center|Joe Strosnider: Reviewing the A2FPGA!|frame|start=102}}
{{#ev:youtube|rM0Phma_B9o|400|center|The Review Breakdown In 1 Minute|frame|start=6208}}

== DIP Switch Settings ==
The A2N20v2 has a 4-switch DIP switch that controls the following settings:

SW1: Enable Scanline effect when set to ON (default).
SW2: Enable Apple II speaker sounds via HDMI when set to ON (default).
SW3: Set to ON (default) for Power-on-Reset Hold - Delay Apple II start-up until FPGA is initialized and running.
SW4: Apple IIgs - Set to ON when installed in an Apple IIgs. OFF for II, II+ and II/e systems.

The Mockingboard functionality is directly tied to Slot #4. At present there is no way to override this behavior. In order for the Mockingboard implementation to work properly, no other card may be physically present in Slot 4 on any Apple II system. Further, if you have a IIgs, you must configure slot 4 as "My Card" in the Apple IIgs control panel.

The Synetix SuperSprite functionality is also directly tied to Slot #7. If you intend to use a card in slot #7, you will not be able to access the SuperSprite (TMS-9918A / F18A VDP functions). Additionally, making slot #7 usable for your own card requires that you perform a firmware update using the "NOSPRITE7" version of the firmware located below.

== Firmware / FPGA Core ==
The A2FPGA firmware is easily updated on any PC or Mac and is based on open-source code so that new functionality and bug fixes from the developer community can be added over time.

You can learn more about this exciting project on its public GitHub repository: https://github.com/a2fpga/a2fpga_core.

The team also maintains a presence on X (formerly Twitter) here: https://twitter.com/a2fpga.

=== UPDATING THE A2N20-V2 FPGA FIRMWARE ===

All versions of the firmware for this product are listed below and organized by date.

https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/e/e9/A2fpga-08-17-2024-FIRMWARE.zip: The LATEST a2n20v2 Multicard Firmware Version 08-17-2024 (LATEST STABLE RELEASE, DEFAULT, NOSPRITE7, and VIDEO-ONLY BUILDS). NOTE: This ZIP file contains the latest DEFAULT, NOSPRITE7, and VIDEO-ONLY builds of the firmware. DEFAULT enables Mockingboard in Slot #4 and Synetix SuperSprite in Slot #7. NO OTHER BOARDS MAY BE PRESENT IN THESE SLOTS USING THE DEFAULT FIRMWARE. If you require the use of Slot #7, and do not plan to work with the Synetix SuperSprite functionality, we recommend that you install the NOSPRITE7 build of the firmware contained in this Zip file as it has been tested to properly function with the Reactive Microdrive Turbo in slot 7. If you only wish to use A2FPGA for high-quality video output of all Apple II video modes, we recommend the VIDEO-ONLY build. The README.pdf file contained in the ZIP file includes detailed instructions, release notes, and more information to help you choose the correct build for your configuration and flash it into your a2n20-v2 Multicard - please read it completely before attempting to flash your firmware.

https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/5/59/A2n20v2-04252024-ALL.zip: The a2n20v2 Multicard Firmware Version 04-25-2024 (PRIOR STABLE RELEASE, DEFAULT and NOSPRITE7 BUILDS).NOTE: This ZIP file contains BOTH the DEFAULT and NOSPRITE7 builds of the firmware. DEFAULT enables Mockingboard in Slot #4 and Synetix SuperSprite in Slot #7. NO OTHER BOARDS MAY BE PRESENT IN THESE SLOTS USING THE DEFAULT FIRMWARE. If you require the use of Slot #7, and do not plan to work with the Synetix SuperSprite functionality, we recommend that you install the NOSPRITE7 build of the firmware contained in this Zip file as it has been tested to properly function with the Reactive Microdrive Turbo in slot 7. The README.pdf file contained in the ZIP file includes detailed instructions and more information to help you choose the correct build for your configuration and flash it into your a2n20-v2 Multicard - please read it completely before attempting to flash your firmware.

== Testing ==
The A2FPGA displays video immediately when installed in the correct slot. Sound depends on the DIP Switch setting.

Any diagnostic program can be used to test varying video modes. Other programs, such as games, could also be used. Sound testing can more simply be performed using the Mockingboard Demo disk.

For testing Synetix SuperSprite features, this link https://mirrors.apple2.org.za/ftp.apple.asimov.net/images/hardware/video/StarSprite-SuperSprite-Programs.zip is a ZIP file with images for the Synetix SuperSprite programs. When you unpack it, the Demonstration Disk is probably the best one to use for testing.

== History ==
September 7th, 2023 A2FPGA contacted Henry to discuss their HDMI related project and about ReActiveMicro assisting with distribution and related sales, logistics, and support.

File:Title Ramworks4 Memory.svg

2024-09-27T18:43:19Z

Khaibitgfx: Khaibitgfx uploaded a new version of File:Title Ramworks4 Memory.svg

MicroDrive/Turbo

2024-09-26T18:45:01Z

Khaibitgfx: /* Support: CiderPress - Backing Up and Restoring */

[[Image:Title_Micro_Drive_Turbo.svg|512px|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/8/82/Title_Micro_Drive_Turbo.svg]]

[[Image:RM_MicroDriveTurbo-Object.png|thumb|MicroDrive Turbo from ReActiveMicro|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/4/4d/RM_MicroDriveTurbo-Object.png]]

The MicroDrive Turbo is an IDE Mass Storage Device that is Apple IIGS and Apple II, II Plus, or //e compatible. It emulates a Hard Disk Drive by utilizing Solid-State Compact Flash (CF) Cards.

MicroDrive Turbo (aka - MDT) is currently sold by [[ReActiveMicro]]. They sell it with a preloaded 256 MB Compact Flash Card to enable new users to start using the MicroDrive/Turbo right out of the box. Software included is GS/OS v6.0.1, IIGS Memory Testers, ShrinkIt (8 and 16 bit), Copy II+, MicroDrive Utilities, DiskMaker8, DSK2File, DOS.MASTER and different AE Memory Testers for your //e. Everything needed to start transferring and unpacking software from the Internet, and start using your Apple II Personal Computer once again.

Product Status: Actively sold by [http://store.reactivemicro.com/product/microdriveturbo-storage-controller/ ReActiveMicro].

Support: Post on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME}}|Discussion]] page (link above) or email [http://store.reactivemicro.com/contact-us/ ReActiveMicro Support].

Sales: Visit the [http://store.reactivemicro.com/shop/ ReActiveMicro Store].

== History ==
The MicroDrive Turbo was designed by Joachim Lange of ///SHH Systeme and released in 1996. This was the first Apple II IDE Controller that used DMA.

In 2004 Gerber Street Enterprises started reselling select items from ///SHH Systeme, however the offering was only a couple of items and stock was very limited.

Mid-2006 ReActiveMicro took over reselling all ///SHH Systeme items in an effort to provide better service and a larger product variety to the Apple II Community.

==Board Revisions==
Pre-2006 versions of the card were all hand assembled by Joachim Lange of ///SHH Systeme. After ReActiveMicro took over sales in 2006 the units were hand assembled by Henry from ReActiveMicro till mid 2015. ReActiveMicro then started their structured move to a more automated vendor and set their sights to have projects assembled on a larger scale. The MicroDrive Turbo was the first such project to be fully assembled. However due to a learning curve and testing different vendors Henry continued to hand assemble some MicroDrive Turbo units until 2016. During that year all projects moved to being fully assembled as well as offering kit versions of most projects.

From March 19th 2018 until the 25th ReActiveMicro had a sale in which they jokingly played on the fact that Henry "defaced" several cards by signing them. Thus the cards would be sold at a discount due to his signature being of negative value and actually subtracting from the total worth of the card. This was in fact a joke made from the recent CFFA3000 sales where Rich Dreher sold "limited edition" cards where he signed them and charged $200USD more. It's noteworthy that Henry was not actually thrilled with signing cards and "felt like a total ass" the entire time doing so. He's not into celebrity or thinking his signature or efforts are anything special. He's more happy being able to supply demand and knowing that products he makes are being used in the retro spirit. "Limited editions" or signed products will not be a staple in the ReActiveMicro.com future, and will always be made in a self deprecating fashion.

<gallery class="center" widths=400px heights=200px caption="Example of signed MicroDrive Turbo.">
File:MDT_Signed1.jpg|MicroDrive Turbo. March 19th-25th 2018 Sale {51 units signed total}.
</gallery>

== Features ==

[[Image:MicroDrive_DMA.svg|200px|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/4/43/MicroDrive_DMA.svg]]

DMA: Looking for the fastest storage solution available for your Apple II? The MicroDrive Turbo is faster that any other Mass Storage controller since it uses DMA for reads and writes. As the name implies, it performs Direct Memory Access which bypasses the CPU and allows for a whopping 40% faster read and write speeds when compared to conventional controllers. For example, with an accelerator installed in your IIGS you can boot GS/OS in as fast as 7 seconds! The DMA option can be disabled using the Setup utility.

[[Image:40_Pin_Connector.svg|200px|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/b/ba/40_Pin_Connector.svg]]

40 Pin IDE Interface: The 40 Pin IDE interface on the MicroDrive/Turbo IDE is a standard 16 bit IDE port. It is capable of addressing "Primary" and "Secondary" IDs on the IDE chain.

IDE to Dual CF Adapter: The MicroDrive/Turbo comes standard with a 40 Pin IDE to Dual CF Adapter. Users can control which of the two CF Slots is "Primary" and "Secondary" using a Jumper on the Adapter. The Adapter however can be removed if so desired and a standard IDE Cable and devices attached.

Note: Dual mode unavailable when using the IIe Firmware; Only available when using the IIGS Firmware.

[[Image:CF_Card.svg|200px|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/9/9e/CF_Card.svg]]

Compact Flash: Why use Compact Flash Cards? They are readily available, inexpensive, low power, noiseless, shock proof, removable, and last almost forever - things that can't be said about mechanical Hard Drives. However, it is still possible to use some older IDE Hard Drives with the MicroDrive/Turbo Controller if desired. See "[[#Support: Using Mechanical Hard Drives|Support: Using Mechanical Hard Drives]]" below. Do you download software from the Internet and wonder how to get it to your Apple II or spend lots of time doing so? With the MicroDrive/Turbo it's now super easy! Just remove the Compact Flash Card from your MicroDrive/Turbo, insert it in to your PC and using [http://a2ciderpress.com/ CiderPress] (Windows only) you can read and write directly to the Compact Flash Card. Using your PC for transferring files and backing up has never been so quick and painless!

ProDOS 8 and 16: The MicroDrive/Turbo is ProDOS compatible. It's recognized as a 'standard' Mass Storage Device just like any Hard Disk Drive on your Apple II. Large Volume DOS 3.3 support is provided through the use of a program called DOS.MASTER (preloaded on CF Card).

Boot Options: By default, Volume 1 is set to boot. However when setting up a new CF Card the user sets which Volume they desire to boot. Or on an existing CF Card the Setup utility can modify the default boot Volume. However the MicroDrive/Turbo also offers a temporary option to boot to ANY volume. When powering on the Apple II the user will press and hold the Open Apple key. This will pause the MicroDrive/Turbo's splash screen. The user then presses the corresponding Volume's number key, and the MicroDrive/Turbo will boot to that Volume.

Apple IIGS and II/Plus/e Operation: The MicroDrive/Turbo comes standard with the Apple IIGS Firmware. You can however order one with IIe Firmware, or buy an upgrade ROM to convert a IIGS MicroDrive/Turbo for use in an II/Plus/e.

== Reviews ==
{{#ev:youtube|1JLJUPMVwDE|400|right|MicroDrive/Turbo (left) VS CFFA (right)|frame}}
On October 13th, 2018 Russell McGhee did a comparison of the MicroDrive/Turbo (left) VS CFFA (right). The IIGS on the right has a TWGS installed and is part of the delay when the system is first powered on. However you can see the IIGS boot screen simply enough and can compare between the two.

{{#ev:youtube|Wjy6_qnTnv0|400|right|Apple II Mass Storage Mega Roundup|frame}}
On August 13, 2016 Joe Strosnider from the YouTube channel "[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCyfwZvTPPJV4peBHupd6Ckw Joe's Computer Museum]" posted a review of several Mass Storage options for the Apple II, and the MicroDrive/Turbo was among them. He gives some very good feedback regarding the differences between the boards, and how the MicroDrive/turbo performs under real world conditions.

== Support: Backing Up - Setup Utility ==
'''The first thing you should do before using your MicroDrive/Turbo is to make a backup of the MicroDrive/Turbo Setup Utility.''' Without this Utility you will be unable to re-setup your CF Card should it crash or you accidentally format it. It is advised to copy the Setup Utility to a backup floppy and keep it in a safe place. To backup the Utility:

* Upon booting the MicroDrive/Turbo you will be taken to Volume 1 which holds the ProDOS 8 utilities.
* You will see menu item named "COPYIIPLUS9.1". Using the arrow keys highlight the item and press Enter.
* Press the letter "C" to select "COPY", and the letter "F" for "FILES".
* Use the arrow keys to select the Slot where you installed the MicroDrive/Turbo, and "Drive 1". Press Enter.
* Use the arrow keys to select the Slot and Drive where your backup floppy is located. Press Enter.
* You will see a folder named "MICRODRIVE". Using the arrow keys highlight the folder and press Enter.
* You will see a file called "MICRODRV.SETUP". Using the arrow keys highlight the file and press Enter.
* Press the letter "G" to start the copy process.

Note: This assumes your Floppy Disk is preformatted with ProDOS. If not then you can use Copy II Plus to also format the Disk.

== Support: IIGS Installation ==
When installing the MicroDrive/Turbo in your Apple IIGS a few things need to first be taken into consideration. For example, will you want to primary boot the MicroDrive/Turbo, your Floppy Drives, or other bootable devices installed in your system? For most installations users will want to boot primary to the MicroDrive/Turbo. In this case we recommend installing the MicroDrive/Turbo in Slot 7. And when you want to boot to the Floppy Drives hold down the "ESC" key on boot. This allows the IIGS to "skip" booting the MicroDrive/Turbo and move on to checking the Floppy Drives or other bootable devices in lower numbered Slots.

For other configurations, the good news is that the Apple IIGS allows a lot of flexibility when it comes to booting. You will need to decide however what is the best to meet your needs. If not installing the MicroDrive/Turbo in Slot 7, then we usually recommend Slot 2. However by default the IIGS is set to use Slot 2 for a Modem. Since most users no longer use a Modem, Slot 2 is a good choice. However the default setting in the IIGS will need to be changed in order for the MicroDrive/Turbo to work.

To edit the settings or change the way your IIGS boots you will need to enter the Control Panel. There are a couple of ways to do this:
* Hold down the "Option" key on the keyboard and power on the IIGS. Select "1" for the Control Panel.
* Power on the IIGS and at anytime hold down the "Open Apple" and "Control" keys, then press the "ESC" key. Press "Enter" to select Control Panel.
Once in the Control Panel use the "Arrow" keys to select the "Slots" menu and press "Enter".

Most IIGS systems will be set to the default configuration, denoted by the "check mark" on the left of the option. Use the "Up" or "Down" arrow keys to select an option, then "Left" or "Right" arrow keys to set the option. Be sure to press "Enter" when done to save any changes.

For example, there is nothing needed '''to use the MicroDrive/Turbo in Slot 7'''. It is already defaulted to "Your Card". There is also no need to change the "Startup" option if it is set to "Slot 7" or "Scan".

If however you want '''to use the MicroDrive/Turbo in Slot 2''' you will need to change the Slot setting to "Your Card". And if you would like the IIgs to boot the MicroDrive/Turbo in Slot 2 then you will also need to change the "Startup" option to "Slot 2". Be sure to press "Enter" when done to save any changes.

The "Startup" option in the Control Panel allows you to control how the IIGS checks for bootable devices when powered on. "Scan" will tell the IIGS to look from Slot 7 to Slot 1. Selecting "Slot [X]" will tell the IIGS to ONLY boot that Slot. If no bootable devices are found then the IIGS will report "Check startup device!" You can however tell the IIGS to boot from another Slot by breaking into BASIC (hold down the "Control" key and press the "Reset" key), then type "PR#X" and press the "Enter" key. "X" is the Slot number.

Note: The MicroDrive/Turbo allows the IIGS to "skip" trying to boot it by holding down the "ESC" key on boot.

== Support: //e Installation ==
When installing the MicroDrive/Turbo in your Apple //e a few things need to first be taken into consideration. For example, will you want to primary boot the MicroDrive/Turbo, your Floppy Drives, or other bootable devices installed in your system? For most installations users will want to boot primary to the MicroDrive/Turbo. In this case we recommend installing the MicroDrive/Turbo in Slot 7. And when you want to boot to the Floppy Drives hold down the "ESC" key on boot. This allows the //e to "skip" booting the MicroDrive/Turbo and move on to checking the Floppy Drives or other bootable devices in lower numbered Slots.

If however you install the MicroDrive/Turbo in another Slot then it may not boot and depends on what other bootable devices are installed in your //e. You can however tell the //e to boot to another Slot by breaking into BASIC if needed (hold the "Control" key and press the "Reset" key), then type "PR#X" and press the "Enter" key. "X" is the Slot number.

Note: The MicroDrive/Turbo allows the IIGS to "skip" trying to boot it by holding the "ESC" key on boot.

== Support: Troubleshooting ==
Here are some tips on where to start if you experience any issues with your MicroDrive/Turbo (MDT) or any cards in your Apple II system.

First and foremost - ALWAYS always worth mentioning be sure to observe correct ESD protection when handling or touching electronics or you will damage and weaken ICs. It would be great if a damaged IC failed instantly. However that's rarely the case. ESD damage usually eats away at the gates inside an IC, can cause timing issues, and the IC to run hotter than designed for. This causes the IC to operate unreliably. And the worse kind of issue to diagnose is an inconsistent one. So please always use a grounded wrist strap and even a static mat when working on your IIgs. ReActivceMicro sees quite a few systems with weak or damaged bus transceivers (LS/HCT245) and can usually repair the motherboards, and ESD damage is the primary suspect for the ICs needing to be replaced. ALWAYS observe correct ESD protection when handling or touching electronics. However before suspecting the Apple II, let's retest the MDT in-system.

Start with cleaning the MDT's edge connector (slot connector end with the gold fingers). A pencil eraser is a good device for cleaning. You could also use some 95+ alcohol and a paper towel. When clean all the fingers should be about the same color and brightness. Any which appear to be dull or darker than the rest need to be recleaned as they could have some residue on them from manufacturing. This could cause connection issues with the slot.

Next, check your outlet power. Check to make sure the outlet is wired correctly. ReActiveMicro receives about 5 support emails a year from users with MDT issues who all swear their power is fine and there's no power or wiring issues. After much debate and discussion Support usually sends an outlet tester to which they finally check the outlet and discover there's a wiring fault and the cause of most or all of their past issues. The older original PSUs don't seem to mind a wiring issue, however the new ones ReActiveMicro sells will produce all kinds of issues if an outlet is incorrectly wired. So we ask that users check their outlets with a multimeter or outlet tester (eBay for under $10 delivered) to make sure issues are not power related. As another good way to check is to run a power cord from your bathroom or kitchen GFCI outlet and retest your II for a while, as these outlets have be to wired correctly in order to turn on. This is a simple way to help rule out a power issue and highly recommended in all testing situations where power is suspect.

Next we ask that you run the Read Write test software for the MDT. It's under the Utils folder, in the Microdrive folder, called TURBO.RW.TEST. It's a system file so you can use the ProDOS selector to run it. Let the test run for an hour or two. This should confirm the MDT is running well. If the test randomly fails or stops during this time then this might suggest an issue with Apple II. You can also try performing the 'twist test' and 'wiggle test' with the MDT during this time and see if the board fails. Tap and wiggle the IDE to CF Adapter and CF Card. See if the test stops and reports an error. If so then reseat the Adapter and CF Card several times to clean the connectors. The MDT should work well however, and you should be able to bend/stress the card slightly and press on the ICs while the test is running without any issues (assuming your slot is good). Too much pressure or shaking can cause the card to lose contact with the slot. So don't be too aggressive, but you'd be surprised at the amount of pressure and bumps you can apply without issues. Which is perfect to make sure it's no a connection issue. And 'twisting' the card helps confirm there isn't a cold solder joint. Again, don't be too aggressive, but you should be able to a decent amount of force to stress the board ends in both clockwise and counter clockwise directions. If the board fails during this test then it might suggest a cold solder joint.

Lastly, clean the card with some degreasor and an old toothbrush. Be sure to pull the firmware ROM and remove the CF to IDE Adapter before cleaning. Only clean the MDT board without the ROM installed. A good solvent like Brakleen is best. This also dries residue free. Rinse well with cleaner too. Use plenty of cleaner and mainly brush the small square IC in the middle of the board in all directions for at least 1 minute. Work the toothbrush in to the small pins with a combing action. The more brushing the better, and the more solvent used the better. Also clean inside the firmware ROM socket well. Brush around the surface mount pins where they connect to the PCB as best you can. You can also use 95+ alcohol and a toothbrush. However you'll need to rinse the card in water to fully clean it. Distilled water is best. Tap water is usually fine too. Be sure to tap the card's edges well on a hard surface to get the water out from under the ICs, and then use a hair dryer to fully dry the card for 5-10 mins. You can also leave the board out overnight to air dry, however this usually isn't needed. Canned or compressed air also works well do help get water out from under the ICs and dry the board.

If the MDT passes the twist and bump tests but fails randomly then it could be related to the IIgs. ReActiveMicro will usually send another MDT so users can retest locally to help confirm it's the II or the MDT. If the new MDT board also fails then it's your IIgs system which is the issue. Which at that point you may want to consider sending us your motherboard for additional confirmation testing and we can replace the bus transceivers if needed then send back to you for additional local testing. This kind of repair is about $100 however, and really should be a last resort effort. So let's see what the first few tests show us before pointing fingers at the IIgs motherboard.

When using the MicroDrive/Turbo with other expansion cards that utilize DMA, it may be helpful to try running the MicroDrive/Turbo with DMA disabled if your system is behaving erratically. For example, as of late 2020, several users report erratic freezes of the VidHD when it and MicroDrive/Turbo are both utilizing DMA. Hopefully, a future revision of the VidHD firmware will repair any incompatibility.

== Support: Backing Up - CF Card ==
One important feature of the MicroDrive/Turbo the ability to remove the CF Card and use CiderPress to back up the Volumes on it. To do this you will need to have installed CiderPress on your PC or Mac running a Windows emulator, and a CF Card Reader.

See [[MicroDrive/Turbo#Support:_CiderPress|"Support: CiderPress"]] below for the download link and continued instructions on how to use it to backup the CF Card.

For 32Meg volume images or whole CF Card images visit the [https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/32_Meg_Hard_Drive_Image 32 Meg Hard Drive Image page] and the [[#Documentation.2C_Files.2C_and_Software|download links]] below.

== Support: Using the Setup Utility ==
Installation: The MicroDrive/Turbo comes pre-setup. Just install in any Slot. We however recommend Slot 7 if possible since you will most likely want to boot from the MicroDrive/Turbo much more often than your Floppies. And when you want to boot to a Floppy:
* On boot, press and hold the ESC key. This will bypass the MicroDrive/Turbo on boot.

Note: IIGS users may need to make a change to Slot settings in the Control Panel. To access the Control Panel first boot the IIGS. Then press and hold down the Open Apple key, Control key, and then press the ESC key.

===Setup Utility===
Be sure to backup the MicroDrive/Turbo Setup utility to floppy! This disk will be for backup purposes or if you need to setup a new CF Card.
* Upon booting the MicroDrive/Turbo you will be taken to Volume 1 which holds the ProDOS 8 utilities.
* You will see a folder named "SHRINK.IT". Using the arrow keys to highlight the folder and press Enter.
* You will now see a file called "SHRINK.IT.V3.4". Press Enter to execute it.
* Press the letter "O" to open an archive. The "MICRODRV.IIE.S1" is for a 5.25” disk, and "MICRODRV.TURBO" is for a 3.5” disk. Select one and press Enter twice.
* Next select the Drive on which to write.
* When done be sure to boot the disk and run the Setup utility to make sure it restored correctly.
* Repeat the above process if needed.
* Done!

Note: If you require a Setup utility disk be mailed to you, there will be a charge. Please email [http://store.reactivemicro.com/contact-us/ ReActiveMicro Support] for details and pricing.

===Check The DMA Setting===
It is advised to check the DMA setting in the Setup utility to make sure it is set correctly. Usually there isn't any issue, however you can experience data corruption or loss if the setting is not correct.
* Upon booting the MicroDrive/Turbo you will be taken to Volume 1 which holds the ProDOS 8 utilities.
* You will see a folder named "MICRODRIVE". Using the arrow keys highlight the folder and press Enter.
* You will now see a file called "MICRODRV.SETUP". Press Enter to execute it.
* Press the letter "D" to select "DMA Mode". If it's set currently to your Apple II, then you are finished. If not, then continue to the next step.
* Press Enter to change the setting. For //e users select "Enable".
* Press the letter "W" to select "Write Configuration".
* Press Enter, then the letter "W" to save the new configuration.
* Done!

Note: Set DMA Mode To "Disable" to see how much slower your system would be using a non-DMA Mass Storage Device.

===The Pre-setup and Pre-loaded CF Card===
The MicroDrive/Turbo comes with a pre-setup CF Card which has 4 ProDOS Volumes on it. The CF Card comes pre-loaded the same for the IIGS or //e.
* Volume 1 has ProDOS 8 Utilities loaded on it and is bootable into ProDOS 8.
* Volume 2 has GS/OS v6.0.1 loaded on it and is bootable. You will need at least 1Meg of RAM in order to RUN GS/OS or you will be forced to exit.
* Volume 3 had DOS.MASTER loaded on it and is bootable into ProDOS 8 which loads BASIC. You will see a folder called DOS.MASTER.
* Volume 4 is formatted in ProDOS and is not bootable.

You can setup more volumes on the CF Card if you wish, however you will quickly run out of "Slots" under ProDOS 8. ProDOS maps each Volume to a Slot and Drive, the same as what is done with the Floppy Drives. So the current 4 Volumes take up 2 Slots, which have 2 Drives each. If you don't have many peripheral cards in your Apple II then adding more Volumes may not pose an issue. However users which have other devices in Slots which get a Volume mapped to them may not be able to use the card or the Volume. You have been warned.

====Boot To Other Volumes====
The MicroDrive/Turbo comes set to boot to Volume 1 by default. You can however temporary boot to other Volumes on the CF Card.
* Hold down the "Open Apple" key when powering on the Apple II. This will pause the MicroDrive/Turbo's splash screen.
* Lastly press the corresponding Volume's number key, and the MicroDrive/Turbo will boot to that Volume.

You can also use the Setup utility to make booting to another Volume the current setting.
* Upon booting the MicroDrive/Turbo you will be taken to Volume 1 which holds the ProDOS 8 utilities in a folder named "UTIL".
* You will see folder named "MICRODRIVE". Using the arrow keys highlight the folder and press Enter.
* You will now see a file called "MICRODRV.SETUP". Press Enter to execute it.
* Press the letter "B" to select "Default Boot Volume".
* Press Enter to change the setting to the desired NEW boot Volume.
* Press the letter "W" to select "Write Configuration".
* Press Enter, then the letter "W" to save the new configuration.
* Done!

====Adding Volumes To CF Card====
To add more Volumes to your CF Card.
* Upon booting the MicroDrive/Turbo you will be taken to Volume 1 which holds the ProDOS 8 utilities.
* You will see a folder named "MICRODRIVE". Using the arrow keys to highlight the folder and press Enter.
* You will now see a file called "MICRODRV.SETUP". Press Enter to execute it.
* Press the letter "E" to select "Partition Editor". You will immediately be taken to the "Partition Table" area on the right side of the screen.
* Press the letter "A" to add a new Volume. Note: Press the "?" key for available commands.
* Press and hold both "Apple" keys, then press the "Right Arrow" key. The "Blk Size" and "Dec/Hex" column values will start to change.
* Keep pressing the "Right Arrow" key till the "Blk Size" reads "$010000". Release the "Apple" keys.
* Press the "Left Arrow" key once. The "Blk Size" should now read "$00FFFF".
**Note: ProDOS can only use UP TO 32Megs of space. "$00FFFF" is 32Meg in Blocks. You can create volumes larger then 32Megs however you will may not be able to use them.
**'''Press the letter "D" to delete any volumes or to start over.'''
**Press the letter "Q" twice if you DO NOT want to save your changes and exit.
**Repeat the above steps if you want to add more Volumes.
* Press Enter, then the letter "W" which selects "Write Configuration" to save the new configuration.
* Done!

Note: Don't forget you will need to format any new Volumes before they can be used to store anything.

===Deleting Volumes From CF Card===
To add more Volumes to your CF Card.
* Upon booting the MicroDrive/Turbo you will be taken to Volume 1 which holds the ProDOS 8 utilities.
* You will see a folder named "MICRODRIVE". Using the arrow keys highlight the folder and press Enter.
* You will now see a file called "MICRODRV.SETUP". Press Enter to execute it.
* Press the letter "E" to select "Partition Editor". You will immediately be taken to the "Partition Table" area on the right side of the screen.
* Use the "Arrow" keys to select the Volume you want to delete.
* Press the letter "D" to delete the Volume.
**Press the letter "Q" twice if you DO NOT want to save your changes and exit.
**Repeat the above steps if you want to add more Volumes.
* Press the letter "W" to select "Write Configuration".
* Press Enter, then the letter "W" to save the new configuration.
* Done!

===Setting Up a New CF Card===
To use a new CF Card (or one that has been accidentally formatted on your PC) you must first partition it. However if you do not have an existing bootable CF Card or a backup of the MicroDrive/Turbo Setup Utility on Floppy Disk then you will need to contact Support (see above) in order to obtain a new CF Card which is preloaded, or a Diskette with the Setup Utility.

If you have the Setup Utility then see [[#Adding Volumes To CF Card]] above.

== Support: Need to Add/Complete ==
Format issues with C2+

Using a Second CF Card Slot:

Copy files.

== Support: CiderPress - Backing Up and Restoring ==
To download and install CiderPress for Windows, please visit https://ciderpress2.com

CiderPress can be run on a Mac using emulation (e.g., Parallels Desktop of VMWare Fusion) or using a WINE-based emulation (e.g., http://retrocomputingaustralia.com/rca-downloads/ -- thanks to Michael Mulhern for his efforts and hosting). However, WINE-based emulators are unable to access CF Card Readers so can't be used for this utility. 
Note: There is a Mac based project being developed to allow the access of the MDT CF Card. You can find the project here: https://github.com/disappearinjon/microdrive

Your PC will also require a CF Card Reader so you can access the CF Card.

Backing Up A CF Card: To backup a Volume on a CF Card:
*Insert the CF Card into your Reader. Allow a few seconds for it to be recognized by your OS. '''DO NOT format the Card if prompted!'''
*Open CiderPress.
*Click on the "Tools" menu and select "Volume Copier (open volume).
*Select “Physical Disk X”. X is the disk number. Click the "OK" button to continue.
Note: Users with a Computer that has more than one Hard Drive or CF Reader will have to determine exactly which Drive the CF Card Reader to be used is. In most cases it will be “1”. The size of the CF Card should also be displayed in the "Remarks" column.
*All Volumes will now be listed. Select the volume you wish to backup and click the "Copy to file" button.
*You will now be asked where to save the backup file. Select a location and a name then press the "Save" button.
*CiderPress will now start to read the Volume and save it to your PC. When it is done the popup progress window will close.
**Optional: You can now select other Volumes to backup if desired.
*Done!

Note: You could also use a utility to backup the whole CF Card like [http://hddguru.com/software/HDD-Raw-Copy-Tool/ HDD Raw Copy]. CiderPress however has the advantage of being able to open and utilize the backup Images it creates. So in the future you could copy files from the Images or access data if needed. You would not need to fully restore the Image as with other backup programs. Some Emulators can also access and use the Image files too. Raw Disk Copiers like HDD Raw Copy can however be useful if you would like to quickly duplicate a CF Card as it will copy the Partition information unlike CiderPress. So you do not need to run the MicroDrive/Turbo Setup Utility before restoring the HDD Raw Copy Image. This could be a useful backup method should the Setup Utility backup disk you made (see [[#Support: Backing Up - Setup Utility|"Support: Backing Up - Setup Utility"]] above) ever becomes damaged, lost, or unusable.

Restoring A Backup Image To A CF Card: To restore a Volume:
*Insert the CF Card into your Reader. Allow a few seconds for it be recognized by your OS. '''DO NOT format the Card if prompted!'''
*Open CiderPress.
*Click on the "Tools" menu and select "Volume Copier (open volume).
*Select “Physical Disk X”. X is the disk number.
Note: Users with a Computer that has more than one Hard Drive or CF Reader will have to determine exactly which Drive the CF Card Reader to be used is. In most cases it will be “1”. The size of the CF Card should also be displayed in the "Remarks" column.
*Uncheck the "Open as read-only" option above the "OK" button.
WARNING: Data on your Volumes can now be over-written. Be careful, and make sure to select the correct Volume!
*Click the "OK" button to continue.
*All Volumes will now be listed. Select the volume you wish to restore an image to and click the "Load from file" button.
*Select the image file and click the "Open" button.
*CiderPress will prompt you to make sure you want to overwrite a Volume if there is data there, and you need to confirm "OK" to continue. If it is blank it will start loading the image.
**You can load multiple images if you wish.
*Done!

== Support: CiderPress - Copying Files ==
Copy A File TO The CF Card:
*Insert the CF Card into your Reader. Allow a few seconds for it be recognized by your OS. '''DO NOT format the Card if prompted!'''
*Open CiderPress.
*Click on the "File" menu and select "Open Volume...".
*Select “Physical Disk X”. X is the disk number. Click the "OK" button to continue.
Note: Users with a Computer that has more than one Hard Drive or CF Reader will have to determine exactly which Drive the CF Card Reader to be used is. In most cases it will be “1”. The size of the CF Card should also be displayed in the "Remarks" column.
*Uncheck "Open as read only" and click the "OK" button.
*All Volumes and folders will now be listed. Locate the volume, and folder if desired, in which you wish to place the copied file.
**Roots of Volumes can be identified by the double name such as "MDVOL1::MDVOL1" for example.
**Folder and files can be identified by the name AFTER the ":" and the info listed in the "TYPE" column.
*Right click on the location, then select "Add Files...".
*Browse to the file's location, select any desired options, then click the "OK" button.
*You will now see the file located on the CF Card.
*Repeat as desired to add more files.
*Done!

Copy A File FROM The CF Card:

*Insert the CF Card in to your Reader. Allow a few seconds for it be recognized by your OS. '''DO NOT format the Card if prompted!'''
*Open CiderPress.
*Click on the "File" menu and select "Open Volume...".
*Select “Physical Disk X”. X is the disk number. Click the "OK" button to continue.
Note: Users with a Computer that has more than one Hard Drive or CF Reader will have to determine exactly which Drive the CF Card Reader to be used is. In most cases it will be “1”. The size of the CF Card should also be displayed in the "Remarks" column.
*All Volumes and folders will now be listed. Locate the volume, and folder if needed, in which the file wish to copy is located.
**Roots of Volumes can be identified by the double name such as "MDVOL1::MDVOL1" for example.
**Folder and files can be identified by the name AFTER the ":" and the info listed in the "TYPE" column.
*Right click on the location, then select "Extract...".
*Browse to the location you wish to copy the file to, select any desired options, then click the "OK" button.
*You will now see the file located where you selected.
*Repeat as desired to copy more files.
*Done!

== Support: Command line tool on Mac OS to manipulate a MicroDrive/Turbo disk or image ==

For a long time now Mac OS users have struggled in dealing with ProDOS formatted CF Card. CiderPress is a native Windows program and requires a full emulator like Parallels Desktop or VMWare Fusion.

Jon Lasser contacted Henry and started to discuss the issues with CiderPress on the MAC and how he might be able to create a simple but powerful program. It would allow access to the ProDOS formatted CF Card, as CiderPress does. However it will run natively on the MAC platform. We are more than glad to help Jon with his efforts in any way we can.

You can read more about Jon’s project here at his own blog:
https://twoideas.org/2020/01/02/the-joys-of-retrocomputing-also-announcing-a-microdrive-turbo-image-tool/

As of the time of this writing (end of 2020), Jon Lasser's tool is a solid option for backing up and restoring CF cards formatted with ProDOS and for copying images. Use of the Terminal is required and some familiarity with using Mac OS in this way is important. This is a great step forward.

== Support: Using Mechanical Hard Drives ==
It is possible to use old mechanical Hard Drives on the MicroDrive/Turbo however Compact Flash is a much better solution. As noted in "[[#Features|Features]]" above: "[Compact Flash is] readily available, inexpensive, low power, noiseless, shock proof, removable, and last almost forever - things that can't be said about mechanical Hard Drives."

Steps to install and use a mechanical Hard Drive:
*First, remove the IDE to CF Adapter. The unit should just slide off when pulled. Be careful to not bend any pins on the IDE male header.
*Next, install a 40-pin IDE Cable.
*Next, if needed set your IDE Hard Drive to the correct "Primary" or "Secondary" setting.
*Finally, install the Hard Drive onto the IDE Cable.

'''Note:''' If the Hard Drive is powered from a secondary Power Supply you need to adhere to the following in order for all to work correctly:
*The GS has to be turned on '''first'''. The Power Supply to the Hard Drive is then turned on '''second'''. Wrong order and the drive may not spin up.
*The two Power Supplies must have a common ground. Without this the MicroDrive/Turbo may not see the Hard Drive.
*Be warned that most newer MicroDrive/Turbo boards have +5v connected to pin Pin 20 of the IDE Connector. Be sure to use a cable which DOES NOT have a cable pin connected, or you cut the cable pin.

== Support: Using ADTPro, Uthernet, and MicroDrive/Turbo Together ==
An incompatibility exists in ADTPro versions 2.0.2 and earlier where ADTPro's Uthernet initialization interferes with the operation of the MicroDrive/Turbo running IIGS firmware. To be specific, if the MicroDrive/Turbo is in a slot number '''lower''' than the Uthernet or Uthernet II, ADTPro will not start . Even if you create and save an ADTPro Uthernet configuration to specify an Uthernet slot using a different computer, it still won't work. There are a number of solutions available:
# Use a version greater than 2.0.2 of ADTPro
# Move your MicroDrive/Turbo to a slot '''higher''' than your Uthernet or Uthernet II card (typical slots are 3 for Uthernet, and 7 for MicroDrive/Turbo)
# Use the //e version of firmware in your MicroDrive/Turbo.

== Support: Running The Preinstalled Games ==
With the CF Card that comes with the MicroDrive/Turbo you will find a "IIE GAMES" and a "GS GAMES" folder, which is part of the "[https://archive.org/details/TotalReplay Total Replay]" distribution. If you try to run the games you will receive an error message of "FILETYPE MISMATCH". First, run "BOOT.SYSTEM" which is a menu system for running the games correctly. Then select and run the game of your choice.

== Self Powered IDE to CF Adapters ==
The MicroDrive/Turbo sold by ReActiveMicro comes with a self powered IDE to CF Adapter with a pre-setup CF Card. They did not sell boards with mechanical HDDs. "Self powered" refers to the IDE to CF Adapter which uses power supplied on Pin 20 of the IDE connector and does not require an external power source. This means the Apple II can supply power to the CF Card and no other power source is needed.

Boards from 2006 to mid 2008 will have +5v connected to Pin 20 of the IDE Connector in the form of a small jumper wire on the rear of the board. Later boards have a small trace added to the face, left side of the board. Over the years some users insisted on trying to install the CF Adapter backwards which would cause a short and burn the added trace from the board. So all boards from late 2017 and on have a fuse added to the small trace for added protection. The pic below on the right with the fuse is a good example of what the added trace looks like and where it is located.

<gallery class="center" widths=300px heights=200px caption="IDE Pin 20 Power Mods">
File:MicroDrive-Turbo-Back-PowerMod1.jpg|Pre-2008 MicroDrive/Turbo With Flywire Power Mod and Self Powered CF Adapter
File:MicroDrive-Turbo-Face-PowerMod2.jpg|2018 MicroDrive/Turbo With "F1" Fuse and Self Powered CF Adapter
</gallery>

== Support: Installing Firmware ==
[[Image:MicroDrive-Turbo_-_Firmware_Install.jpg|thumb|ROM Location And Where To Pry To Remove]]
The MicroDrive Turbo usually comes pre-setup for IIe or IIGS use. This is determined by the Firmware ROM which is installed on the card. The ROM is the small square IC on the upper right of the card. It is the only IC in a socket.

You can use the IIe Firmware in an IIe and IIGS, however it is quite slow in a IIGS compared to the IIgs Firmware. You cannot use the IIGS Firmware in a IIe as it will cause the IIe to crash to Monitor.

The //e Firmware ROM is usually marked with a label that has "II" written on it. This isn't the best way to check which firmware in on the MicroDrive Turbo as the label could have been removed or fallen off. If your MicroDrive/Turbo works in an IIe then the IIe Firmware is installed.

To remove the Firmware ROM you will need a "PLCC Extraction Tool". These can be found on eBay for under $5 usually. You can also use a paperclip, small wire, an awl, small screw driver, or any strong thin implement. Do not pry too hard on the ROM Socket if possible. Reference the picture for the areas on which to pry up.

The new Firmware ROM should be installed in the same orientation with the chip markings facing up. '''Installing the ROM backwards WILL damage it!''' Reference the picture and you will notice one corner of the Socket and ROM are "cut". The other corners are square. There is usually a "DOT" or mark on the case of the IC to help denote which side is which. In the case of the MicroDrive/Turbo we want to make sure the "cut corner" and the "DOT" are facing to the LEFT. The chip markings should be facing up, legible, with the gold Edge Connector (aka - Slot Edge) on the bottom of the MicroDrive Turbo.

<gallery class="center" widths=150px heights=80>
File:Floppy_Icon_514sleeve.svg|MicroDrive-Turbo II, II''plus'', IIe Unenhanced (and IIGS but slow) Firmware|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/2/25/MicroDrive-Turbo-IIe-v1.60b-ROM.bin
File:Floppy_Icon_514sleeve.svg|MicroDrive Turbo IIGS ONLY Firmware|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/3/33/MicroDrive-Turbo_-_IIgs_v1.00_ROM_-_27512.bin
</gallery>

== Downloadable Files ==
<div class="new_window">
<gallery class="center" widths=150px heights=80 caption="RM MicroDrive-Turbo">
File:PDF_ICON.svg|2024 Manual |link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/4/4a/MicroDrive_Manual_2024.pdf
<gallery class="center" widths=150px heights=80 caption="MicroDrive-Turbo">

File:4am_Gaming_Image.svg|Total Replay 32meg|link=https://archive.org/details/TotalReplay

File:RM_Icon_File_Server.svg|Software|link=http://downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/MicroDrive-Turbo/Software/
File:RM_Icon_File_Server.svg|CF Images|link=http://downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/MicroDrive-Turbo/CF_Volume_Images/
File:RM_Icon_File_Server.svg|Assorted Files|link=http://downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/MicroDrive-Turbo/
</gallery>
</div>

[[Category:Hardware]]
[[Category:Apple]]
[[Category:ReActiveMicro Projects]]

MicroDrive/Turbo

2024-09-26T18:39:38Z

Khaibitgfx: /* Support: Backing Up - CF Card */

[[Image:Title_Micro_Drive_Turbo.svg|512px|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/8/82/Title_Micro_Drive_Turbo.svg]]

[[Image:RM_MicroDriveTurbo-Object.png|thumb|MicroDrive Turbo from ReActiveMicro|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/4/4d/RM_MicroDriveTurbo-Object.png]]

The MicroDrive Turbo is an IDE Mass Storage Device that is Apple IIGS and Apple II, II Plus, or //e compatible. It emulates a Hard Disk Drive by utilizing Solid-State Compact Flash (CF) Cards.

MicroDrive Turbo (aka - MDT) is currently sold by [[ReActiveMicro]]. They sell it with a preloaded 256 MB Compact Flash Card to enable new users to start using the MicroDrive/Turbo right out of the box. Software included is GS/OS v6.0.1, IIGS Memory Testers, ShrinkIt (8 and 16 bit), Copy II+, MicroDrive Utilities, DiskMaker8, DSK2File, DOS.MASTER and different AE Memory Testers for your //e. Everything needed to start transferring and unpacking software from the Internet, and start using your Apple II Personal Computer once again.

Product Status: Actively sold by [http://store.reactivemicro.com/product/microdriveturbo-storage-controller/ ReActiveMicro].

Support: Post on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME}}|Discussion]] page (link above) or email [http://store.reactivemicro.com/contact-us/ ReActiveMicro Support].

Sales: Visit the [http://store.reactivemicro.com/shop/ ReActiveMicro Store].

== History ==
The MicroDrive Turbo was designed by Joachim Lange of ///SHH Systeme and released in 1996. This was the first Apple II IDE Controller that used DMA.

In 2004 Gerber Street Enterprises started reselling select items from ///SHH Systeme, however the offering was only a couple of items and stock was very limited.

Mid-2006 ReActiveMicro took over reselling all ///SHH Systeme items in an effort to provide better service and a larger product variety to the Apple II Community.

==Board Revisions==
Pre-2006 versions of the card were all hand assembled by Joachim Lange of ///SHH Systeme. After ReActiveMicro took over sales in 2006 the units were hand assembled by Henry from ReActiveMicro till mid 2015. ReActiveMicro then started their structured move to a more automated vendor and set their sights to have projects assembled on a larger scale. The MicroDrive Turbo was the first such project to be fully assembled. However due to a learning curve and testing different vendors Henry continued to hand assemble some MicroDrive Turbo units until 2016. During that year all projects moved to being fully assembled as well as offering kit versions of most projects.

From March 19th 2018 until the 25th ReActiveMicro had a sale in which they jokingly played on the fact that Henry "defaced" several cards by signing them. Thus the cards would be sold at a discount due to his signature being of negative value and actually subtracting from the total worth of the card. This was in fact a joke made from the recent CFFA3000 sales where Rich Dreher sold "limited edition" cards where he signed them and charged $200USD more. It's noteworthy that Henry was not actually thrilled with signing cards and "felt like a total ass" the entire time doing so. He's not into celebrity or thinking his signature or efforts are anything special. He's more happy being able to supply demand and knowing that products he makes are being used in the retro spirit. "Limited editions" or signed products will not be a staple in the ReActiveMicro.com future, and will always be made in a self deprecating fashion.

<gallery class="center" widths=400px heights=200px caption="Example of signed MicroDrive Turbo.">
File:MDT_Signed1.jpg|MicroDrive Turbo. March 19th-25th 2018 Sale {51 units signed total}.
</gallery>

== Features ==

[[Image:MicroDrive_DMA.svg|200px|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/4/43/MicroDrive_DMA.svg]]

DMA: Looking for the fastest storage solution available for your Apple II? The MicroDrive Turbo is faster that any other Mass Storage controller since it uses DMA for reads and writes. As the name implies, it performs Direct Memory Access which bypasses the CPU and allows for a whopping 40% faster read and write speeds when compared to conventional controllers. For example, with an accelerator installed in your IIGS you can boot GS/OS in as fast as 7 seconds! The DMA option can be disabled using the Setup utility.

[[Image:40_Pin_Connector.svg|200px|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/b/ba/40_Pin_Connector.svg]]

40 Pin IDE Interface: The 40 Pin IDE interface on the MicroDrive/Turbo IDE is a standard 16 bit IDE port. It is capable of addressing "Primary" and "Secondary" IDs on the IDE chain.

IDE to Dual CF Adapter: The MicroDrive/Turbo comes standard with a 40 Pin IDE to Dual CF Adapter. Users can control which of the two CF Slots is "Primary" and "Secondary" using a Jumper on the Adapter. The Adapter however can be removed if so desired and a standard IDE Cable and devices attached.

Note: Dual mode unavailable when using the IIe Firmware; Only available when using the IIGS Firmware.

[[Image:CF_Card.svg|200px|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/9/9e/CF_Card.svg]]

Compact Flash: Why use Compact Flash Cards? They are readily available, inexpensive, low power, noiseless, shock proof, removable, and last almost forever - things that can't be said about mechanical Hard Drives. However, it is still possible to use some older IDE Hard Drives with the MicroDrive/Turbo Controller if desired. See "[[#Support: Using Mechanical Hard Drives|Support: Using Mechanical Hard Drives]]" below. Do you download software from the Internet and wonder how to get it to your Apple II or spend lots of time doing so? With the MicroDrive/Turbo it's now super easy! Just remove the Compact Flash Card from your MicroDrive/Turbo, insert it in to your PC and using [http://a2ciderpress.com/ CiderPress] (Windows only) you can read and write directly to the Compact Flash Card. Using your PC for transferring files and backing up has never been so quick and painless!

ProDOS 8 and 16: The MicroDrive/Turbo is ProDOS compatible. It's recognized as a 'standard' Mass Storage Device just like any Hard Disk Drive on your Apple II. Large Volume DOS 3.3 support is provided through the use of a program called DOS.MASTER (preloaded on CF Card).

Boot Options: By default, Volume 1 is set to boot. However when setting up a new CF Card the user sets which Volume they desire to boot. Or on an existing CF Card the Setup utility can modify the default boot Volume. However the MicroDrive/Turbo also offers a temporary option to boot to ANY volume. When powering on the Apple II the user will press and hold the Open Apple key. This will pause the MicroDrive/Turbo's splash screen. The user then presses the corresponding Volume's number key, and the MicroDrive/Turbo will boot to that Volume.

Apple IIGS and II/Plus/e Operation: The MicroDrive/Turbo comes standard with the Apple IIGS Firmware. You can however order one with IIe Firmware, or buy an upgrade ROM to convert a IIGS MicroDrive/Turbo for use in an II/Plus/e.

== Reviews ==
{{#ev:youtube|1JLJUPMVwDE|400|right|MicroDrive/Turbo (left) VS CFFA (right)|frame}}
On October 13th, 2018 Russell McGhee did a comparison of the MicroDrive/Turbo (left) VS CFFA (right). The IIGS on the right has a TWGS installed and is part of the delay when the system is first powered on. However you can see the IIGS boot screen simply enough and can compare between the two.

{{#ev:youtube|Wjy6_qnTnv0|400|right|Apple II Mass Storage Mega Roundup|frame}}
On August 13, 2016 Joe Strosnider from the YouTube channel "[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCyfwZvTPPJV4peBHupd6Ckw Joe's Computer Museum]" posted a review of several Mass Storage options for the Apple II, and the MicroDrive/Turbo was among them. He gives some very good feedback regarding the differences between the boards, and how the MicroDrive/turbo performs under real world conditions.

== Support: Backing Up - Setup Utility ==
'''The first thing you should do before using your MicroDrive/Turbo is to make a backup of the MicroDrive/Turbo Setup Utility.''' Without this Utility you will be unable to re-setup your CF Card should it crash or you accidentally format it. It is advised to copy the Setup Utility to a backup floppy and keep it in a safe place. To backup the Utility:

* Upon booting the MicroDrive/Turbo you will be taken to Volume 1 which holds the ProDOS 8 utilities.
* You will see menu item named "COPYIIPLUS9.1". Using the arrow keys highlight the item and press Enter.
* Press the letter "C" to select "COPY", and the letter "F" for "FILES".
* Use the arrow keys to select the Slot where you installed the MicroDrive/Turbo, and "Drive 1". Press Enter.
* Use the arrow keys to select the Slot and Drive where your backup floppy is located. Press Enter.
* You will see a folder named "MICRODRIVE". Using the arrow keys highlight the folder and press Enter.
* You will see a file called "MICRODRV.SETUP". Using the arrow keys highlight the file and press Enter.
* Press the letter "G" to start the copy process.

Note: This assumes your Floppy Disk is preformatted with ProDOS. If not then you can use Copy II Plus to also format the Disk.

== Support: IIGS Installation ==
When installing the MicroDrive/Turbo in your Apple IIGS a few things need to first be taken into consideration. For example, will you want to primary boot the MicroDrive/Turbo, your Floppy Drives, or other bootable devices installed in your system? For most installations users will want to boot primary to the MicroDrive/Turbo. In this case we recommend installing the MicroDrive/Turbo in Slot 7. And when you want to boot to the Floppy Drives hold down the "ESC" key on boot. This allows the IIGS to "skip" booting the MicroDrive/Turbo and move on to checking the Floppy Drives or other bootable devices in lower numbered Slots.

For other configurations, the good news is that the Apple IIGS allows a lot of flexibility when it comes to booting. You will need to decide however what is the best to meet your needs. If not installing the MicroDrive/Turbo in Slot 7, then we usually recommend Slot 2. However by default the IIGS is set to use Slot 2 for a Modem. Since most users no longer use a Modem, Slot 2 is a good choice. However the default setting in the IIGS will need to be changed in order for the MicroDrive/Turbo to work.

To edit the settings or change the way your IIGS boots you will need to enter the Control Panel. There are a couple of ways to do this:
* Hold down the "Option" key on the keyboard and power on the IIGS. Select "1" for the Control Panel.
* Power on the IIGS and at anytime hold down the "Open Apple" and "Control" keys, then press the "ESC" key. Press "Enter" to select Control Panel.
Once in the Control Panel use the "Arrow" keys to select the "Slots" menu and press "Enter".

Most IIGS systems will be set to the default configuration, denoted by the "check mark" on the left of the option. Use the "Up" or "Down" arrow keys to select an option, then "Left" or "Right" arrow keys to set the option. Be sure to press "Enter" when done to save any changes.

For example, there is nothing needed '''to use the MicroDrive/Turbo in Slot 7'''. It is already defaulted to "Your Card". There is also no need to change the "Startup" option if it is set to "Slot 7" or "Scan".

If however you want '''to use the MicroDrive/Turbo in Slot 2''' you will need to change the Slot setting to "Your Card". And if you would like the IIgs to boot the MicroDrive/Turbo in Slot 2 then you will also need to change the "Startup" option to "Slot 2". Be sure to press "Enter" when done to save any changes.

The "Startup" option in the Control Panel allows you to control how the IIGS checks for bootable devices when powered on. "Scan" will tell the IIGS to look from Slot 7 to Slot 1. Selecting "Slot [X]" will tell the IIGS to ONLY boot that Slot. If no bootable devices are found then the IIGS will report "Check startup device!" You can however tell the IIGS to boot from another Slot by breaking into BASIC (hold down the "Control" key and press the "Reset" key), then type "PR#X" and press the "Enter" key. "X" is the Slot number.

Note: The MicroDrive/Turbo allows the IIGS to "skip" trying to boot it by holding down the "ESC" key on boot.

== Support: //e Installation ==
When installing the MicroDrive/Turbo in your Apple //e a few things need to first be taken into consideration. For example, will you want to primary boot the MicroDrive/Turbo, your Floppy Drives, or other bootable devices installed in your system? For most installations users will want to boot primary to the MicroDrive/Turbo. In this case we recommend installing the MicroDrive/Turbo in Slot 7. And when you want to boot to the Floppy Drives hold down the "ESC" key on boot. This allows the //e to "skip" booting the MicroDrive/Turbo and move on to checking the Floppy Drives or other bootable devices in lower numbered Slots.

If however you install the MicroDrive/Turbo in another Slot then it may not boot and depends on what other bootable devices are installed in your //e. You can however tell the //e to boot to another Slot by breaking into BASIC if needed (hold the "Control" key and press the "Reset" key), then type "PR#X" and press the "Enter" key. "X" is the Slot number.

Note: The MicroDrive/Turbo allows the IIGS to "skip" trying to boot it by holding the "ESC" key on boot.

== Support: Troubleshooting ==
Here are some tips on where to start if you experience any issues with your MicroDrive/Turbo (MDT) or any cards in your Apple II system.

First and foremost - ALWAYS always worth mentioning be sure to observe correct ESD protection when handling or touching electronics or you will damage and weaken ICs. It would be great if a damaged IC failed instantly. However that's rarely the case. ESD damage usually eats away at the gates inside an IC, can cause timing issues, and the IC to run hotter than designed for. This causes the IC to operate unreliably. And the worse kind of issue to diagnose is an inconsistent one. So please always use a grounded wrist strap and even a static mat when working on your IIgs. ReActivceMicro sees quite a few systems with weak or damaged bus transceivers (LS/HCT245) and can usually repair the motherboards, and ESD damage is the primary suspect for the ICs needing to be replaced. ALWAYS observe correct ESD protection when handling or touching electronics. However before suspecting the Apple II, let's retest the MDT in-system.

Start with cleaning the MDT's edge connector (slot connector end with the gold fingers). A pencil eraser is a good device for cleaning. You could also use some 95+ alcohol and a paper towel. When clean all the fingers should be about the same color and brightness. Any which appear to be dull or darker than the rest need to be recleaned as they could have some residue on them from manufacturing. This could cause connection issues with the slot.

Next, check your outlet power. Check to make sure the outlet is wired correctly. ReActiveMicro receives about 5 support emails a year from users with MDT issues who all swear their power is fine and there's no power or wiring issues. After much debate and discussion Support usually sends an outlet tester to which they finally check the outlet and discover there's a wiring fault and the cause of most or all of their past issues. The older original PSUs don't seem to mind a wiring issue, however the new ones ReActiveMicro sells will produce all kinds of issues if an outlet is incorrectly wired. So we ask that users check their outlets with a multimeter or outlet tester (eBay for under $10 delivered) to make sure issues are not power related. As another good way to check is to run a power cord from your bathroom or kitchen GFCI outlet and retest your II for a while, as these outlets have be to wired correctly in order to turn on. This is a simple way to help rule out a power issue and highly recommended in all testing situations where power is suspect.

Next we ask that you run the Read Write test software for the MDT. It's under the Utils folder, in the Microdrive folder, called TURBO.RW.TEST. It's a system file so you can use the ProDOS selector to run it. Let the test run for an hour or two. This should confirm the MDT is running well. If the test randomly fails or stops during this time then this might suggest an issue with Apple II. You can also try performing the 'twist test' and 'wiggle test' with the MDT during this time and see if the board fails. Tap and wiggle the IDE to CF Adapter and CF Card. See if the test stops and reports an error. If so then reseat the Adapter and CF Card several times to clean the connectors. The MDT should work well however, and you should be able to bend/stress the card slightly and press on the ICs while the test is running without any issues (assuming your slot is good). Too much pressure or shaking can cause the card to lose contact with the slot. So don't be too aggressive, but you'd be surprised at the amount of pressure and bumps you can apply without issues. Which is perfect to make sure it's no a connection issue. And 'twisting' the card helps confirm there isn't a cold solder joint. Again, don't be too aggressive, but you should be able to a decent amount of force to stress the board ends in both clockwise and counter clockwise directions. If the board fails during this test then it might suggest a cold solder joint.

Lastly, clean the card with some degreasor and an old toothbrush. Be sure to pull the firmware ROM and remove the CF to IDE Adapter before cleaning. Only clean the MDT board without the ROM installed. A good solvent like Brakleen is best. This also dries residue free. Rinse well with cleaner too. Use plenty of cleaner and mainly brush the small square IC in the middle of the board in all directions for at least 1 minute. Work the toothbrush in to the small pins with a combing action. The more brushing the better, and the more solvent used the better. Also clean inside the firmware ROM socket well. Brush around the surface mount pins where they connect to the PCB as best you can. You can also use 95+ alcohol and a toothbrush. However you'll need to rinse the card in water to fully clean it. Distilled water is best. Tap water is usually fine too. Be sure to tap the card's edges well on a hard surface to get the water out from under the ICs, and then use a hair dryer to fully dry the card for 5-10 mins. You can also leave the board out overnight to air dry, however this usually isn't needed. Canned or compressed air also works well do help get water out from under the ICs and dry the board.

If the MDT passes the twist and bump tests but fails randomly then it could be related to the IIgs. ReActiveMicro will usually send another MDT so users can retest locally to help confirm it's the II or the MDT. If the new MDT board also fails then it's your IIgs system which is the issue. Which at that point you may want to consider sending us your motherboard for additional confirmation testing and we can replace the bus transceivers if needed then send back to you for additional local testing. This kind of repair is about $100 however, and really should be a last resort effort. So let's see what the first few tests show us before pointing fingers at the IIgs motherboard.

When using the MicroDrive/Turbo with other expansion cards that utilize DMA, it may be helpful to try running the MicroDrive/Turbo with DMA disabled if your system is behaving erratically. For example, as of late 2020, several users report erratic freezes of the VidHD when it and MicroDrive/Turbo are both utilizing DMA. Hopefully, a future revision of the VidHD firmware will repair any incompatibility.

== Support: Backing Up - CF Card ==
One important feature of the MicroDrive/Turbo the ability to remove the CF Card and use CiderPress to back up the Volumes on it. To do this you will need to have installed CiderPress on your PC or Mac running a Windows emulator, and a CF Card Reader.

See [[MicroDrive/Turbo#Support:_CiderPress|"Support: CiderPress"]] below for the download link and continued instructions on how to use it to backup the CF Card.

For 32Meg volume images or whole CF Card images visit the [https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/32_Meg_Hard_Drive_Image 32 Meg Hard Drive Image page] and the [[#Documentation.2C_Files.2C_and_Software|download links]] below.

== Support: Using the Setup Utility ==
Installation: The MicroDrive/Turbo comes pre-setup. Just install in any Slot. We however recommend Slot 7 if possible since you will most likely want to boot from the MicroDrive/Turbo much more often than your Floppies. And when you want to boot to a Floppy:
* On boot, press and hold the ESC key. This will bypass the MicroDrive/Turbo on boot.

Note: IIGS users may need to make a change to Slot settings in the Control Panel. To access the Control Panel first boot the IIGS. Then press and hold down the Open Apple key, Control key, and then press the ESC key.

===Setup Utility===
Be sure to backup the MicroDrive/Turbo Setup utility to floppy! This disk will be for backup purposes or if you need to setup a new CF Card.
* Upon booting the MicroDrive/Turbo you will be taken to Volume 1 which holds the ProDOS 8 utilities.
* You will see a folder named "SHRINK.IT". Using the arrow keys to highlight the folder and press Enter.
* You will now see a file called "SHRINK.IT.V3.4". Press Enter to execute it.
* Press the letter "O" to open an archive. The "MICRODRV.IIE.S1" is for a 5.25” disk, and "MICRODRV.TURBO" is for a 3.5” disk. Select one and press Enter twice.
* Next select the Drive on which to write.
* When done be sure to boot the disk and run the Setup utility to make sure it restored correctly.
* Repeat the above process if needed.
* Done!

Note: If you require a Setup utility disk be mailed to you, there will be a charge. Please email [http://store.reactivemicro.com/contact-us/ ReActiveMicro Support] for details and pricing.

===Check The DMA Setting===
It is advised to check the DMA setting in the Setup utility to make sure it is set correctly. Usually there isn't any issue, however you can experience data corruption or loss if the setting is not correct.
* Upon booting the MicroDrive/Turbo you will be taken to Volume 1 which holds the ProDOS 8 utilities.
* You will see a folder named "MICRODRIVE". Using the arrow keys highlight the folder and press Enter.
* You will now see a file called "MICRODRV.SETUP". Press Enter to execute it.
* Press the letter "D" to select "DMA Mode". If it's set currently to your Apple II, then you are finished. If not, then continue to the next step.
* Press Enter to change the setting. For //e users select "Enable".
* Press the letter "W" to select "Write Configuration".
* Press Enter, then the letter "W" to save the new configuration.
* Done!

Note: Set DMA Mode To "Disable" to see how much slower your system would be using a non-DMA Mass Storage Device.

===The Pre-setup and Pre-loaded CF Card===
The MicroDrive/Turbo comes with a pre-setup CF Card which has 4 ProDOS Volumes on it. The CF Card comes pre-loaded the same for the IIGS or //e.
* Volume 1 has ProDOS 8 Utilities loaded on it and is bootable into ProDOS 8.
* Volume 2 has GS/OS v6.0.1 loaded on it and is bootable. You will need at least 1Meg of RAM in order to RUN GS/OS or you will be forced to exit.
* Volume 3 had DOS.MASTER loaded on it and is bootable into ProDOS 8 which loads BASIC. You will see a folder called DOS.MASTER.
* Volume 4 is formatted in ProDOS and is not bootable.

You can setup more volumes on the CF Card if you wish, however you will quickly run out of "Slots" under ProDOS 8. ProDOS maps each Volume to a Slot and Drive, the same as what is done with the Floppy Drives. So the current 4 Volumes take up 2 Slots, which have 2 Drives each. If you don't have many peripheral cards in your Apple II then adding more Volumes may not pose an issue. However users which have other devices in Slots which get a Volume mapped to them may not be able to use the card or the Volume. You have been warned.

====Boot To Other Volumes====
The MicroDrive/Turbo comes set to boot to Volume 1 by default. You can however temporary boot to other Volumes on the CF Card.
* Hold down the "Open Apple" key when powering on the Apple II. This will pause the MicroDrive/Turbo's splash screen.
* Lastly press the corresponding Volume's number key, and the MicroDrive/Turbo will boot to that Volume.

You can also use the Setup utility to make booting to another Volume the current setting.
* Upon booting the MicroDrive/Turbo you will be taken to Volume 1 which holds the ProDOS 8 utilities in a folder named "UTIL".
* You will see folder named "MICRODRIVE". Using the arrow keys highlight the folder and press Enter.
* You will now see a file called "MICRODRV.SETUP". Press Enter to execute it.
* Press the letter "B" to select "Default Boot Volume".
* Press Enter to change the setting to the desired NEW boot Volume.
* Press the letter "W" to select "Write Configuration".
* Press Enter, then the letter "W" to save the new configuration.
* Done!

====Adding Volumes To CF Card====
To add more Volumes to your CF Card.
* Upon booting the MicroDrive/Turbo you will be taken to Volume 1 which holds the ProDOS 8 utilities.
* You will see a folder named "MICRODRIVE". Using the arrow keys to highlight the folder and press Enter.
* You will now see a file called "MICRODRV.SETUP". Press Enter to execute it.
* Press the letter "E" to select "Partition Editor". You will immediately be taken to the "Partition Table" area on the right side of the screen.
* Press the letter "A" to add a new Volume. Note: Press the "?" key for available commands.
* Press and hold both "Apple" keys, then press the "Right Arrow" key. The "Blk Size" and "Dec/Hex" column values will start to change.
* Keep pressing the "Right Arrow" key till the "Blk Size" reads "$010000". Release the "Apple" keys.
* Press the "Left Arrow" key once. The "Blk Size" should now read "$00FFFF".
**Note: ProDOS can only use UP TO 32Megs of space. "$00FFFF" is 32Meg in Blocks. You can create volumes larger then 32Megs however you will may not be able to use them.
**'''Press the letter "D" to delete any volumes or to start over.'''
**Press the letter "Q" twice if you DO NOT want to save your changes and exit.
**Repeat the above steps if you want to add more Volumes.
* Press Enter, then the letter "W" which selects "Write Configuration" to save the new configuration.
* Done!

Note: Don't forget you will need to format any new Volumes before they can be used to store anything.

===Deleting Volumes From CF Card===
To add more Volumes to your CF Card.
* Upon booting the MicroDrive/Turbo you will be taken to Volume 1 which holds the ProDOS 8 utilities.
* You will see a folder named "MICRODRIVE". Using the arrow keys highlight the folder and press Enter.
* You will now see a file called "MICRODRV.SETUP". Press Enter to execute it.
* Press the letter "E" to select "Partition Editor". You will immediately be taken to the "Partition Table" area on the right side of the screen.
* Use the "Arrow" keys to select the Volume you want to delete.
* Press the letter "D" to delete the Volume.
**Press the letter "Q" twice if you DO NOT want to save your changes and exit.
**Repeat the above steps if you want to add more Volumes.
* Press the letter "W" to select "Write Configuration".
* Press Enter, then the letter "W" to save the new configuration.
* Done!

===Setting Up a New CF Card===
To use a new CF Card (or one that has been accidentally formatted on your PC) you must first partition it. However if you do not have an existing bootable CF Card or a backup of the MicroDrive/Turbo Setup Utility on Floppy Disk then you will need to contact Support (see above) in order to obtain a new CF Card which is preloaded, or a Diskette with the Setup Utility.

If you have the Setup Utility then see [[#Adding Volumes To CF Card]] above.

== Support: Need to Add/Complete ==
Format issues with C2+

Using a Second CF Card Slot:

Copy files.

== Support: CiderPress - Backing Up and Restoring ==
Please visit https://ciderpress2.com to download and install CiderPress for Windows. CiderPress can be run on a Mac using emulation (e.g., Parallels Desktop of VMWare Fusion) or using a WINE-based emulation (e.g., http://retrocomputingaustralia.com/rca-downloads/ -- thanks to Michael Mulhern for his efforts and hosting). However, WINE-based emulators are unable to access CF Card Readers so can't be used for this utility. 
Note: There is a Mac based project being developed to allow the access of the MDT CF Card. You can find the project here: https://github.com/disappearinjon/microdrive

Your PC will also require a CF Card Reader so you can access the CF Card.

Backing Up A CF Card: To backup a Volume on a CF Card:
*Insert the CF Card into your Reader. Allow a few seconds for it to be recognized by your OS. '''DO NOT format the Card if prompted!'''
*Open CiderPress.
*Click on the "Tools" menu and select "Volume Copier (open volume).
*Select “Physical Disk X”. X is the disk number. Click the "OK" button to continue.
Note: Users with a Computer that has more than one Hard Drive or CF Reader will have to determine exactly which Drive the CF Card Reader to be used is. In most cases it will be “1”. The size of the CF Card should also be displayed in the "Remarks" column.
*All Volumes will now be listed. Select the volume you wish to backup and click the "Copy to file" button.
*You will now be asked where to save the backup file. Select a location and a name then press the "Save" button.
*CiderPress will now start to read the Volume and save it to your PC. When it is done the popup progress window will close.
**Optional: You can now select other Volumes to backup if desired.
*Done!

Note: You could also use a utility to backup the whole CF Card like [http://hddguru.com/software/HDD-Raw-Copy-Tool/ HDD Raw Copy]. CiderPress however has the advantage of being able to open and utilize the backup Images it creates. So in the future you could copy files from the Images or access data if needed. You would not need to fully restore the Image as with other backup programs. Some Emulators can also access and use the Image files too. Raw Disk Copiers like HDD Raw Copy can however be useful if you would like to quickly duplicate a CF Card as it will copy the Partition information unlike CiderPress. So you do not need to run the MicroDrive/Turbo Setup Utility before restoring the HDD Raw Copy Image. This could be a useful backup method should the Setup Utility backup disk you made (see [[#Support: Backing Up - Setup Utility|"Support: Backing Up - Setup Utility"]] above) ever becomes damaged, lost, or unusable.

Restoring A Backup Image To A CF Card: To restore a Volume:
*Insert the CF Card into your Reader. Allow a few seconds for it be recognized by your OS. '''DO NOT format the Card if prompted!'''
*Open CiderPress.
*Click on the "Tools" menu and select "Volume Copier (open volume).
*Select “Physical Disk X”. X is the disk number.
Note: Users with a Computer that has more than one Hard Drive or CF Reader will have to determine exactly which Drive the CF Card Reader to be used is. In most cases it will be “1”. The size of the CF Card should also be displayed in the "Remarks" column.
*Uncheck the "Open as read-only" option above the "OK" button.
WARNING: Data on your Volumes can now be over-written. Be careful, and make sure to select the correct Volume!
*Click the "OK" button to continue.
*All Volumes will now be listed. Select the volume you wish to restore an image to and click the "Load from file" button.
*Select the image file and click the "Open" button.
*CiderPress will prompt you to make sure you want to overwrite a Volume if there is data there, and you need to confirm "OK" to continue. If it is blank it will start loading the image.
**You can load multiple images if you wish.
*Done!

== Support: CiderPress - Copying Files ==
Copy A File TO The CF Card:
*Insert the CF Card into your Reader. Allow a few seconds for it be recognized by your OS. '''DO NOT format the Card if prompted!'''
*Open CiderPress.
*Click on the "File" menu and select "Open Volume...".
*Select “Physical Disk X”. X is the disk number. Click the "OK" button to continue.
Note: Users with a Computer that has more than one Hard Drive or CF Reader will have to determine exactly which Drive the CF Card Reader to be used is. In most cases it will be “1”. The size of the CF Card should also be displayed in the "Remarks" column.
*Uncheck "Open as read only" and click the "OK" button.
*All Volumes and folders will now be listed. Locate the volume, and folder if desired, in which you wish to place the copied file.
**Roots of Volumes can be identified by the double name such as "MDVOL1::MDVOL1" for example.
**Folder and files can be identified by the name AFTER the ":" and the info listed in the "TYPE" column.
*Right click on the location, then select "Add Files...".
*Browse to the file's location, select any desired options, then click the "OK" button.
*You will now see the file located on the CF Card.
*Repeat as desired to add more files.
*Done!

Copy A File FROM The CF Card:

*Insert the CF Card in to your Reader. Allow a few seconds for it be recognized by your OS. '''DO NOT format the Card if prompted!'''
*Open CiderPress.
*Click on the "File" menu and select "Open Volume...".
*Select “Physical Disk X”. X is the disk number. Click the "OK" button to continue.
Note: Users with a Computer that has more than one Hard Drive or CF Reader will have to determine exactly which Drive the CF Card Reader to be used is. In most cases it will be “1”. The size of the CF Card should also be displayed in the "Remarks" column.
*All Volumes and folders will now be listed. Locate the volume, and folder if needed, in which the file wish to copy is located.
**Roots of Volumes can be identified by the double name such as "MDVOL1::MDVOL1" for example.
**Folder and files can be identified by the name AFTER the ":" and the info listed in the "TYPE" column.
*Right click on the location, then select "Extract...".
*Browse to the location you wish to copy the file to, select any desired options, then click the "OK" button.
*You will now see the file located where you selected.
*Repeat as desired to copy more files.
*Done!

== Support: Command line tool on Mac OS to manipulate a MicroDrive/Turbo disk or image ==

For a long time now Mac OS users have struggled in dealing with ProDOS formatted CF Card. CiderPress is a native Windows program and requires a full emulator like Parallels Desktop or VMWare Fusion.

Jon Lasser contacted Henry and started to discuss the issues with CiderPress on the MAC and how he might be able to create a simple but powerful program. It would allow access to the ProDOS formatted CF Card, as CiderPress does. However it will run natively on the MAC platform. We are more than glad to help Jon with his efforts in any way we can.

You can read more about Jon’s project here at his own blog:
https://twoideas.org/2020/01/02/the-joys-of-retrocomputing-also-announcing-a-microdrive-turbo-image-tool/

As of the time of this writing (end of 2020), Jon Lasser's tool is a solid option for backing up and restoring CF cards formatted with ProDOS and for copying images. Use of the Terminal is required and some familiarity with using Mac OS in this way is important. This is a great step forward.

== Support: Using Mechanical Hard Drives ==
It is possible to use old mechanical Hard Drives on the MicroDrive/Turbo however Compact Flash is a much better solution. As noted in "[[#Features|Features]]" above: "[Compact Flash is] readily available, inexpensive, low power, noiseless, shock proof, removable, and last almost forever - things that can't be said about mechanical Hard Drives."

Steps to install and use a mechanical Hard Drive:
*First, remove the IDE to CF Adapter. The unit should just slide off when pulled. Be careful to not bend any pins on the IDE male header.
*Next, install a 40-pin IDE Cable.
*Next, if needed set your IDE Hard Drive to the correct "Primary" or "Secondary" setting.
*Finally, install the Hard Drive onto the IDE Cable.

'''Note:''' If the Hard Drive is powered from a secondary Power Supply you need to adhere to the following in order for all to work correctly:
*The GS has to be turned on '''first'''. The Power Supply to the Hard Drive is then turned on '''second'''. Wrong order and the drive may not spin up.
*The two Power Supplies must have a common ground. Without this the MicroDrive/Turbo may not see the Hard Drive.
*Be warned that most newer MicroDrive/Turbo boards have +5v connected to pin Pin 20 of the IDE Connector. Be sure to use a cable which DOES NOT have a cable pin connected, or you cut the cable pin.

== Support: Using ADTPro, Uthernet, and MicroDrive/Turbo Together ==
An incompatibility exists in ADTPro versions 2.0.2 and earlier where ADTPro's Uthernet initialization interferes with the operation of the MicroDrive/Turbo running IIGS firmware. To be specific, if the MicroDrive/Turbo is in a slot number '''lower''' than the Uthernet or Uthernet II, ADTPro will not start . Even if you create and save an ADTPro Uthernet configuration to specify an Uthernet slot using a different computer, it still won't work. There are a number of solutions available:
# Use a version greater than 2.0.2 of ADTPro
# Move your MicroDrive/Turbo to a slot '''higher''' than your Uthernet or Uthernet II card (typical slots are 3 for Uthernet, and 7 for MicroDrive/Turbo)
# Use the //e version of firmware in your MicroDrive/Turbo.

== Support: Running The Preinstalled Games ==
With the CF Card that comes with the MicroDrive/Turbo you will find a "IIE GAMES" and a "GS GAMES" folder, which is part of the "[https://archive.org/details/TotalReplay Total Replay]" distribution. If you try to run the games you will receive an error message of "FILETYPE MISMATCH". First, run "BOOT.SYSTEM" which is a menu system for running the games correctly. Then select and run the game of your choice.

== Self Powered IDE to CF Adapters ==
The MicroDrive/Turbo sold by ReActiveMicro comes with a self powered IDE to CF Adapter with a pre-setup CF Card. They did not sell boards with mechanical HDDs. "Self powered" refers to the IDE to CF Adapter which uses power supplied on Pin 20 of the IDE connector and does not require an external power source. This means the Apple II can supply power to the CF Card and no other power source is needed.

Boards from 2006 to mid 2008 will have +5v connected to Pin 20 of the IDE Connector in the form of a small jumper wire on the rear of the board. Later boards have a small trace added to the face, left side of the board. Over the years some users insisted on trying to install the CF Adapter backwards which would cause a short and burn the added trace from the board. So all boards from late 2017 and on have a fuse added to the small trace for added protection. The pic below on the right with the fuse is a good example of what the added trace looks like and where it is located.

<gallery class="center" widths=300px heights=200px caption="IDE Pin 20 Power Mods">
File:MicroDrive-Turbo-Back-PowerMod1.jpg|Pre-2008 MicroDrive/Turbo With Flywire Power Mod and Self Powered CF Adapter
File:MicroDrive-Turbo-Face-PowerMod2.jpg|2018 MicroDrive/Turbo With "F1" Fuse and Self Powered CF Adapter
</gallery>

== Support: Installing Firmware ==
[[Image:MicroDrive-Turbo_-_Firmware_Install.jpg|thumb|ROM Location And Where To Pry To Remove]]
The MicroDrive Turbo usually comes pre-setup for IIe or IIGS use. This is determined by the Firmware ROM which is installed on the card. The ROM is the small square IC on the upper right of the card. It is the only IC in a socket.

You can use the IIe Firmware in an IIe and IIGS, however it is quite slow in a IIGS compared to the IIgs Firmware. You cannot use the IIGS Firmware in a IIe as it will cause the IIe to crash to Monitor.

The //e Firmware ROM is usually marked with a label that has "II" written on it. This isn't the best way to check which firmware in on the MicroDrive Turbo as the label could have been removed or fallen off. If your MicroDrive/Turbo works in an IIe then the IIe Firmware is installed.

To remove the Firmware ROM you will need a "PLCC Extraction Tool". These can be found on eBay for under $5 usually. You can also use a paperclip, small wire, an awl, small screw driver, or any strong thin implement. Do not pry too hard on the ROM Socket if possible. Reference the picture for the areas on which to pry up.

The new Firmware ROM should be installed in the same orientation with the chip markings facing up. '''Installing the ROM backwards WILL damage it!''' Reference the picture and you will notice one corner of the Socket and ROM are "cut". The other corners are square. There is usually a "DOT" or mark on the case of the IC to help denote which side is which. In the case of the MicroDrive/Turbo we want to make sure the "cut corner" and the "DOT" are facing to the LEFT. The chip markings should be facing up, legible, with the gold Edge Connector (aka - Slot Edge) on the bottom of the MicroDrive Turbo.

<gallery class="center" widths=150px heights=80>
File:Floppy_Icon_514sleeve.svg|MicroDrive-Turbo II, II''plus'', IIe Unenhanced (and IIGS but slow) Firmware|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/2/25/MicroDrive-Turbo-IIe-v1.60b-ROM.bin
File:Floppy_Icon_514sleeve.svg|MicroDrive Turbo IIGS ONLY Firmware|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/3/33/MicroDrive-Turbo_-_IIgs_v1.00_ROM_-_27512.bin
</gallery>

== Downloadable Files ==
<div class="new_window">
<gallery class="center" widths=150px heights=80 caption="RM MicroDrive-Turbo">
File:PDF_ICON.svg|2024 Manual |link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/4/4a/MicroDrive_Manual_2024.pdf
<gallery class="center" widths=150px heights=80 caption="MicroDrive-Turbo">

File:4am_Gaming_Image.svg|Total Replay 32meg|link=https://archive.org/details/TotalReplay

File:RM_Icon_File_Server.svg|Software|link=http://downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/MicroDrive-Turbo/Software/
File:RM_Icon_File_Server.svg|CF Images|link=http://downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/MicroDrive-Turbo/CF_Volume_Images/
File:RM_Icon_File_Server.svg|Assorted Files|link=http://downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/MicroDrive-Turbo/
</gallery>
</div>

[[Category:Hardware]]
[[Category:Apple]]
[[Category:ReActiveMicro Projects]]

MicroDrive/Turbo

2024-09-26T18:38:56Z

Khaibitgfx: /* Support: Trouble Shooting */

[[Image:Title_Micro_Drive_Turbo.svg|512px|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/8/82/Title_Micro_Drive_Turbo.svg]]

[[Image:RM_MicroDriveTurbo-Object.png|thumb|MicroDrive Turbo from ReActiveMicro|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/4/4d/RM_MicroDriveTurbo-Object.png]]

The MicroDrive Turbo is an IDE Mass Storage Device that is Apple IIGS and Apple II, II Plus, or //e compatible. It emulates a Hard Disk Drive by utilizing Solid-State Compact Flash (CF) Cards.

MicroDrive Turbo (aka - MDT) is currently sold by [[ReActiveMicro]]. They sell it with a preloaded 256 MB Compact Flash Card to enable new users to start using the MicroDrive/Turbo right out of the box. Software included is GS/OS v6.0.1, IIGS Memory Testers, ShrinkIt (8 and 16 bit), Copy II+, MicroDrive Utilities, DiskMaker8, DSK2File, DOS.MASTER and different AE Memory Testers for your //e. Everything needed to start transferring and unpacking software from the Internet, and start using your Apple II Personal Computer once again.

Product Status: Actively sold by [http://store.reactivemicro.com/product/microdriveturbo-storage-controller/ ReActiveMicro].

Support: Post on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME}}|Discussion]] page (link above) or email [http://store.reactivemicro.com/contact-us/ ReActiveMicro Support].

Sales: Visit the [http://store.reactivemicro.com/shop/ ReActiveMicro Store].

== History ==
The MicroDrive Turbo was designed by Joachim Lange of ///SHH Systeme and released in 1996. This was the first Apple II IDE Controller that used DMA.

In 2004 Gerber Street Enterprises started reselling select items from ///SHH Systeme, however the offering was only a couple of items and stock was very limited.

Mid-2006 ReActiveMicro took over reselling all ///SHH Systeme items in an effort to provide better service and a larger product variety to the Apple II Community.

==Board Revisions==
Pre-2006 versions of the card were all hand assembled by Joachim Lange of ///SHH Systeme. After ReActiveMicro took over sales in 2006 the units were hand assembled by Henry from ReActiveMicro till mid 2015. ReActiveMicro then started their structured move to a more automated vendor and set their sights to have projects assembled on a larger scale. The MicroDrive Turbo was the first such project to be fully assembled. However due to a learning curve and testing different vendors Henry continued to hand assemble some MicroDrive Turbo units until 2016. During that year all projects moved to being fully assembled as well as offering kit versions of most projects.

From March 19th 2018 until the 25th ReActiveMicro had a sale in which they jokingly played on the fact that Henry "defaced" several cards by signing them. Thus the cards would be sold at a discount due to his signature being of negative value and actually subtracting from the total worth of the card. This was in fact a joke made from the recent CFFA3000 sales where Rich Dreher sold "limited edition" cards where he signed them and charged $200USD more. It's noteworthy that Henry was not actually thrilled with signing cards and "felt like a total ass" the entire time doing so. He's not into celebrity or thinking his signature or efforts are anything special. He's more happy being able to supply demand and knowing that products he makes are being used in the retro spirit. "Limited editions" or signed products will not be a staple in the ReActiveMicro.com future, and will always be made in a self deprecating fashion.

<gallery class="center" widths=400px heights=200px caption="Example of signed MicroDrive Turbo.">
File:MDT_Signed1.jpg|MicroDrive Turbo. March 19th-25th 2018 Sale {51 units signed total}.
</gallery>

== Features ==

[[Image:MicroDrive_DMA.svg|200px|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/4/43/MicroDrive_DMA.svg]]

DMA: Looking for the fastest storage solution available for your Apple II? The MicroDrive Turbo is faster that any other Mass Storage controller since it uses DMA for reads and writes. As the name implies, it performs Direct Memory Access which bypasses the CPU and allows for a whopping 40% faster read and write speeds when compared to conventional controllers. For example, with an accelerator installed in your IIGS you can boot GS/OS in as fast as 7 seconds! The DMA option can be disabled using the Setup utility.

[[Image:40_Pin_Connector.svg|200px|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/b/ba/40_Pin_Connector.svg]]

40 Pin IDE Interface: The 40 Pin IDE interface on the MicroDrive/Turbo IDE is a standard 16 bit IDE port. It is capable of addressing "Primary" and "Secondary" IDs on the IDE chain.

IDE to Dual CF Adapter: The MicroDrive/Turbo comes standard with a 40 Pin IDE to Dual CF Adapter. Users can control which of the two CF Slots is "Primary" and "Secondary" using a Jumper on the Adapter. The Adapter however can be removed if so desired and a standard IDE Cable and devices attached.

Note: Dual mode unavailable when using the IIe Firmware; Only available when using the IIGS Firmware.

[[Image:CF_Card.svg|200px|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/9/9e/CF_Card.svg]]

Compact Flash: Why use Compact Flash Cards? They are readily available, inexpensive, low power, noiseless, shock proof, removable, and last almost forever - things that can't be said about mechanical Hard Drives. However, it is still possible to use some older IDE Hard Drives with the MicroDrive/Turbo Controller if desired. See "[[#Support: Using Mechanical Hard Drives|Support: Using Mechanical Hard Drives]]" below. Do you download software from the Internet and wonder how to get it to your Apple II or spend lots of time doing so? With the MicroDrive/Turbo it's now super easy! Just remove the Compact Flash Card from your MicroDrive/Turbo, insert it in to your PC and using [http://a2ciderpress.com/ CiderPress] (Windows only) you can read and write directly to the Compact Flash Card. Using your PC for transferring files and backing up has never been so quick and painless!

ProDOS 8 and 16: The MicroDrive/Turbo is ProDOS compatible. It's recognized as a 'standard' Mass Storage Device just like any Hard Disk Drive on your Apple II. Large Volume DOS 3.3 support is provided through the use of a program called DOS.MASTER (preloaded on CF Card).

Boot Options: By default, Volume 1 is set to boot. However when setting up a new CF Card the user sets which Volume they desire to boot. Or on an existing CF Card the Setup utility can modify the default boot Volume. However the MicroDrive/Turbo also offers a temporary option to boot to ANY volume. When powering on the Apple II the user will press and hold the Open Apple key. This will pause the MicroDrive/Turbo's splash screen. The user then presses the corresponding Volume's number key, and the MicroDrive/Turbo will boot to that Volume.

Apple IIGS and II/Plus/e Operation: The MicroDrive/Turbo comes standard with the Apple IIGS Firmware. You can however order one with IIe Firmware, or buy an upgrade ROM to convert a IIGS MicroDrive/Turbo for use in an II/Plus/e.

== Reviews ==
{{#ev:youtube|1JLJUPMVwDE|400|right|MicroDrive/Turbo (left) VS CFFA (right)|frame}}
On October 13th, 2018 Russell McGhee did a comparison of the MicroDrive/Turbo (left) VS CFFA (right). The IIGS on the right has a TWGS installed and is part of the delay when the system is first powered on. However you can see the IIGS boot screen simply enough and can compare between the two.

{{#ev:youtube|Wjy6_qnTnv0|400|right|Apple II Mass Storage Mega Roundup|frame}}
On August 13, 2016 Joe Strosnider from the YouTube channel "[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCyfwZvTPPJV4peBHupd6Ckw Joe's Computer Museum]" posted a review of several Mass Storage options for the Apple II, and the MicroDrive/Turbo was among them. He gives some very good feedback regarding the differences between the boards, and how the MicroDrive/turbo performs under real world conditions.

== Support: Backing Up - Setup Utility ==
'''The first thing you should do before using your MicroDrive/Turbo is to make a backup of the MicroDrive/Turbo Setup Utility.''' Without this Utility you will be unable to re-setup your CF Card should it crash or you accidentally format it. It is advised to copy the Setup Utility to a backup floppy and keep it in a safe place. To backup the Utility:

* Upon booting the MicroDrive/Turbo you will be taken to Volume 1 which holds the ProDOS 8 utilities.
* You will see menu item named "COPYIIPLUS9.1". Using the arrow keys highlight the item and press Enter.
* Press the letter "C" to select "COPY", and the letter "F" for "FILES".
* Use the arrow keys to select the Slot where you installed the MicroDrive/Turbo, and "Drive 1". Press Enter.
* Use the arrow keys to select the Slot and Drive where your backup floppy is located. Press Enter.
* You will see a folder named "MICRODRIVE". Using the arrow keys highlight the folder and press Enter.
* You will see a file called "MICRODRV.SETUP". Using the arrow keys highlight the file and press Enter.
* Press the letter "G" to start the copy process.

Note: This assumes your Floppy Disk is preformatted with ProDOS. If not then you can use Copy II Plus to also format the Disk.

== Support: IIGS Installation ==
When installing the MicroDrive/Turbo in your Apple IIGS a few things need to first be taken into consideration. For example, will you want to primary boot the MicroDrive/Turbo, your Floppy Drives, or other bootable devices installed in your system? For most installations users will want to boot primary to the MicroDrive/Turbo. In this case we recommend installing the MicroDrive/Turbo in Slot 7. And when you want to boot to the Floppy Drives hold down the "ESC" key on boot. This allows the IIGS to "skip" booting the MicroDrive/Turbo and move on to checking the Floppy Drives or other bootable devices in lower numbered Slots.

For other configurations, the good news is that the Apple IIGS allows a lot of flexibility when it comes to booting. You will need to decide however what is the best to meet your needs. If not installing the MicroDrive/Turbo in Slot 7, then we usually recommend Slot 2. However by default the IIGS is set to use Slot 2 for a Modem. Since most users no longer use a Modem, Slot 2 is a good choice. However the default setting in the IIGS will need to be changed in order for the MicroDrive/Turbo to work.

To edit the settings or change the way your IIGS boots you will need to enter the Control Panel. There are a couple of ways to do this:
* Hold down the "Option" key on the keyboard and power on the IIGS. Select "1" for the Control Panel.
* Power on the IIGS and at anytime hold down the "Open Apple" and "Control" keys, then press the "ESC" key. Press "Enter" to select Control Panel.
Once in the Control Panel use the "Arrow" keys to select the "Slots" menu and press "Enter".

Most IIGS systems will be set to the default configuration, denoted by the "check mark" on the left of the option. Use the "Up" or "Down" arrow keys to select an option, then "Left" or "Right" arrow keys to set the option. Be sure to press "Enter" when done to save any changes.

For example, there is nothing needed '''to use the MicroDrive/Turbo in Slot 7'''. It is already defaulted to "Your Card". There is also no need to change the "Startup" option if it is set to "Slot 7" or "Scan".

If however you want '''to use the MicroDrive/Turbo in Slot 2''' you will need to change the Slot setting to "Your Card". And if you would like the IIgs to boot the MicroDrive/Turbo in Slot 2 then you will also need to change the "Startup" option to "Slot 2". Be sure to press "Enter" when done to save any changes.

The "Startup" option in the Control Panel allows you to control how the IIGS checks for bootable devices when powered on. "Scan" will tell the IIGS to look from Slot 7 to Slot 1. Selecting "Slot [X]" will tell the IIGS to ONLY boot that Slot. If no bootable devices are found then the IIGS will report "Check startup device!" You can however tell the IIGS to boot from another Slot by breaking into BASIC (hold down the "Control" key and press the "Reset" key), then type "PR#X" and press the "Enter" key. "X" is the Slot number.

Note: The MicroDrive/Turbo allows the IIGS to "skip" trying to boot it by holding down the "ESC" key on boot.

== Support: //e Installation ==
When installing the MicroDrive/Turbo in your Apple //e a few things need to first be taken into consideration. For example, will you want to primary boot the MicroDrive/Turbo, your Floppy Drives, or other bootable devices installed in your system? For most installations users will want to boot primary to the MicroDrive/Turbo. In this case we recommend installing the MicroDrive/Turbo in Slot 7. And when you want to boot to the Floppy Drives hold down the "ESC" key on boot. This allows the //e to "skip" booting the MicroDrive/Turbo and move on to checking the Floppy Drives or other bootable devices in lower numbered Slots.

If however you install the MicroDrive/Turbo in another Slot then it may not boot and depends on what other bootable devices are installed in your //e. You can however tell the //e to boot to another Slot by breaking into BASIC if needed (hold the "Control" key and press the "Reset" key), then type "PR#X" and press the "Enter" key. "X" is the Slot number.

Note: The MicroDrive/Turbo allows the IIGS to "skip" trying to boot it by holding the "ESC" key on boot.

== Support: Troubleshooting ==
Here are some tips on where to start if you experience any issues with your MicroDrive/Turbo (MDT) or any cards in your Apple II system.

First and foremost - ALWAYS always worth mentioning be sure to observe correct ESD protection when handling or touching electronics or you will damage and weaken ICs. It would be great if a damaged IC failed instantly. However that's rarely the case. ESD damage usually eats away at the gates inside an IC, can cause timing issues, and the IC to run hotter than designed for. This causes the IC to operate unreliably. And the worse kind of issue to diagnose is an inconsistent one. So please always use a grounded wrist strap and even a static mat when working on your IIgs. ReActivceMicro sees quite a few systems with weak or damaged bus transceivers (LS/HCT245) and can usually repair the motherboards, and ESD damage is the primary suspect for the ICs needing to be replaced. ALWAYS observe correct ESD protection when handling or touching electronics. However before suspecting the Apple II, let's retest the MDT in-system.

Start with cleaning the MDT's edge connector (slot connector end with the gold fingers). A pencil eraser is a good device for cleaning. You could also use some 95+ alcohol and a paper towel. When clean all the fingers should be about the same color and brightness. Any which appear to be dull or darker than the rest need to be recleaned as they could have some residue on them from manufacturing. This could cause connection issues with the slot.

Next, check your outlet power. Check to make sure the outlet is wired correctly. ReActiveMicro receives about 5 support emails a year from users with MDT issues who all swear their power is fine and there's no power or wiring issues. After much debate and discussion Support usually sends an outlet tester to which they finally check the outlet and discover there's a wiring fault and the cause of most or all of their past issues. The older original PSUs don't seem to mind a wiring issue, however the new ones ReActiveMicro sells will produce all kinds of issues if an outlet is incorrectly wired. So we ask that users check their outlets with a multimeter or outlet tester (eBay for under $10 delivered) to make sure issues are not power related. As another good way to check is to run a power cord from your bathroom or kitchen GFCI outlet and retest your II for a while, as these outlets have be to wired correctly in order to turn on. This is a simple way to help rule out a power issue and highly recommended in all testing situations where power is suspect.

Next we ask that you run the Read Write test software for the MDT. It's under the Utils folder, in the Microdrive folder, called TURBO.RW.TEST. It's a system file so you can use the ProDOS selector to run it. Let the test run for an hour or two. This should confirm the MDT is running well. If the test randomly fails or stops during this time then this might suggest an issue with Apple II. You can also try performing the 'twist test' and 'wiggle test' with the MDT during this time and see if the board fails. Tap and wiggle the IDE to CF Adapter and CF Card. See if the test stops and reports an error. If so then reseat the Adapter and CF Card several times to clean the connectors. The MDT should work well however, and you should be able to bend/stress the card slightly and press on the ICs while the test is running without any issues (assuming your slot is good). Too much pressure or shaking can cause the card to lose contact with the slot. So don't be too aggressive, but you'd be surprised at the amount of pressure and bumps you can apply without issues. Which is perfect to make sure it's no a connection issue. And 'twisting' the card helps confirm there isn't a cold solder joint. Again, don't be too aggressive, but you should be able to a decent amount of force to stress the board ends in both clockwise and counter clockwise directions. If the board fails during this test then it might suggest a cold solder joint.

Lastly, clean the card with some degreasor and an old toothbrush. Be sure to pull the firmware ROM and remove the CF to IDE Adapter before cleaning. Only clean the MDT board without the ROM installed. A good solvent like Brakleen is best. This also dries residue free. Rinse well with cleaner too. Use plenty of cleaner and mainly brush the small square IC in the middle of the board in all directions for at least 1 minute. Work the toothbrush in to the small pins with a combing action. The more brushing the better, and the more solvent used the better. Also clean inside the firmware ROM socket well. Brush around the surface mount pins where they connect to the PCB as best you can. You can also use 95+ alcohol and a toothbrush. However you'll need to rinse the card in water to fully clean it. Distilled water is best. Tap water is usually fine too. Be sure to tap the card's edges well on a hard surface to get the water out from under the ICs, and then use a hair dryer to fully dry the card for 5-10 mins. You can also leave the board out overnight to air dry, however this usually isn't needed. Canned or compressed air also works well do help get water out from under the ICs and dry the board.

If the MDT passes the twist and bump tests but fails randomly then it could be related to the IIgs. ReActiveMicro will usually send another MDT so users can retest locally to help confirm it's the II or the MDT. If the new MDT board also fails then it's your IIgs system which is the issue. Which at that point you may want to consider sending us your motherboard for additional confirmation testing and we can replace the bus transceivers if needed then send back to you for additional local testing. This kind of repair is about $100 however, and really should be a last resort effort. So let's see what the first few tests show us before pointing fingers at the IIgs motherboard.

When using the MicroDrive/Turbo with other expansion cards that utilize DMA, it may be helpful to try running the MicroDrive/Turbo with DMA disabled if your system is behaving erratically. For example, as of late 2020, several users report erratic freezes of the VidHD when it and MicroDrive/Turbo are both utilizing DMA. Hopefully, a future revision of the VidHD firmware will repair any incompatibility.

== Support: Backing Up - CF Card ==
One important feature of the MicroDrive/Turbo the ability to remove the CF Card and use CiderPress to back up the Volumes on it. To do this you will need to have installed CiderPress on your PC or Mac running a Windows emulator, and a CF Card Reader.

See [[MicroDrive/Turbo#Support:_CiderPress|"Support: CiderPress"]] below for the download link and continued instructions on how to use it to backup the CF Card.

For 32Meg volume images or whole CF Card images visit the [https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/32_Meg_Hard_Drive_Image 32 Meg Hard Drive Image page] and the [[#Documentation.2C_Files.2C_and_Software|download links]] below.

== Support: Using the Setup Utility ==
Installation: The MicroDrive/Turbo comes pre-setup. Just install in any Slot. We however recommend Slot 7 if possible since you will most likely want to boot from the MicroDrive/Turbo much more often than your Floppies. And when you want to boot to a Floppy:
* On boot, press and hold the ESC key. This will bypass the MicroDrive/Turbo on boot.

Note: IIGS users may need to make a change to Slot settings in the Control Panel. To access the Control Panel first boot the IIGS. Then press and hold down the Open Apple key, Control key, and then press the ESC key.

===Setup Utility===
Be sure to backup the MicroDrive/Turbo Setup utility to floppy! This disk will be for backup purposes or if you need to setup a new CF Card.
* Upon booting the MicroDrive/Turbo you will be taken to Volume 1 which holds the ProDOS 8 utilities.
* You will see a folder named "SHRINK.IT". Using the arrow keys to highlight the folder and press Enter.
* You will now see a file called "SHRINK.IT.V3.4". Press Enter to execute it.
* Press the letter "O" to open an archive. The "MICRODRV.IIE.S1" is for a 5.25” disk, and "MICRODRV.TURBO" is for a 3.5” disk. Select one and press Enter twice.
* Next select the Drive on which to write.
* When done be sure to boot the disk and run the Setup utility to make sure it restored correctly.
* Repeat the above process if needed.
* Done!

Note: If you require a Setup utility disk be mailed to you, there will be a charge. Please email [http://store.reactivemicro.com/contact-us/ ReActiveMicro Support] for details and pricing.

===Check The DMA Setting===
It is advised to check the DMA setting in the Setup utility to make sure it is set correctly. Usually there isn't any issue, however you can experience data corruption or loss if the setting is not correct.
* Upon booting the MicroDrive/Turbo you will be taken to Volume 1 which holds the ProDOS 8 utilities.
* You will see a folder named "MICRODRIVE". Using the arrow keys highlight the folder and press Enter.
* You will now see a file called "MICRODRV.SETUP". Press Enter to execute it.
* Press the letter "D" to select "DMA Mode". If it's set currently to your Apple II, then you are finished. If not, then continue to the next step.
* Press Enter to change the setting. For //e users select "Enable".
* Press the letter "W" to select "Write Configuration".
* Press Enter, then the letter "W" to save the new configuration.
* Done!

Note: Set DMA Mode To "Disable" to see how much slower your system would be using a non-DMA Mass Storage Device.

===The Pre-setup and Pre-loaded CF Card===
The MicroDrive/Turbo comes with a pre-setup CF Card which has 4 ProDOS Volumes on it. The CF Card comes pre-loaded the same for the IIGS or //e.
* Volume 1 has ProDOS 8 Utilities loaded on it and is bootable into ProDOS 8.
* Volume 2 has GS/OS v6.0.1 loaded on it and is bootable. You will need at least 1Meg of RAM in order to RUN GS/OS or you will be forced to exit.
* Volume 3 had DOS.MASTER loaded on it and is bootable into ProDOS 8 which loads BASIC. You will see a folder called DOS.MASTER.
* Volume 4 is formatted in ProDOS and is not bootable.

You can setup more volumes on the CF Card if you wish, however you will quickly run out of "Slots" under ProDOS 8. ProDOS maps each Volume to a Slot and Drive, the same as what is done with the Floppy Drives. So the current 4 Volumes take up 2 Slots, which have 2 Drives each. If you don't have many peripheral cards in your Apple II then adding more Volumes may not pose an issue. However users which have other devices in Slots which get a Volume mapped to them may not be able to use the card or the Volume. You have been warned.

====Boot To Other Volumes====
The MicroDrive/Turbo comes set to boot to Volume 1 by default. You can however temporary boot to other Volumes on the CF Card.
* Hold down the "Open Apple" key when powering on the Apple II. This will pause the MicroDrive/Turbo's splash screen.
* Lastly press the corresponding Volume's number key, and the MicroDrive/Turbo will boot to that Volume.

You can also use the Setup utility to make booting to another Volume the current setting.
* Upon booting the MicroDrive/Turbo you will be taken to Volume 1 which holds the ProDOS 8 utilities in a folder named "UTIL".
* You will see folder named "MICRODRIVE". Using the arrow keys highlight the folder and press Enter.
* You will now see a file called "MICRODRV.SETUP". Press Enter to execute it.
* Press the letter "B" to select "Default Boot Volume".
* Press Enter to change the setting to the desired NEW boot Volume.
* Press the letter "W" to select "Write Configuration".
* Press Enter, then the letter "W" to save the new configuration.
* Done!

====Adding Volumes To CF Card====
To add more Volumes to your CF Card.
* Upon booting the MicroDrive/Turbo you will be taken to Volume 1 which holds the ProDOS 8 utilities.
* You will see a folder named "MICRODRIVE". Using the arrow keys to highlight the folder and press Enter.
* You will now see a file called "MICRODRV.SETUP". Press Enter to execute it.
* Press the letter "E" to select "Partition Editor". You will immediately be taken to the "Partition Table" area on the right side of the screen.
* Press the letter "A" to add a new Volume. Note: Press the "?" key for available commands.
* Press and hold both "Apple" keys, then press the "Right Arrow" key. The "Blk Size" and "Dec/Hex" column values will start to change.
* Keep pressing the "Right Arrow" key till the "Blk Size" reads "$010000". Release the "Apple" keys.
* Press the "Left Arrow" key once. The "Blk Size" should now read "$00FFFF".
**Note: ProDOS can only use UP TO 32Megs of space. "$00FFFF" is 32Meg in Blocks. You can create volumes larger then 32Megs however you will may not be able to use them.
**'''Press the letter "D" to delete any volumes or to start over.'''
**Press the letter "Q" twice if you DO NOT want to save your changes and exit.
**Repeat the above steps if you want to add more Volumes.
* Press Enter, then the letter "W" which selects "Write Configuration" to save the new configuration.
* Done!

Note: Don't forget you will need to format any new Volumes before they can be used to store anything.

===Deleting Volumes From CF Card===
To add more Volumes to your CF Card.
* Upon booting the MicroDrive/Turbo you will be taken to Volume 1 which holds the ProDOS 8 utilities.
* You will see a folder named "MICRODRIVE". Using the arrow keys highlight the folder and press Enter.
* You will now see a file called "MICRODRV.SETUP". Press Enter to execute it.
* Press the letter "E" to select "Partition Editor". You will immediately be taken to the "Partition Table" area on the right side of the screen.
* Use the "Arrow" keys to select the Volume you want to delete.
* Press the letter "D" to delete the Volume.
**Press the letter "Q" twice if you DO NOT want to save your changes and exit.
**Repeat the above steps if you want to add more Volumes.
* Press the letter "W" to select "Write Configuration".
* Press Enter, then the letter "W" to save the new configuration.
* Done!

===Setting Up a New CF Card===
To use a new CF Card (or one that has been accidentally formatted on your PC) you must first partition it. However if you do not have an existing bootable CF Card or a backup of the MicroDrive/Turbo Setup Utility on Floppy Disk then you will need to contact Support (see above) in order to obtain a new CF Card which is preloaded, or a Diskette with the Setup Utility.

If you have the Setup Utility then see [[#Adding Volumes To CF Card]] above.

== Support: Need to Add/Complete ==
Format issues with C2+

Using a Second CF Card Slot:

Copy files.

== Support: CiderPress - Backing Up and Restoring ==
Please visit https://ciderpress2.com to download and install CiderPress for Windows. CiderPress can be run on a Mac using emulation (e.g., Parallels Desktop of VMWare Fusion) or using a WINE-based emulation (e.g., http://retrocomputingaustralia.com/rca-downloads/ -- thanks to Michael Mulhern for his efforts and hosting). However, WINE-based emulators are unable to access CF Card Readers so can't be used for this utility. 
Note: There is a Mac based project being developed to allow the access of the MDT CF Card. You can find the project here: https://github.com/disappearinjon/microdrive

Your PC will also require a CF Card Reader so you can access the CF Card.

Backing Up A CF Card: To backup a Volume on a CF Card:
*Insert the CF Card into your Reader. Allow a few seconds for it to be recognized by your OS. '''DO NOT format the Card if prompted!'''
*Open CiderPress.
*Click on the "Tools" menu and select "Volume Copier (open volume).
*Select “Physical Disk X”. X is the disk number. Click the "OK" button to continue.
Note: Users with a Computer that has more than one Hard Drive or CF Reader will have to determine exactly which Drive the CF Card Reader to be used is. In most cases it will be “1”. The size of the CF Card should also be displayed in the "Remarks" column.
*All Volumes will now be listed. Select the volume you wish to backup and click the "Copy to file" button.
*You will now be asked where to save the backup file. Select a location and a name then press the "Save" button.
*CiderPress will now start to read the Volume and save it to your PC. When it is done the popup progress window will close.
**Optional: You can now select other Volumes to backup if desired.
*Done!

Note: You could also use a utility to backup the whole CF Card like [http://hddguru.com/software/HDD-Raw-Copy-Tool/ HDD Raw Copy]. CiderPress however has the advantage of being able to open and utilize the backup Images it creates. So in the future you could copy files from the Images or access data if needed. You would not need to fully restore the Image as with other backup programs. Some Emulators can also access and use the Image files too. Raw Disk Copiers like HDD Raw Copy can however be useful if you would like to quickly duplicate a CF Card as it will copy the Partition information unlike CiderPress. So you do not need to run the MicroDrive/Turbo Setup Utility before restoring the HDD Raw Copy Image. This could be a useful backup method should the Setup Utility backup disk you made (see [[#Support: Backing Up - Setup Utility|"Support: Backing Up - Setup Utility"]] above) ever becomes damaged, lost, or unusable.

Restoring A Backup Image To A CF Card: To restore a Volume:
*Insert the CF Card into your Reader. Allow a few seconds for it be recognized by your OS. '''DO NOT format the Card if prompted!'''
*Open CiderPress.
*Click on the "Tools" menu and select "Volume Copier (open volume).
*Select “Physical Disk X”. X is the disk number.
Note: Users with a Computer that has more than one Hard Drive or CF Reader will have to determine exactly which Drive the CF Card Reader to be used is. In most cases it will be “1”. The size of the CF Card should also be displayed in the "Remarks" column.
*Uncheck the "Open as read-only" option above the "OK" button.
WARNING: Data on your Volumes can now be over-written. Be careful, and make sure to select the correct Volume!
*Click the "OK" button to continue.
*All Volumes will now be listed. Select the volume you wish to restore an image to and click the "Load from file" button.
*Select the image file and click the "Open" button.
*CiderPress will prompt you to make sure you want to overwrite a Volume if there is data there, and you need to confirm "OK" to continue. If it is blank it will start loading the image.
**You can load multiple images if you wish.
*Done!

== Support: CiderPress - Copying Files ==
Copy A File TO The CF Card:
*Insert the CF Card into your Reader. Allow a few seconds for it be recognized by your OS. '''DO NOT format the Card if prompted!'''
*Open CiderPress.
*Click on the "File" menu and select "Open Volume...".
*Select “Physical Disk X”. X is the disk number. Click the "OK" button to continue.
Note: Users with a Computer that has more than one Hard Drive or CF Reader will have to determine exactly which Drive the CF Card Reader to be used is. In most cases it will be “1”. The size of the CF Card should also be displayed in the "Remarks" column.
*Uncheck "Open as read only" and click the "OK" button.
*All Volumes and folders will now be listed. Locate the volume, and folder if desired, in which you wish to place the copied file.
**Roots of Volumes can be identified by the double name such as "MDVOL1::MDVOL1" for example.
**Folder and files can be identified by the name AFTER the ":" and the info listed in the "TYPE" column.
*Right click on the location, then select "Add Files...".
*Browse to the file's location, select any desired options, then click the "OK" button.
*You will now see the file located on the CF Card.
*Repeat as desired to add more files.
*Done!

Copy A File FROM The CF Card:

*Insert the CF Card in to your Reader. Allow a few seconds for it be recognized by your OS. '''DO NOT format the Card if prompted!'''
*Open CiderPress.
*Click on the "File" menu and select "Open Volume...".
*Select “Physical Disk X”. X is the disk number. Click the "OK" button to continue.
Note: Users with a Computer that has more than one Hard Drive or CF Reader will have to determine exactly which Drive the CF Card Reader to be used is. In most cases it will be “1”. The size of the CF Card should also be displayed in the "Remarks" column.
*All Volumes and folders will now be listed. Locate the volume, and folder if needed, in which the file wish to copy is located.
**Roots of Volumes can be identified by the double name such as "MDVOL1::MDVOL1" for example.
**Folder and files can be identified by the name AFTER the ":" and the info listed in the "TYPE" column.
*Right click on the location, then select "Extract...".
*Browse to the location you wish to copy the file to, select any desired options, then click the "OK" button.
*You will now see the file located where you selected.
*Repeat as desired to copy more files.
*Done!

== Support: Command line tool on Mac OS to manipulate a MicroDrive/Turbo disk or image ==

For a long time now Mac OS users have struggled in dealing with ProDOS formatted CF Card. CiderPress is a native Windows program and requires a full emulator like Parallels Desktop or VMWare Fusion.

Jon Lasser contacted Henry and started to discuss the issues with CiderPress on the MAC and how he might be able to create a simple but powerful program. It would allow access to the ProDOS formatted CF Card, as CiderPress does. However it will run natively on the MAC platform. We are more than glad to help Jon with his efforts in any way we can.

You can read more about Jon’s project here at his own blog:
https://twoideas.org/2020/01/02/the-joys-of-retrocomputing-also-announcing-a-microdrive-turbo-image-tool/

As of the time of this writing (end of 2020), Jon Lasser's tool is a solid option for backing up and restoring CF cards formatted with ProDOS and for copying images. Use of the Terminal is required and some familiarity with using Mac OS in this way is important. This is a great step forward.

== Support: Using Mechanical Hard Drives ==
It is possible to use old mechanical Hard Drives on the MicroDrive/Turbo however Compact Flash is a much better solution. As noted in "[[#Features|Features]]" above: "[Compact Flash is] readily available, inexpensive, low power, noiseless, shock proof, removable, and last almost forever - things that can't be said about mechanical Hard Drives."

Steps to install and use a mechanical Hard Drive:
*First, remove the IDE to CF Adapter. The unit should just slide off when pulled. Be careful to not bend any pins on the IDE male header.
*Next, install a 40-pin IDE Cable.
*Next, if needed set your IDE Hard Drive to the correct "Primary" or "Secondary" setting.
*Finally, install the Hard Drive onto the IDE Cable.

'''Note:''' If the Hard Drive is powered from a secondary Power Supply you need to adhere to the following in order for all to work correctly:
*The GS has to be turned on '''first'''. The Power Supply to the Hard Drive is then turned on '''second'''. Wrong order and the drive may not spin up.
*The two Power Supplies must have a common ground. Without this the MicroDrive/Turbo may not see the Hard Drive.
*Be warned that most newer MicroDrive/Turbo boards have +5v connected to pin Pin 20 of the IDE Connector. Be sure to use a cable which DOES NOT have a cable pin connected, or you cut the cable pin.

== Support: Using ADTPro, Uthernet, and MicroDrive/Turbo Together ==
An incompatibility exists in ADTPro versions 2.0.2 and earlier where ADTPro's Uthernet initialization interferes with the operation of the MicroDrive/Turbo running IIGS firmware. To be specific, if the MicroDrive/Turbo is in a slot number '''lower''' than the Uthernet or Uthernet II, ADTPro will not start . Even if you create and save an ADTPro Uthernet configuration to specify an Uthernet slot using a different computer, it still won't work. There are a number of solutions available:
# Use a version greater than 2.0.2 of ADTPro
# Move your MicroDrive/Turbo to a slot '''higher''' than your Uthernet or Uthernet II card (typical slots are 3 for Uthernet, and 7 for MicroDrive/Turbo)
# Use the //e version of firmware in your MicroDrive/Turbo.

== Support: Running The Preinstalled Games ==
With the CF Card that comes with the MicroDrive/Turbo you will find a "IIE GAMES" and a "GS GAMES" folder, which is part of the "[https://archive.org/details/TotalReplay Total Replay]" distribution. If you try to run the games you will receive an error message of "FILETYPE MISMATCH". First, run "BOOT.SYSTEM" which is a menu system for running the games correctly. Then select and run the game of your choice.

== Self Powered IDE to CF Adapters ==
The MicroDrive/Turbo sold by ReActiveMicro comes with a self powered IDE to CF Adapter with a pre-setup CF Card. They did not sell boards with mechanical HDDs. "Self powered" refers to the IDE to CF Adapter which uses power supplied on Pin 20 of the IDE connector and does not require an external power source. This means the Apple II can supply power to the CF Card and no other power source is needed.

Boards from 2006 to mid 2008 will have +5v connected to Pin 20 of the IDE Connector in the form of a small jumper wire on the rear of the board. Later boards have a small trace added to the face, left side of the board. Over the years some users insisted on trying to install the CF Adapter backwards which would cause a short and burn the added trace from the board. So all boards from late 2017 and on have a fuse added to the small trace for added protection. The pic below on the right with the fuse is a good example of what the added trace looks like and where it is located.

<gallery class="center" widths=300px heights=200px caption="IDE Pin 20 Power Mods">
File:MicroDrive-Turbo-Back-PowerMod1.jpg|Pre-2008 MicroDrive/Turbo With Flywire Power Mod and Self Powered CF Adapter
File:MicroDrive-Turbo-Face-PowerMod2.jpg|2018 MicroDrive/Turbo With "F1" Fuse and Self Powered CF Adapter
</gallery>

== Support: Installing Firmware ==
[[Image:MicroDrive-Turbo_-_Firmware_Install.jpg|thumb|ROM Location And Where To Pry To Remove]]
The MicroDrive Turbo usually comes pre-setup for IIe or IIGS use. This is determined by the Firmware ROM which is installed on the card. The ROM is the small square IC on the upper right of the card. It is the only IC in a socket.

You can use the IIe Firmware in an IIe and IIGS, however it is quite slow in a IIGS compared to the IIgs Firmware. You cannot use the IIGS Firmware in a IIe as it will cause the IIe to crash to Monitor.

The //e Firmware ROM is usually marked with a label that has "II" written on it. This isn't the best way to check which firmware in on the MicroDrive Turbo as the label could have been removed or fallen off. If your MicroDrive/Turbo works in an IIe then the IIe Firmware is installed.

To remove the Firmware ROM you will need a "PLCC Extraction Tool". These can be found on eBay for under $5 usually. You can also use a paperclip, small wire, an awl, small screw driver, or any strong thin implement. Do not pry too hard on the ROM Socket if possible. Reference the picture for the areas on which to pry up.

The new Firmware ROM should be installed in the same orientation with the chip markings facing up. '''Installing the ROM backwards WILL damage it!''' Reference the picture and you will notice one corner of the Socket and ROM are "cut". The other corners are square. There is usually a "DOT" or mark on the case of the IC to help denote which side is which. In the case of the MicroDrive/Turbo we want to make sure the "cut corner" and the "DOT" are facing to the LEFT. The chip markings should be facing up, legible, with the gold Edge Connector (aka - Slot Edge) on the bottom of the MicroDrive Turbo.

<gallery class="center" widths=150px heights=80>
File:Floppy_Icon_514sleeve.svg|MicroDrive-Turbo II, II''plus'', IIe Unenhanced (and IIGS but slow) Firmware|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/2/25/MicroDrive-Turbo-IIe-v1.60b-ROM.bin
File:Floppy_Icon_514sleeve.svg|MicroDrive Turbo IIGS ONLY Firmware|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/3/33/MicroDrive-Turbo_-_IIgs_v1.00_ROM_-_27512.bin
</gallery>

== Downloadable Files ==
<div class="new_window">
<gallery class="center" widths=150px heights=80 caption="RM MicroDrive-Turbo">
File:PDF_ICON.svg|2024 Manual |link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/4/4a/MicroDrive_Manual_2024.pdf
<gallery class="center" widths=150px heights=80 caption="MicroDrive-Turbo">

File:4am_Gaming_Image.svg|Total Replay 32meg|link=https://archive.org/details/TotalReplay

File:RM_Icon_File_Server.svg|Software|link=http://downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/MicroDrive-Turbo/Software/
File:RM_Icon_File_Server.svg|CF Images|link=http://downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/MicroDrive-Turbo/CF_Volume_Images/
File:RM_Icon_File_Server.svg|Assorted Files|link=http://downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/MicroDrive-Turbo/
</gallery>
</div>

[[Category:Hardware]]
[[Category:Apple]]
[[Category:ReActiveMicro Projects]]

MicroDrive/Turbo

2024-09-26T18:38:02Z

Khaibitgfx: /* Support: IIGS Installation */

[[Image:Title_Micro_Drive_Turbo.svg|512px|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/8/82/Title_Micro_Drive_Turbo.svg]]

[[Image:RM_MicroDriveTurbo-Object.png|thumb|MicroDrive Turbo from ReActiveMicro|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/4/4d/RM_MicroDriveTurbo-Object.png]]

The MicroDrive Turbo is an IDE Mass Storage Device that is Apple IIGS and Apple II, II Plus, or //e compatible. It emulates a Hard Disk Drive by utilizing Solid-State Compact Flash (CF) Cards.

MicroDrive Turbo (aka - MDT) is currently sold by [[ReActiveMicro]]. They sell it with a preloaded 256 MB Compact Flash Card to enable new users to start using the MicroDrive/Turbo right out of the box. Software included is GS/OS v6.0.1, IIGS Memory Testers, ShrinkIt (8 and 16 bit), Copy II+, MicroDrive Utilities, DiskMaker8, DSK2File, DOS.MASTER and different AE Memory Testers for your //e. Everything needed to start transferring and unpacking software from the Internet, and start using your Apple II Personal Computer once again.

Product Status: Actively sold by [http://store.reactivemicro.com/product/microdriveturbo-storage-controller/ ReActiveMicro].

Support: Post on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME}}|Discussion]] page (link above) or email [http://store.reactivemicro.com/contact-us/ ReActiveMicro Support].

Sales: Visit the [http://store.reactivemicro.com/shop/ ReActiveMicro Store].

== History ==
The MicroDrive Turbo was designed by Joachim Lange of ///SHH Systeme and released in 1996. This was the first Apple II IDE Controller that used DMA.

In 2004 Gerber Street Enterprises started reselling select items from ///SHH Systeme, however the offering was only a couple of items and stock was very limited.

Mid-2006 ReActiveMicro took over reselling all ///SHH Systeme items in an effort to provide better service and a larger product variety to the Apple II Community.

==Board Revisions==
Pre-2006 versions of the card were all hand assembled by Joachim Lange of ///SHH Systeme. After ReActiveMicro took over sales in 2006 the units were hand assembled by Henry from ReActiveMicro till mid 2015. ReActiveMicro then started their structured move to a more automated vendor and set their sights to have projects assembled on a larger scale. The MicroDrive Turbo was the first such project to be fully assembled. However due to a learning curve and testing different vendors Henry continued to hand assemble some MicroDrive Turbo units until 2016. During that year all projects moved to being fully assembled as well as offering kit versions of most projects.

From March 19th 2018 until the 25th ReActiveMicro had a sale in which they jokingly played on the fact that Henry "defaced" several cards by signing them. Thus the cards would be sold at a discount due to his signature being of negative value and actually subtracting from the total worth of the card. This was in fact a joke made from the recent CFFA3000 sales where Rich Dreher sold "limited edition" cards where he signed them and charged $200USD more. It's noteworthy that Henry was not actually thrilled with signing cards and "felt like a total ass" the entire time doing so. He's not into celebrity or thinking his signature or efforts are anything special. He's more happy being able to supply demand and knowing that products he makes are being used in the retro spirit. "Limited editions" or signed products will not be a staple in the ReActiveMicro.com future, and will always be made in a self deprecating fashion.

<gallery class="center" widths=400px heights=200px caption="Example of signed MicroDrive Turbo.">
File:MDT_Signed1.jpg|MicroDrive Turbo. March 19th-25th 2018 Sale {51 units signed total}.
</gallery>

== Features ==

[[Image:MicroDrive_DMA.svg|200px|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/4/43/MicroDrive_DMA.svg]]

DMA: Looking for the fastest storage solution available for your Apple II? The MicroDrive Turbo is faster that any other Mass Storage controller since it uses DMA for reads and writes. As the name implies, it performs Direct Memory Access which bypasses the CPU and allows for a whopping 40% faster read and write speeds when compared to conventional controllers. For example, with an accelerator installed in your IIGS you can boot GS/OS in as fast as 7 seconds! The DMA option can be disabled using the Setup utility.

[[Image:40_Pin_Connector.svg|200px|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/b/ba/40_Pin_Connector.svg]]

40 Pin IDE Interface: The 40 Pin IDE interface on the MicroDrive/Turbo IDE is a standard 16 bit IDE port. It is capable of addressing "Primary" and "Secondary" IDs on the IDE chain.

IDE to Dual CF Adapter: The MicroDrive/Turbo comes standard with a 40 Pin IDE to Dual CF Adapter. Users can control which of the two CF Slots is "Primary" and "Secondary" using a Jumper on the Adapter. The Adapter however can be removed if so desired and a standard IDE Cable and devices attached.

Note: Dual mode unavailable when using the IIe Firmware; Only available when using the IIGS Firmware.

[[Image:CF_Card.svg|200px|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/9/9e/CF_Card.svg]]

Compact Flash: Why use Compact Flash Cards? They are readily available, inexpensive, low power, noiseless, shock proof, removable, and last almost forever - things that can't be said about mechanical Hard Drives. However, it is still possible to use some older IDE Hard Drives with the MicroDrive/Turbo Controller if desired. See "[[#Support: Using Mechanical Hard Drives|Support: Using Mechanical Hard Drives]]" below. Do you download software from the Internet and wonder how to get it to your Apple II or spend lots of time doing so? With the MicroDrive/Turbo it's now super easy! Just remove the Compact Flash Card from your MicroDrive/Turbo, insert it in to your PC and using [http://a2ciderpress.com/ CiderPress] (Windows only) you can read and write directly to the Compact Flash Card. Using your PC for transferring files and backing up has never been so quick and painless!

ProDOS 8 and 16: The MicroDrive/Turbo is ProDOS compatible. It's recognized as a 'standard' Mass Storage Device just like any Hard Disk Drive on your Apple II. Large Volume DOS 3.3 support is provided through the use of a program called DOS.MASTER (preloaded on CF Card).

Boot Options: By default, Volume 1 is set to boot. However when setting up a new CF Card the user sets which Volume they desire to boot. Or on an existing CF Card the Setup utility can modify the default boot Volume. However the MicroDrive/Turbo also offers a temporary option to boot to ANY volume. When powering on the Apple II the user will press and hold the Open Apple key. This will pause the MicroDrive/Turbo's splash screen. The user then presses the corresponding Volume's number key, and the MicroDrive/Turbo will boot to that Volume.

Apple IIGS and II/Plus/e Operation: The MicroDrive/Turbo comes standard with the Apple IIGS Firmware. You can however order one with IIe Firmware, or buy an upgrade ROM to convert a IIGS MicroDrive/Turbo for use in an II/Plus/e.

== Reviews ==
{{#ev:youtube|1JLJUPMVwDE|400|right|MicroDrive/Turbo (left) VS CFFA (right)|frame}}
On October 13th, 2018 Russell McGhee did a comparison of the MicroDrive/Turbo (left) VS CFFA (right). The IIGS on the right has a TWGS installed and is part of the delay when the system is first powered on. However you can see the IIGS boot screen simply enough and can compare between the two.

{{#ev:youtube|Wjy6_qnTnv0|400|right|Apple II Mass Storage Mega Roundup|frame}}
On August 13, 2016 Joe Strosnider from the YouTube channel "[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCyfwZvTPPJV4peBHupd6Ckw Joe's Computer Museum]" posted a review of several Mass Storage options for the Apple II, and the MicroDrive/Turbo was among them. He gives some very good feedback regarding the differences between the boards, and how the MicroDrive/turbo performs under real world conditions.

== Support: Backing Up - Setup Utility ==
'''The first thing you should do before using your MicroDrive/Turbo is to make a backup of the MicroDrive/Turbo Setup Utility.''' Without this Utility you will be unable to re-setup your CF Card should it crash or you accidentally format it. It is advised to copy the Setup Utility to a backup floppy and keep it in a safe place. To backup the Utility:

* Upon booting the MicroDrive/Turbo you will be taken to Volume 1 which holds the ProDOS 8 utilities.
* You will see menu item named "COPYIIPLUS9.1". Using the arrow keys highlight the item and press Enter.
* Press the letter "C" to select "COPY", and the letter "F" for "FILES".
* Use the arrow keys to select the Slot where you installed the MicroDrive/Turbo, and "Drive 1". Press Enter.
* Use the arrow keys to select the Slot and Drive where your backup floppy is located. Press Enter.
* You will see a folder named "MICRODRIVE". Using the arrow keys highlight the folder and press Enter.
* You will see a file called "MICRODRV.SETUP". Using the arrow keys highlight the file and press Enter.
* Press the letter "G" to start the copy process.

Note: This assumes your Floppy Disk is preformatted with ProDOS. If not then you can use Copy II Plus to also format the Disk.

== Support: IIGS Installation ==
When installing the MicroDrive/Turbo in your Apple IIGS a few things need to first be taken into consideration. For example, will you want to primary boot the MicroDrive/Turbo, your Floppy Drives, or other bootable devices installed in your system? For most installations users will want to boot primary to the MicroDrive/Turbo. In this case we recommend installing the MicroDrive/Turbo in Slot 7. And when you want to boot to the Floppy Drives hold down the "ESC" key on boot. This allows the IIGS to "skip" booting the MicroDrive/Turbo and move on to checking the Floppy Drives or other bootable devices in lower numbered Slots.

For other configurations, the good news is that the Apple IIGS allows a lot of flexibility when it comes to booting. You will need to decide however what is the best to meet your needs. If not installing the MicroDrive/Turbo in Slot 7, then we usually recommend Slot 2. However by default the IIGS is set to use Slot 2 for a Modem. Since most users no longer use a Modem, Slot 2 is a good choice. However the default setting in the IIGS will need to be changed in order for the MicroDrive/Turbo to work.

To edit the settings or change the way your IIGS boots you will need to enter the Control Panel. There are a couple of ways to do this:
* Hold down the "Option" key on the keyboard and power on the IIGS. Select "1" for the Control Panel.
* Power on the IIGS and at anytime hold down the "Open Apple" and "Control" keys, then press the "ESC" key. Press "Enter" to select Control Panel.
Once in the Control Panel use the "Arrow" keys to select the "Slots" menu and press "Enter".

Most IIGS systems will be set to the default configuration, denoted by the "check mark" on the left of the option. Use the "Up" or "Down" arrow keys to select an option, then "Left" or "Right" arrow keys to set the option. Be sure to press "Enter" when done to save any changes.

For example, there is nothing needed '''to use the MicroDrive/Turbo in Slot 7'''. It is already defaulted to "Your Card". There is also no need to change the "Startup" option if it is set to "Slot 7" or "Scan".

If however you want '''to use the MicroDrive/Turbo in Slot 2''' you will need to change the Slot setting to "Your Card". And if you would like the IIgs to boot the MicroDrive/Turbo in Slot 2 then you will also need to change the "Startup" option to "Slot 2". Be sure to press "Enter" when done to save any changes.

The "Startup" option in the Control Panel allows you to control how the IIGS checks for bootable devices when powered on. "Scan" will tell the IIGS to look from Slot 7 to Slot 1. Selecting "Slot [X]" will tell the IIGS to ONLY boot that Slot. If no bootable devices are found then the IIGS will report "Check startup device!" You can however tell the IIGS to boot from another Slot by breaking into BASIC (hold down the "Control" key and press the "Reset" key), then type "PR#X" and press the "Enter" key. "X" is the Slot number.

Note: The MicroDrive/Turbo allows the IIGS to "skip" trying to boot it by holding down the "ESC" key on boot.

== Support: //e Installation ==
When installing the MicroDrive/Turbo in your Apple //e a few things need to first be taken into consideration. For example, will you want to primary boot the MicroDrive/Turbo, your Floppy Drives, or other bootable devices installed in your system? For most installations users will want to boot primary to the MicroDrive/Turbo. In this case we recommend installing the MicroDrive/Turbo in Slot 7. And when you want to boot to the Floppy Drives hold down the "ESC" key on boot. This allows the //e to "skip" booting the MicroDrive/Turbo and move on to checking the Floppy Drives or other bootable devices in lower numbered Slots.

If however you install the MicroDrive/Turbo in another Slot then it may not boot and depends on what other bootable devices are installed in your //e. You can however tell the //e to boot to another Slot by breaking into BASIC if needed (hold the "Control" key and press the "Reset" key), then type "PR#X" and press the "Enter" key. "X" is the Slot number.

Note: The MicroDrive/Turbo allows the IIGS to "skip" trying to boot it by holding the "ESC" key on boot.

== Support: Trouble Shooting ==
Here are some tips on where to start if you experience any issues with your MicroDrive/Turbo (MDT) or any cards in your Apple II system.

First and foremost - ALWAYS always worth mentioning be sure to observe correct ESD protection when handling or touching electronics or you will damage and weaken ICs. It would be great if a damaged IC failed instantly. However that's rarely the case. ESD damage usually eats away at the gates inside an IC, can cause timing issues, and the IC to run hotter than designed for. This causes the IC to operate unreliably. And the worse kind of issue to diagnose is an inconsistent one. So please always use a grounded wrist strap and even a static mat when working on your IIgs. ReActivceMicro sees quite a few systems with weak or damaged bus transceivers (LS/HCT245) and can usually repair the motherboards, and ESD damage is the primary suspect for the ICs needing to be replaced. ALWAYS observe correct ESD protection when handling or touching electronics. However before suspecting the Apple II, let's retest the MDT in-system.

Start with cleaning the MDT's edge connector (slot connector end with the gold fingers). A pencil eraser is a good device for cleaning. You could also use some 95+ alcohol and a paper towel. When clean all the fingers should be about the same color and brightness. Any which appear to be dull or darker than the rest need to be recleaned as they could have some residue on them from manufacturing. This could cause connection issues with the slot.

Next, check your outlet power. Check to make sure the outlet is wired correctly. ReActiveMicro receives about 5 support emails a year from users with MDT issues who all swear their power is fine and there's no power or wiring issues. After much debate and discussion Support usually sends an outlet tester to which they finally check the outlet and discover there's a wiring fault and the cause of most or all of their past issues. The older original PSUs don't seem to mind a wiring issue, however the new ones ReActiveMicro sells will produce all kinds of issues if an outlet is incorrectly wired. So we ask that users check their outlets with a multimeter or outlet tester (eBay for under $10 delivered) to make sure issues are not power related. As another good way to check is to run a power cord from your bathroom or kitchen GFCI outlet and retest your II for a while, as these outlets have be to wired correctly in order to turn on. This is a simple way to help rule out a power issue and highly recommended in all testing situations where power is suspect.

Next we ask that you run the Read Write test software for the MDT. It's under the Utils folder, in the Microdrive folder, called TURBO.RW.TEST. It's a system file so you can use the ProDOS selector to run it. Let the test run for an hour or two. This should confirm the MDT is running well. If the test randomly fails or stops during this time then this might suggest an issue with Apple II. You can also try performing the 'twist test' and 'wiggle test' with the MDT during this time and see if the board fails. Tap and wiggle the IDE to CF Adapter and CF Card. See if the test stops and reports an error. If so then reseat the Adapter and CF Card several times to clean the connectors. The MDT should work well however, and you should be able to bend/stress the card slightly and press on the ICs while the test is running without any issues (assuming your slot is good). Too much pressure or shaking can cause the card to lose contact with the slot. So don't be too aggressive, but you'd be surprised at the amount of pressure and bumps you can apply without issues. Which is perfect to make sure it's no a connection issue. And 'twisting' the card helps confirm there isn't a cold solder joint. Again, don't be too aggressive, but you should be able to a decent amount of force to stress the board ends in both clockwise and counter clockwise directions. If the board fails during this test then it might suggest a cold solder joint.

Lastly, clean the card with some degreasor and an old toothbrush. Be sure to pull the firmware ROM and remove the CF to IDE Adapter before cleaning. Only clean the MDT board without the ROM installed. A good solvent like Brakleen is best. This also dries residue free. Rinse well with cleaner too. Use plenty of cleaner and mainly brush the small square IC in the middle of the board in all directions for at least 1 minute. Work the toothbrush in to the small pins with a combing action. The more brushing the better, and the more solvent used the better. Also clean inside the firmware ROM socket well. Brush around the surface mount pins where they connect to the PCB as best you can. You can also use 95+ alcohol and a toothbrush. However you'll need to rinse the card in water to fully clean it. Distilled water is best. Tap water is usually fine too. Be sure to tap the card's edges well on a hard surface to get the water out from under the ICs, and then use a hair dryer to fully dry the card for 5-10 mins. You can also leave the board out overnight to air dry, however this usually isn't needed. Canned or compressed air also works well do help get water out from under the ICs and dry the board.

If the MDT passes the twist and bump tests but fails randomly then it could be related to the IIgs. ReActiveMicro will usually send another MDT so users can retest locally to help confirm it's the II or the MDT. If the new MDT board also fails then it's your IIgs system which is the issue. Which at that point you may want to consider sending us your motherboard for additional confirmation testing and we can replace the bus transceivers if needed then send back to you for additional local testing. This kind of repair is about $100 however, and really should be a last resort effort. So let's see what the first few tests show us before pointing fingers at the IIgs motherboard.

When using the MicroDrive/Turbo with other expansion cards that utilize DMA, it may be helpful to try running the MicroDrive/Turbo with DMA disabled if your system is behaving erratically. For example, as of late 2020, several users report erratic freezes of the VidHD when it and MicroDrive/Turbo are both utilizing DMA. Hopefully, a future revision of the VidHD firmware will repair any incompatibility.

== Support: Backing Up - CF Card ==
One important feature of the MicroDrive/Turbo the ability to remove the CF Card and use CiderPress to back up the Volumes on it. To do this you will need to have installed CiderPress on your PC or Mac running a Windows emulator, and a CF Card Reader.

See [[MicroDrive/Turbo#Support:_CiderPress|"Support: CiderPress"]] below for the download link and continued instructions on how to use it to backup the CF Card.

For 32Meg volume images or whole CF Card images visit the [https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/32_Meg_Hard_Drive_Image 32 Meg Hard Drive Image page] and the [[#Documentation.2C_Files.2C_and_Software|download links]] below.

== Support: Using the Setup Utility ==
Installation: The MicroDrive/Turbo comes pre-setup. Just install in any Slot. We however recommend Slot 7 if possible since you will most likely want to boot from the MicroDrive/Turbo much more often than your Floppies. And when you want to boot to a Floppy:
* On boot, press and hold the ESC key. This will bypass the MicroDrive/Turbo on boot.

Note: IIGS users may need to make a change to Slot settings in the Control Panel. To access the Control Panel first boot the IIGS. Then press and hold down the Open Apple key, Control key, and then press the ESC key.

===Setup Utility===
Be sure to backup the MicroDrive/Turbo Setup utility to floppy! This disk will be for backup purposes or if you need to setup a new CF Card.
* Upon booting the MicroDrive/Turbo you will be taken to Volume 1 which holds the ProDOS 8 utilities.
* You will see a folder named "SHRINK.IT". Using the arrow keys to highlight the folder and press Enter.
* You will now see a file called "SHRINK.IT.V3.4". Press Enter to execute it.
* Press the letter "O" to open an archive. The "MICRODRV.IIE.S1" is for a 5.25” disk, and "MICRODRV.TURBO" is for a 3.5” disk. Select one and press Enter twice.
* Next select the Drive on which to write.
* When done be sure to boot the disk and run the Setup utility to make sure it restored correctly.
* Repeat the above process if needed.
* Done!

Note: If you require a Setup utility disk be mailed to you, there will be a charge. Please email [http://store.reactivemicro.com/contact-us/ ReActiveMicro Support] for details and pricing.

===Check The DMA Setting===
It is advised to check the DMA setting in the Setup utility to make sure it is set correctly. Usually there isn't any issue, however you can experience data corruption or loss if the setting is not correct.
* Upon booting the MicroDrive/Turbo you will be taken to Volume 1 which holds the ProDOS 8 utilities.
* You will see a folder named "MICRODRIVE". Using the arrow keys highlight the folder and press Enter.
* You will now see a file called "MICRODRV.SETUP". Press Enter to execute it.
* Press the letter "D" to select "DMA Mode". If it's set currently to your Apple II, then you are finished. If not, then continue to the next step.
* Press Enter to change the setting. For //e users select "Enable".
* Press the letter "W" to select "Write Configuration".
* Press Enter, then the letter "W" to save the new configuration.
* Done!

Note: Set DMA Mode To "Disable" to see how much slower your system would be using a non-DMA Mass Storage Device.

===The Pre-setup and Pre-loaded CF Card===
The MicroDrive/Turbo comes with a pre-setup CF Card which has 4 ProDOS Volumes on it. The CF Card comes pre-loaded the same for the IIGS or //e.
* Volume 1 has ProDOS 8 Utilities loaded on it and is bootable into ProDOS 8.
* Volume 2 has GS/OS v6.0.1 loaded on it and is bootable. You will need at least 1Meg of RAM in order to RUN GS/OS or you will be forced to exit.
* Volume 3 had DOS.MASTER loaded on it and is bootable into ProDOS 8 which loads BASIC. You will see a folder called DOS.MASTER.
* Volume 4 is formatted in ProDOS and is not bootable.

You can setup more volumes on the CF Card if you wish, however you will quickly run out of "Slots" under ProDOS 8. ProDOS maps each Volume to a Slot and Drive, the same as what is done with the Floppy Drives. So the current 4 Volumes take up 2 Slots, which have 2 Drives each. If you don't have many peripheral cards in your Apple II then adding more Volumes may not pose an issue. However users which have other devices in Slots which get a Volume mapped to them may not be able to use the card or the Volume. You have been warned.

====Boot To Other Volumes====
The MicroDrive/Turbo comes set to boot to Volume 1 by default. You can however temporary boot to other Volumes on the CF Card.
* Hold down the "Open Apple" key when powering on the Apple II. This will pause the MicroDrive/Turbo's splash screen.
* Lastly press the corresponding Volume's number key, and the MicroDrive/Turbo will boot to that Volume.

You can also use the Setup utility to make booting to another Volume the current setting.
* Upon booting the MicroDrive/Turbo you will be taken to Volume 1 which holds the ProDOS 8 utilities in a folder named "UTIL".
* You will see folder named "MICRODRIVE". Using the arrow keys highlight the folder and press Enter.
* You will now see a file called "MICRODRV.SETUP". Press Enter to execute it.
* Press the letter "B" to select "Default Boot Volume".
* Press Enter to change the setting to the desired NEW boot Volume.
* Press the letter "W" to select "Write Configuration".
* Press Enter, then the letter "W" to save the new configuration.
* Done!

====Adding Volumes To CF Card====
To add more Volumes to your CF Card.
* Upon booting the MicroDrive/Turbo you will be taken to Volume 1 which holds the ProDOS 8 utilities.
* You will see a folder named "MICRODRIVE". Using the arrow keys to highlight the folder and press Enter.
* You will now see a file called "MICRODRV.SETUP". Press Enter to execute it.
* Press the letter "E" to select "Partition Editor". You will immediately be taken to the "Partition Table" area on the right side of the screen.
* Press the letter "A" to add a new Volume. Note: Press the "?" key for available commands.
* Press and hold both "Apple" keys, then press the "Right Arrow" key. The "Blk Size" and "Dec/Hex" column values will start to change.
* Keep pressing the "Right Arrow" key till the "Blk Size" reads "$010000". Release the "Apple" keys.
* Press the "Left Arrow" key once. The "Blk Size" should now read "$00FFFF".
**Note: ProDOS can only use UP TO 32Megs of space. "$00FFFF" is 32Meg in Blocks. You can create volumes larger then 32Megs however you will may not be able to use them.
**'''Press the letter "D" to delete any volumes or to start over.'''
**Press the letter "Q" twice if you DO NOT want to save your changes and exit.
**Repeat the above steps if you want to add more Volumes.
* Press Enter, then the letter "W" which selects "Write Configuration" to save the new configuration.
* Done!

Note: Don't forget you will need to format any new Volumes before they can be used to store anything.

===Deleting Volumes From CF Card===
To add more Volumes to your CF Card.
* Upon booting the MicroDrive/Turbo you will be taken to Volume 1 which holds the ProDOS 8 utilities.
* You will see a folder named "MICRODRIVE". Using the arrow keys highlight the folder and press Enter.
* You will now see a file called "MICRODRV.SETUP". Press Enter to execute it.
* Press the letter "E" to select "Partition Editor". You will immediately be taken to the "Partition Table" area on the right side of the screen.
* Use the "Arrow" keys to select the Volume you want to delete.
* Press the letter "D" to delete the Volume.
**Press the letter "Q" twice if you DO NOT want to save your changes and exit.
**Repeat the above steps if you want to add more Volumes.
* Press the letter "W" to select "Write Configuration".
* Press Enter, then the letter "W" to save the new configuration.
* Done!

===Setting Up a New CF Card===
To use a new CF Card (or one that has been accidentally formatted on your PC) you must first partition it. However if you do not have an existing bootable CF Card or a backup of the MicroDrive/Turbo Setup Utility on Floppy Disk then you will need to contact Support (see above) in order to obtain a new CF Card which is preloaded, or a Diskette with the Setup Utility.

If you have the Setup Utility then see [[#Adding Volumes To CF Card]] above.

== Support: Need to Add/Complete ==
Format issues with C2+

Using a Second CF Card Slot:

Copy files.

== Support: CiderPress - Backing Up and Restoring ==
Please visit https://ciderpress2.com to download and install CiderPress for Windows. CiderPress can be run on a Mac using emulation (e.g., Parallels Desktop of VMWare Fusion) or using a WINE-based emulation (e.g., http://retrocomputingaustralia.com/rca-downloads/ -- thanks to Michael Mulhern for his efforts and hosting). However, WINE-based emulators are unable to access CF Card Readers so can't be used for this utility. 
Note: There is a Mac based project being developed to allow the access of the MDT CF Card. You can find the project here: https://github.com/disappearinjon/microdrive

Your PC will also require a CF Card Reader so you can access the CF Card.

Backing Up A CF Card: To backup a Volume on a CF Card:
*Insert the CF Card into your Reader. Allow a few seconds for it to be recognized by your OS. '''DO NOT format the Card if prompted!'''
*Open CiderPress.
*Click on the "Tools" menu and select "Volume Copier (open volume).
*Select “Physical Disk X”. X is the disk number. Click the "OK" button to continue.
Note: Users with a Computer that has more than one Hard Drive or CF Reader will have to determine exactly which Drive the CF Card Reader to be used is. In most cases it will be “1”. The size of the CF Card should also be displayed in the "Remarks" column.
*All Volumes will now be listed. Select the volume you wish to backup and click the "Copy to file" button.
*You will now be asked where to save the backup file. Select a location and a name then press the "Save" button.
*CiderPress will now start to read the Volume and save it to your PC. When it is done the popup progress window will close.
**Optional: You can now select other Volumes to backup if desired.
*Done!

Note: You could also use a utility to backup the whole CF Card like [http://hddguru.com/software/HDD-Raw-Copy-Tool/ HDD Raw Copy]. CiderPress however has the advantage of being able to open and utilize the backup Images it creates. So in the future you could copy files from the Images or access data if needed. You would not need to fully restore the Image as with other backup programs. Some Emulators can also access and use the Image files too. Raw Disk Copiers like HDD Raw Copy can however be useful if you would like to quickly duplicate a CF Card as it will copy the Partition information unlike CiderPress. So you do not need to run the MicroDrive/Turbo Setup Utility before restoring the HDD Raw Copy Image. This could be a useful backup method should the Setup Utility backup disk you made (see [[#Support: Backing Up - Setup Utility|"Support: Backing Up - Setup Utility"]] above) ever becomes damaged, lost, or unusable.

Restoring A Backup Image To A CF Card: To restore a Volume:
*Insert the CF Card into your Reader. Allow a few seconds for it be recognized by your OS. '''DO NOT format the Card if prompted!'''
*Open CiderPress.
*Click on the "Tools" menu and select "Volume Copier (open volume).
*Select “Physical Disk X”. X is the disk number.
Note: Users with a Computer that has more than one Hard Drive or CF Reader will have to determine exactly which Drive the CF Card Reader to be used is. In most cases it will be “1”. The size of the CF Card should also be displayed in the "Remarks" column.
*Uncheck the "Open as read-only" option above the "OK" button.
WARNING: Data on your Volumes can now be over-written. Be careful, and make sure to select the correct Volume!
*Click the "OK" button to continue.
*All Volumes will now be listed. Select the volume you wish to restore an image to and click the "Load from file" button.
*Select the image file and click the "Open" button.
*CiderPress will prompt you to make sure you want to overwrite a Volume if there is data there, and you need to confirm "OK" to continue. If it is blank it will start loading the image.
**You can load multiple images if you wish.
*Done!

== Support: CiderPress - Copying Files ==
Copy A File TO The CF Card:
*Insert the CF Card into your Reader. Allow a few seconds for it be recognized by your OS. '''DO NOT format the Card if prompted!'''
*Open CiderPress.
*Click on the "File" menu and select "Open Volume...".
*Select “Physical Disk X”. X is the disk number. Click the "OK" button to continue.
Note: Users with a Computer that has more than one Hard Drive or CF Reader will have to determine exactly which Drive the CF Card Reader to be used is. In most cases it will be “1”. The size of the CF Card should also be displayed in the "Remarks" column.
*Uncheck "Open as read only" and click the "OK" button.
*All Volumes and folders will now be listed. Locate the volume, and folder if desired, in which you wish to place the copied file.
**Roots of Volumes can be identified by the double name such as "MDVOL1::MDVOL1" for example.
**Folder and files can be identified by the name AFTER the ":" and the info listed in the "TYPE" column.
*Right click on the location, then select "Add Files...".
*Browse to the file's location, select any desired options, then click the "OK" button.
*You will now see the file located on the CF Card.
*Repeat as desired to add more files.
*Done!

Copy A File FROM The CF Card:

*Insert the CF Card in to your Reader. Allow a few seconds for it be recognized by your OS. '''DO NOT format the Card if prompted!'''
*Open CiderPress.
*Click on the "File" menu and select "Open Volume...".
*Select “Physical Disk X”. X is the disk number. Click the "OK" button to continue.
Note: Users with a Computer that has more than one Hard Drive or CF Reader will have to determine exactly which Drive the CF Card Reader to be used is. In most cases it will be “1”. The size of the CF Card should also be displayed in the "Remarks" column.
*All Volumes and folders will now be listed. Locate the volume, and folder if needed, in which the file wish to copy is located.
**Roots of Volumes can be identified by the double name such as "MDVOL1::MDVOL1" for example.
**Folder and files can be identified by the name AFTER the ":" and the info listed in the "TYPE" column.
*Right click on the location, then select "Extract...".
*Browse to the location you wish to copy the file to, select any desired options, then click the "OK" button.
*You will now see the file located where you selected.
*Repeat as desired to copy more files.
*Done!

== Support: Command line tool on Mac OS to manipulate a MicroDrive/Turbo disk or image ==

For a long time now Mac OS users have struggled in dealing with ProDOS formatted CF Card. CiderPress is a native Windows program and requires a full emulator like Parallels Desktop or VMWare Fusion.

Jon Lasser contacted Henry and started to discuss the issues with CiderPress on the MAC and how he might be able to create a simple but powerful program. It would allow access to the ProDOS formatted CF Card, as CiderPress does. However it will run natively on the MAC platform. We are more than glad to help Jon with his efforts in any way we can.

You can read more about Jon’s project here at his own blog:
https://twoideas.org/2020/01/02/the-joys-of-retrocomputing-also-announcing-a-microdrive-turbo-image-tool/

As of the time of this writing (end of 2020), Jon Lasser's tool is a solid option for backing up and restoring CF cards formatted with ProDOS and for copying images. Use of the Terminal is required and some familiarity with using Mac OS in this way is important. This is a great step forward.

== Support: Using Mechanical Hard Drives ==
It is possible to use old mechanical Hard Drives on the MicroDrive/Turbo however Compact Flash is a much better solution. As noted in "[[#Features|Features]]" above: "[Compact Flash is] readily available, inexpensive, low power, noiseless, shock proof, removable, and last almost forever - things that can't be said about mechanical Hard Drives."

Steps to install and use a mechanical Hard Drive:
*First, remove the IDE to CF Adapter. The unit should just slide off when pulled. Be careful to not bend any pins on the IDE male header.
*Next, install a 40-pin IDE Cable.
*Next, if needed set your IDE Hard Drive to the correct "Primary" or "Secondary" setting.
*Finally, install the Hard Drive onto the IDE Cable.

'''Note:''' If the Hard Drive is powered from a secondary Power Supply you need to adhere to the following in order for all to work correctly:
*The GS has to be turned on '''first'''. The Power Supply to the Hard Drive is then turned on '''second'''. Wrong order and the drive may not spin up.
*The two Power Supplies must have a common ground. Without this the MicroDrive/Turbo may not see the Hard Drive.
*Be warned that most newer MicroDrive/Turbo boards have +5v connected to pin Pin 20 of the IDE Connector. Be sure to use a cable which DOES NOT have a cable pin connected, or you cut the cable pin.

== Support: Using ADTPro, Uthernet, and MicroDrive/Turbo Together ==
An incompatibility exists in ADTPro versions 2.0.2 and earlier where ADTPro's Uthernet initialization interferes with the operation of the MicroDrive/Turbo running IIGS firmware. To be specific, if the MicroDrive/Turbo is in a slot number '''lower''' than the Uthernet or Uthernet II, ADTPro will not start . Even if you create and save an ADTPro Uthernet configuration to specify an Uthernet slot using a different computer, it still won't work. There are a number of solutions available:
# Use a version greater than 2.0.2 of ADTPro
# Move your MicroDrive/Turbo to a slot '''higher''' than your Uthernet or Uthernet II card (typical slots are 3 for Uthernet, and 7 for MicroDrive/Turbo)
# Use the //e version of firmware in your MicroDrive/Turbo.

== Support: Running The Preinstalled Games ==
With the CF Card that comes with the MicroDrive/Turbo you will find a "IIE GAMES" and a "GS GAMES" folder, which is part of the "[https://archive.org/details/TotalReplay Total Replay]" distribution. If you try to run the games you will receive an error message of "FILETYPE MISMATCH". First, run "BOOT.SYSTEM" which is a menu system for running the games correctly. Then select and run the game of your choice.

== Self Powered IDE to CF Adapters ==
The MicroDrive/Turbo sold by ReActiveMicro comes with a self powered IDE to CF Adapter with a pre-setup CF Card. They did not sell boards with mechanical HDDs. "Self powered" refers to the IDE to CF Adapter which uses power supplied on Pin 20 of the IDE connector and does not require an external power source. This means the Apple II can supply power to the CF Card and no other power source is needed.

Boards from 2006 to mid 2008 will have +5v connected to Pin 20 of the IDE Connector in the form of a small jumper wire on the rear of the board. Later boards have a small trace added to the face, left side of the board. Over the years some users insisted on trying to install the CF Adapter backwards which would cause a short and burn the added trace from the board. So all boards from late 2017 and on have a fuse added to the small trace for added protection. The pic below on the right with the fuse is a good example of what the added trace looks like and where it is located.

<gallery class="center" widths=300px heights=200px caption="IDE Pin 20 Power Mods">
File:MicroDrive-Turbo-Back-PowerMod1.jpg|Pre-2008 MicroDrive/Turbo With Flywire Power Mod and Self Powered CF Adapter
File:MicroDrive-Turbo-Face-PowerMod2.jpg|2018 MicroDrive/Turbo With "F1" Fuse and Self Powered CF Adapter
</gallery>

== Support: Installing Firmware ==
[[Image:MicroDrive-Turbo_-_Firmware_Install.jpg|thumb|ROM Location And Where To Pry To Remove]]
The MicroDrive Turbo usually comes pre-setup for IIe or IIGS use. This is determined by the Firmware ROM which is installed on the card. The ROM is the small square IC on the upper right of the card. It is the only IC in a socket.

You can use the IIe Firmware in an IIe and IIGS, however it is quite slow in a IIGS compared to the IIgs Firmware. You cannot use the IIGS Firmware in a IIe as it will cause the IIe to crash to Monitor.

The //e Firmware ROM is usually marked with a label that has "II" written on it. This isn't the best way to check which firmware in on the MicroDrive Turbo as the label could have been removed or fallen off. If your MicroDrive/Turbo works in an IIe then the IIe Firmware is installed.

To remove the Firmware ROM you will need a "PLCC Extraction Tool". These can be found on eBay for under $5 usually. You can also use a paperclip, small wire, an awl, small screw driver, or any strong thin implement. Do not pry too hard on the ROM Socket if possible. Reference the picture for the areas on which to pry up.

The new Firmware ROM should be installed in the same orientation with the chip markings facing up. '''Installing the ROM backwards WILL damage it!''' Reference the picture and you will notice one corner of the Socket and ROM are "cut". The other corners are square. There is usually a "DOT" or mark on the case of the IC to help denote which side is which. In the case of the MicroDrive/Turbo we want to make sure the "cut corner" and the "DOT" are facing to the LEFT. The chip markings should be facing up, legible, with the gold Edge Connector (aka - Slot Edge) on the bottom of the MicroDrive Turbo.

<gallery class="center" widths=150px heights=80>
File:Floppy_Icon_514sleeve.svg|MicroDrive-Turbo II, II''plus'', IIe Unenhanced (and IIGS but slow) Firmware|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/2/25/MicroDrive-Turbo-IIe-v1.60b-ROM.bin
File:Floppy_Icon_514sleeve.svg|MicroDrive Turbo IIGS ONLY Firmware|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/3/33/MicroDrive-Turbo_-_IIgs_v1.00_ROM_-_27512.bin
</gallery>

== Downloadable Files ==
<div class="new_window">
<gallery class="center" widths=150px heights=80 caption="RM MicroDrive-Turbo">
File:PDF_ICON.svg|2024 Manual |link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/4/4a/MicroDrive_Manual_2024.pdf
<gallery class="center" widths=150px heights=80 caption="MicroDrive-Turbo">

File:4am_Gaming_Image.svg|Total Replay 32meg|link=https://archive.org/details/TotalReplay

File:RM_Icon_File_Server.svg|Software|link=http://downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/MicroDrive-Turbo/Software/
File:RM_Icon_File_Server.svg|CF Images|link=http://downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/MicroDrive-Turbo/CF_Volume_Images/
File:RM_Icon_File_Server.svg|Assorted Files|link=http://downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/MicroDrive-Turbo/
</gallery>
</div>

[[Category:Hardware]]
[[Category:Apple]]
[[Category:ReActiveMicro Projects]]

MicroDrive/Turbo

2024-09-26T18:36:57Z

Khaibitgfx: /* Support: IIGS Installation */

[[Image:Title_Micro_Drive_Turbo.svg|512px|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/8/82/Title_Micro_Drive_Turbo.svg]]

[[Image:RM_MicroDriveTurbo-Object.png|thumb|MicroDrive Turbo from ReActiveMicro|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/4/4d/RM_MicroDriveTurbo-Object.png]]

The MicroDrive Turbo is an IDE Mass Storage Device that is Apple IIGS and Apple II, II Plus, or //e compatible. It emulates a Hard Disk Drive by utilizing Solid-State Compact Flash (CF) Cards.

MicroDrive Turbo (aka - MDT) is currently sold by [[ReActiveMicro]]. They sell it with a preloaded 256 MB Compact Flash Card to enable new users to start using the MicroDrive/Turbo right out of the box. Software included is GS/OS v6.0.1, IIGS Memory Testers, ShrinkIt (8 and 16 bit), Copy II+, MicroDrive Utilities, DiskMaker8, DSK2File, DOS.MASTER and different AE Memory Testers for your //e. Everything needed to start transferring and unpacking software from the Internet, and start using your Apple II Personal Computer once again.

Product Status: Actively sold by [http://store.reactivemicro.com/product/microdriveturbo-storage-controller/ ReActiveMicro].

Support: Post on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME}}|Discussion]] page (link above) or email [http://store.reactivemicro.com/contact-us/ ReActiveMicro Support].

Sales: Visit the [http://store.reactivemicro.com/shop/ ReActiveMicro Store].

== History ==
The MicroDrive Turbo was designed by Joachim Lange of ///SHH Systeme and released in 1996. This was the first Apple II IDE Controller that used DMA.

In 2004 Gerber Street Enterprises started reselling select items from ///SHH Systeme, however the offering was only a couple of items and stock was very limited.

Mid-2006 ReActiveMicro took over reselling all ///SHH Systeme items in an effort to provide better service and a larger product variety to the Apple II Community.

==Board Revisions==
Pre-2006 versions of the card were all hand assembled by Joachim Lange of ///SHH Systeme. After ReActiveMicro took over sales in 2006 the units were hand assembled by Henry from ReActiveMicro till mid 2015. ReActiveMicro then started their structured move to a more automated vendor and set their sights to have projects assembled on a larger scale. The MicroDrive Turbo was the first such project to be fully assembled. However due to a learning curve and testing different vendors Henry continued to hand assemble some MicroDrive Turbo units until 2016. During that year all projects moved to being fully assembled as well as offering kit versions of most projects.

From March 19th 2018 until the 25th ReActiveMicro had a sale in which they jokingly played on the fact that Henry "defaced" several cards by signing them. Thus the cards would be sold at a discount due to his signature being of negative value and actually subtracting from the total worth of the card. This was in fact a joke made from the recent CFFA3000 sales where Rich Dreher sold "limited edition" cards where he signed them and charged $200USD more. It's noteworthy that Henry was not actually thrilled with signing cards and "felt like a total ass" the entire time doing so. He's not into celebrity or thinking his signature or efforts are anything special. He's more happy being able to supply demand and knowing that products he makes are being used in the retro spirit. "Limited editions" or signed products will not be a staple in the ReActiveMicro.com future, and will always be made in a self deprecating fashion.

<gallery class="center" widths=400px heights=200px caption="Example of signed MicroDrive Turbo.">
File:MDT_Signed1.jpg|MicroDrive Turbo. March 19th-25th 2018 Sale {51 units signed total}.
</gallery>

== Features ==

[[Image:MicroDrive_DMA.svg|200px|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/4/43/MicroDrive_DMA.svg]]

DMA: Looking for the fastest storage solution available for your Apple II? The MicroDrive Turbo is faster that any other Mass Storage controller since it uses DMA for reads and writes. As the name implies, it performs Direct Memory Access which bypasses the CPU and allows for a whopping 40% faster read and write speeds when compared to conventional controllers. For example, with an accelerator installed in your IIGS you can boot GS/OS in as fast as 7 seconds! The DMA option can be disabled using the Setup utility.

[[Image:40_Pin_Connector.svg|200px|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/b/ba/40_Pin_Connector.svg]]

40 Pin IDE Interface: The 40 Pin IDE interface on the MicroDrive/Turbo IDE is a standard 16 bit IDE port. It is capable of addressing "Primary" and "Secondary" IDs on the IDE chain.

IDE to Dual CF Adapter: The MicroDrive/Turbo comes standard with a 40 Pin IDE to Dual CF Adapter. Users can control which of the two CF Slots is "Primary" and "Secondary" using a Jumper on the Adapter. The Adapter however can be removed if so desired and a standard IDE Cable and devices attached.

Note: Dual mode unavailable when using the IIe Firmware; Only available when using the IIGS Firmware.

[[Image:CF_Card.svg|200px|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/9/9e/CF_Card.svg]]

Compact Flash: Why use Compact Flash Cards? They are readily available, inexpensive, low power, noiseless, shock proof, removable, and last almost forever - things that can't be said about mechanical Hard Drives. However, it is still possible to use some older IDE Hard Drives with the MicroDrive/Turbo Controller if desired. See "[[#Support: Using Mechanical Hard Drives|Support: Using Mechanical Hard Drives]]" below. Do you download software from the Internet and wonder how to get it to your Apple II or spend lots of time doing so? With the MicroDrive/Turbo it's now super easy! Just remove the Compact Flash Card from your MicroDrive/Turbo, insert it in to your PC and using [http://a2ciderpress.com/ CiderPress] (Windows only) you can read and write directly to the Compact Flash Card. Using your PC for transferring files and backing up has never been so quick and painless!

ProDOS 8 and 16: The MicroDrive/Turbo is ProDOS compatible. It's recognized as a 'standard' Mass Storage Device just like any Hard Disk Drive on your Apple II. Large Volume DOS 3.3 support is provided through the use of a program called DOS.MASTER (preloaded on CF Card).

Boot Options: By default, Volume 1 is set to boot. However when setting up a new CF Card the user sets which Volume they desire to boot. Or on an existing CF Card the Setup utility can modify the default boot Volume. However the MicroDrive/Turbo also offers a temporary option to boot to ANY volume. When powering on the Apple II the user will press and hold the Open Apple key. This will pause the MicroDrive/Turbo's splash screen. The user then presses the corresponding Volume's number key, and the MicroDrive/Turbo will boot to that Volume.

Apple IIGS and II/Plus/e Operation: The MicroDrive/Turbo comes standard with the Apple IIGS Firmware. You can however order one with IIe Firmware, or buy an upgrade ROM to convert a IIGS MicroDrive/Turbo for use in an II/Plus/e.

== Reviews ==
{{#ev:youtube|1JLJUPMVwDE|400|right|MicroDrive/Turbo (left) VS CFFA (right)|frame}}
On October 13th, 2018 Russell McGhee did a comparison of the MicroDrive/Turbo (left) VS CFFA (right). The IIGS on the right has a TWGS installed and is part of the delay when the system is first powered on. However you can see the IIGS boot screen simply enough and can compare between the two.

{{#ev:youtube|Wjy6_qnTnv0|400|right|Apple II Mass Storage Mega Roundup|frame}}
On August 13, 2016 Joe Strosnider from the YouTube channel "[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCyfwZvTPPJV4peBHupd6Ckw Joe's Computer Museum]" posted a review of several Mass Storage options for the Apple II, and the MicroDrive/Turbo was among them. He gives some very good feedback regarding the differences between the boards, and how the MicroDrive/turbo performs under real world conditions.

== Support: Backing Up - Setup Utility ==
'''The first thing you should do before using your MicroDrive/Turbo is to make a backup of the MicroDrive/Turbo Setup Utility.''' Without this Utility you will be unable to re-setup your CF Card should it crash or you accidentally format it. It is advised to copy the Setup Utility to a backup floppy and keep it in a safe place. To backup the Utility:

* Upon booting the MicroDrive/Turbo you will be taken to Volume 1 which holds the ProDOS 8 utilities.
* You will see menu item named "COPYIIPLUS9.1". Using the arrow keys highlight the item and press Enter.
* Press the letter "C" to select "COPY", and the letter "F" for "FILES".
* Use the arrow keys to select the Slot where you installed the MicroDrive/Turbo, and "Drive 1". Press Enter.
* Use the arrow keys to select the Slot and Drive where your backup floppy is located. Press Enter.
* You will see a folder named "MICRODRIVE". Using the arrow keys highlight the folder and press Enter.
* You will see a file called "MICRODRV.SETUP". Using the arrow keys highlight the file and press Enter.
* Press the letter "G" to start the copy process.

Note: This assumes your Floppy Disk is preformatted with ProDOS. If not then you can use Copy II Plus to also format the Disk.

== Support: IIGS Installation ==
When installing the MicroDrive/Turbo in your Apple IIGS a few things need to first be taken into consideration. For example, will you want to primary boot the MicroDrive/Turbo, your Floppy Drives, or other bootable devices installed in your system? For most installations users will want to boot primary to the MicroDrive/Turbo. In this case we recommend installing the MicroDrive/Turbo in Slot 7. And when you want to boot to the Floppy Drives hold
down the "ESC" key on boot. This allows the IIGS to "skip" booting the MicroDrive/Turbo and move on to checking the Floppy Drives or other bootable devices in lower numbered Slots.

For other configurations, the good news is that the Apple IIGS allows a lot of flexibility when it comes to booting. You will need to decide however what is the best to meet your needs. If not installing the MicroDrive/Turbo in Slot 7, then we usually recommend Slot 2. However by default the IIGS is set to use Slot 2 for a Modem. Since most users no longer use a Modem, Slot 2 is a good choice. However the default setting in the IIGS will need to be changed in order for the MicroDrive/Turbo to work.

To edit the settings or change the way your IIGS boots you will need to enter the Control Panel. There are a couple of ways to do this:
* Hold down the "Option" key on the keyboard and power on the IIGS. Select "1" for the Control Panel.
* Power on the IIGS and at anytime hold down the "Open Apple" and "Control" keys, then press the "ESC" key. Press "Enter" to select Control Panel.
Once in the Control Panel use the "Arrow" keys to select the "Slots" menu and press "Enter".

Most IIGS systems will be set to the default configuration, denoted by the "check mark" on the left of the option. Use the "Up" or "Down" arrow keys to select an option, then "Left" or "Right" arrow keys to set the option. Be sure to press "Enter" when done to save any changes.

For example, there is nothing needed '''to use the MicroDrive/Turbo in Slot 7'''. It is already defaulted to "Your Card". There is also no need to change the "Startup" option if it is set to "Slot 7" or "Scan".

If however you want '''to use the MicroDrive/Turbo in Slot 2''' you will need to change the Slot setting to "Your Card". And if you would like the IIgs to boot the MicroDrive/Turbo in Slot 2 then you will also need to change the "Startup" option to "Slot 2". Be sure to press "Enter" when done to save any changes.

The "Startup" option in the Control Panel allows you to control how the IIGS checks for bootable devices when powered on. "Scan" will tell the IIGS to look from Slot 7 to Slot 1. Selecting "Slot [X]" will tell the IIGS to ONLY boot that Slot. If no bootable devices are found then the IIGS will report "Check startup device!" You can however tell the IIGS to boot from another Slot by breaking into BASIC (hold down the "Control" key and press the "Reset" key), then type "PR#X" and press the "Enter" key. "X" is the Slot number.

Note: The MicroDrive/Turbo allows the IIGS to "skip" trying to boot it by holding down the "ESC" key on boot.

== Support: //e Installation ==
When installing the MicroDrive/Turbo in your Apple //e a few things need to first be taken into consideration. For example, will you want to primary boot the MicroDrive/Turbo, your Floppy Drives, or other bootable devices installed in your system? For most installations users will want to boot primary to the MicroDrive/Turbo. In this case we recommend installing the MicroDrive/Turbo in Slot 7. And when you want to boot to the Floppy Drives hold down the "ESC" key on boot. This allows the //e to "skip" booting the MicroDrive/Turbo and move on to checking the Floppy Drives or other bootable devices in lower numbered Slots.

If however you install the MicroDrive/Turbo in another Slot then it may not boot and depends on what other bootable devices are installed in your //e. You can however tell the //e to boot to another Slot by breaking into BASIC if needed (hold the "Control" key and press the "Reset" key), then type "PR#X" and press the "Enter" key. "X" is the Slot number.

Note: The MicroDrive/Turbo allows the IIGS to "skip" trying to boot it by holding the "ESC" key on boot.

== Support: Trouble Shooting ==
Here are some tips on where to start if you experience any issues with your MicroDrive/Turbo (MDT) or any cards in your Apple II system.

First and foremost - ALWAYS always worth mentioning be sure to observe correct ESD protection when handling or touching electronics or you will damage and weaken ICs. It would be great if a damaged IC failed instantly. However that's rarely the case. ESD damage usually eats away at the gates inside an IC, can cause timing issues, and the IC to run hotter than designed for. This causes the IC to operate unreliably. And the worse kind of issue to diagnose is an inconsistent one. So please always use a grounded wrist strap and even a static mat when working on your IIgs. ReActivceMicro sees quite a few systems with weak or damaged bus transceivers (LS/HCT245) and can usually repair the motherboards, and ESD damage is the primary suspect for the ICs needing to be replaced. ALWAYS observe correct ESD protection when handling or touching electronics. However before suspecting the Apple II, let's retest the MDT in-system.

Start with cleaning the MDT's edge connector (slot connector end with the gold fingers). A pencil eraser is a good device for cleaning. You could also use some 95+ alcohol and a paper towel. When clean all the fingers should be about the same color and brightness. Any which appear to be dull or darker than the rest need to be recleaned as they could have some residue on them from manufacturing. This could cause connection issues with the slot.

Next, check your outlet power. Check to make sure the outlet is wired correctly. ReActiveMicro receives about 5 support emails a year from users with MDT issues who all swear their power is fine and there's no power or wiring issues. After much debate and discussion Support usually sends an outlet tester to which they finally check the outlet and discover there's a wiring fault and the cause of most or all of their past issues. The older original PSUs don't seem to mind a wiring issue, however the new ones ReActiveMicro sells will produce all kinds of issues if an outlet is incorrectly wired. So we ask that users check their outlets with a multimeter or outlet tester (eBay for under $10 delivered) to make sure issues are not power related. As another good way to check is to run a power cord from your bathroom or kitchen GFCI outlet and retest your II for a while, as these outlets have be to wired correctly in order to turn on. This is a simple way to help rule out a power issue and highly recommended in all testing situations where power is suspect.

Next we ask that you run the Read Write test software for the MDT. It's under the Utils folder, in the Microdrive folder, called TURBO.RW.TEST. It's a system file so you can use the ProDOS selector to run it. Let the test run for an hour or two. This should confirm the MDT is running well. If the test randomly fails or stops during this time then this might suggest an issue with Apple II. You can also try performing the 'twist test' and 'wiggle test' with the MDT during this time and see if the board fails. Tap and wiggle the IDE to CF Adapter and CF Card. See if the test stops and reports an error. If so then reseat the Adapter and CF Card several times to clean the connectors. The MDT should work well however, and you should be able to bend/stress the card slightly and press on the ICs while the test is running without any issues (assuming your slot is good). Too much pressure or shaking can cause the card to lose contact with the slot. So don't be too aggressive, but you'd be surprised at the amount of pressure and bumps you can apply without issues. Which is perfect to make sure it's no a connection issue. And 'twisting' the card helps confirm there isn't a cold solder joint. Again, don't be too aggressive, but you should be able to a decent amount of force to stress the board ends in both clockwise and counter clockwise directions. If the board fails during this test then it might suggest a cold solder joint.

Lastly, clean the card with some degreasor and an old toothbrush. Be sure to pull the firmware ROM and remove the CF to IDE Adapter before cleaning. Only clean the MDT board without the ROM installed. A good solvent like Brakleen is best. This also dries residue free. Rinse well with cleaner too. Use plenty of cleaner and mainly brush the small square IC in the middle of the board in all directions for at least 1 minute. Work the toothbrush in to the small pins with a combing action. The more brushing the better, and the more solvent used the better. Also clean inside the firmware ROM socket well. Brush around the surface mount pins where they connect to the PCB as best you can. You can also use 95+ alcohol and a toothbrush. However you'll need to rinse the card in water to fully clean it. Distilled water is best. Tap water is usually fine too. Be sure to tap the card's edges well on a hard surface to get the water out from under the ICs, and then use a hair dryer to fully dry the card for 5-10 mins. You can also leave the board out overnight to air dry, however this usually isn't needed. Canned or compressed air also works well do help get water out from under the ICs and dry the board.

If the MDT passes the twist and bump tests but fails randomly then it could be related to the IIgs. ReActiveMicro will usually send another MDT so users can retest locally to help confirm it's the II or the MDT. If the new MDT board also fails then it's your IIgs system which is the issue. Which at that point you may want to consider sending us your motherboard for additional confirmation testing and we can replace the bus transceivers if needed then send back to you for additional local testing. This kind of repair is about $100 however, and really should be a last resort effort. So let's see what the first few tests show us before pointing fingers at the IIgs motherboard.

When using the MicroDrive/Turbo with other expansion cards that utilize DMA, it may be helpful to try running the MicroDrive/Turbo with DMA disabled if your system is behaving erratically. For example, as of late 2020, several users report erratic freezes of the VidHD when it and MicroDrive/Turbo are both utilizing DMA. Hopefully, a future revision of the VidHD firmware will repair any incompatibility.

== Support: Backing Up - CF Card ==
One important feature of the MicroDrive/Turbo the ability to remove the CF Card and use CiderPress to back up the Volumes on it. To do this you will need to have installed CiderPress on your PC or Mac running a Windows emulator, and a CF Card Reader.

See [[MicroDrive/Turbo#Support:_CiderPress|"Support: CiderPress"]] below for the download link and continued instructions on how to use it to backup the CF Card.

For 32Meg volume images or whole CF Card images visit the [https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/32_Meg_Hard_Drive_Image 32 Meg Hard Drive Image page] and the [[#Documentation.2C_Files.2C_and_Software|download links]] below.

== Support: Using the Setup Utility ==
Installation: The MicroDrive/Turbo comes pre-setup. Just install in any Slot. We however recommend Slot 7 if possible since you will most likely want to boot from the MicroDrive/Turbo much more often than your Floppies. And when you want to boot to a Floppy:
* On boot, press and hold the ESC key. This will bypass the MicroDrive/Turbo on boot.

Note: IIGS users may need to make a change to Slot settings in the Control Panel. To access the Control Panel first boot the IIGS. Then press and hold down the Open Apple key, Control key, and then press the ESC key.

===Setup Utility===
Be sure to backup the MicroDrive/Turbo Setup utility to floppy! This disk will be for backup purposes or if you need to setup a new CF Card.
* Upon booting the MicroDrive/Turbo you will be taken to Volume 1 which holds the ProDOS 8 utilities.
* You will see a folder named "SHRINK.IT". Using the arrow keys to highlight the folder and press Enter.
* You will now see a file called "SHRINK.IT.V3.4". Press Enter to execute it.
* Press the letter "O" to open an archive. The "MICRODRV.IIE.S1" is for a 5.25” disk, and "MICRODRV.TURBO" is for a 3.5” disk. Select one and press Enter twice.
* Next select the Drive on which to write.
* When done be sure to boot the disk and run the Setup utility to make sure it restored correctly.
* Repeat the above process if needed.
* Done!

Note: If you require a Setup utility disk be mailed to you, there will be a charge. Please email [http://store.reactivemicro.com/contact-us/ ReActiveMicro Support] for details and pricing.

===Check The DMA Setting===
It is advised to check the DMA setting in the Setup utility to make sure it is set correctly. Usually there isn't any issue, however you can experience data corruption or loss if the setting is not correct.
* Upon booting the MicroDrive/Turbo you will be taken to Volume 1 which holds the ProDOS 8 utilities.
* You will see a folder named "MICRODRIVE". Using the arrow keys highlight the folder and press Enter.
* You will now see a file called "MICRODRV.SETUP". Press Enter to execute it.
* Press the letter "D" to select "DMA Mode". If it's set currently to your Apple II, then you are finished. If not, then continue to the next step.
* Press Enter to change the setting. For //e users select "Enable".
* Press the letter "W" to select "Write Configuration".
* Press Enter, then the letter "W" to save the new configuration.
* Done!

Note: Set DMA Mode To "Disable" to see how much slower your system would be using a non-DMA Mass Storage Device.

===The Pre-setup and Pre-loaded CF Card===
The MicroDrive/Turbo comes with a pre-setup CF Card which has 4 ProDOS Volumes on it. The CF Card comes pre-loaded the same for the IIGS or //e.
* Volume 1 has ProDOS 8 Utilities loaded on it and is bootable into ProDOS 8.
* Volume 2 has GS/OS v6.0.1 loaded on it and is bootable. You will need at least 1Meg of RAM in order to RUN GS/OS or you will be forced to exit.
* Volume 3 had DOS.MASTER loaded on it and is bootable into ProDOS 8 which loads BASIC. You will see a folder called DOS.MASTER.
* Volume 4 is formatted in ProDOS and is not bootable.

You can setup more volumes on the CF Card if you wish, however you will quickly run out of "Slots" under ProDOS 8. ProDOS maps each Volume to a Slot and Drive, the same as what is done with the Floppy Drives. So the current 4 Volumes take up 2 Slots, which have 2 Drives each. If you don't have many peripheral cards in your Apple II then adding more Volumes may not pose an issue. However users which have other devices in Slots which get a Volume mapped to them may not be able to use the card or the Volume. You have been warned.

====Boot To Other Volumes====
The MicroDrive/Turbo comes set to boot to Volume 1 by default. You can however temporary boot to other Volumes on the CF Card.
* Hold down the "Open Apple" key when powering on the Apple II. This will pause the MicroDrive/Turbo's splash screen.
* Lastly press the corresponding Volume's number key, and the MicroDrive/Turbo will boot to that Volume.

You can also use the Setup utility to make booting to another Volume the current setting.
* Upon booting the MicroDrive/Turbo you will be taken to Volume 1 which holds the ProDOS 8 utilities in a folder named "UTIL".
* You will see folder named "MICRODRIVE". Using the arrow keys highlight the folder and press Enter.
* You will now see a file called "MICRODRV.SETUP". Press Enter to execute it.
* Press the letter "B" to select "Default Boot Volume".
* Press Enter to change the setting to the desired NEW boot Volume.
* Press the letter "W" to select "Write Configuration".
* Press Enter, then the letter "W" to save the new configuration.
* Done!

====Adding Volumes To CF Card====
To add more Volumes to your CF Card.
* Upon booting the MicroDrive/Turbo you will be taken to Volume 1 which holds the ProDOS 8 utilities.
* You will see a folder named "MICRODRIVE". Using the arrow keys to highlight the folder and press Enter.
* You will now see a file called "MICRODRV.SETUP". Press Enter to execute it.
* Press the letter "E" to select "Partition Editor". You will immediately be taken to the "Partition Table" area on the right side of the screen.
* Press the letter "A" to add a new Volume. Note: Press the "?" key for available commands.
* Press and hold both "Apple" keys, then press the "Right Arrow" key. The "Blk Size" and "Dec/Hex" column values will start to change.
* Keep pressing the "Right Arrow" key till the "Blk Size" reads "$010000". Release the "Apple" keys.
* Press the "Left Arrow" key once. The "Blk Size" should now read "$00FFFF".
**Note: ProDOS can only use UP TO 32Megs of space. "$00FFFF" is 32Meg in Blocks. You can create volumes larger then 32Megs however you will may not be able to use them.
**'''Press the letter "D" to delete any volumes or to start over.'''
**Press the letter "Q" twice if you DO NOT want to save your changes and exit.
**Repeat the above steps if you want to add more Volumes.
* Press Enter, then the letter "W" which selects "Write Configuration" to save the new configuration.
* Done!

Note: Don't forget you will need to format any new Volumes before they can be used to store anything.

===Deleting Volumes From CF Card===
To add more Volumes to your CF Card.
* Upon booting the MicroDrive/Turbo you will be taken to Volume 1 which holds the ProDOS 8 utilities.
* You will see a folder named "MICRODRIVE". Using the arrow keys highlight the folder and press Enter.
* You will now see a file called "MICRODRV.SETUP". Press Enter to execute it.
* Press the letter "E" to select "Partition Editor". You will immediately be taken to the "Partition Table" area on the right side of the screen.
* Use the "Arrow" keys to select the Volume you want to delete.
* Press the letter "D" to delete the Volume.
**Press the letter "Q" twice if you DO NOT want to save your changes and exit.
**Repeat the above steps if you want to add more Volumes.
* Press the letter "W" to select "Write Configuration".
* Press Enter, then the letter "W" to save the new configuration.
* Done!

===Setting Up a New CF Card===
To use a new CF Card (or one that has been accidentally formatted on your PC) you must first partition it. However if you do not have an existing bootable CF Card or a backup of the MicroDrive/Turbo Setup Utility on Floppy Disk then you will need to contact Support (see above) in order to obtain a new CF Card which is preloaded, or a Diskette with the Setup Utility.

If you have the Setup Utility then see [[#Adding Volumes To CF Card]] above.

== Support: Need to Add/Complete ==
Format issues with C2+

Using a Second CF Card Slot:

Copy files.

== Support: CiderPress - Backing Up and Restoring ==
Please visit https://ciderpress2.com to download and install CiderPress for Windows. CiderPress can be run on a Mac using emulation (e.g., Parallels Desktop of VMWare Fusion) or using a WINE-based emulation (e.g., http://retrocomputingaustralia.com/rca-downloads/ -- thanks to Michael Mulhern for his efforts and hosting). However, WINE-based emulators are unable to access CF Card Readers so can't be used for this utility. 
Note: There is a Mac based project being developed to allow the access of the MDT CF Card. You can find the project here: https://github.com/disappearinjon/microdrive

Your PC will also require a CF Card Reader so you can access the CF Card.

Backing Up A CF Card: To backup a Volume on a CF Card:
*Insert the CF Card into your Reader. Allow a few seconds for it to be recognized by your OS. '''DO NOT format the Card if prompted!'''
*Open CiderPress.
*Click on the "Tools" menu and select "Volume Copier (open volume).
*Select “Physical Disk X”. X is the disk number. Click the "OK" button to continue.
Note: Users with a Computer that has more than one Hard Drive or CF Reader will have to determine exactly which Drive the CF Card Reader to be used is. In most cases it will be “1”. The size of the CF Card should also be displayed in the "Remarks" column.
*All Volumes will now be listed. Select the volume you wish to backup and click the "Copy to file" button.
*You will now be asked where to save the backup file. Select a location and a name then press the "Save" button.
*CiderPress will now start to read the Volume and save it to your PC. When it is done the popup progress window will close.
**Optional: You can now select other Volumes to backup if desired.
*Done!

Note: You could also use a utility to backup the whole CF Card like [http://hddguru.com/software/HDD-Raw-Copy-Tool/ HDD Raw Copy]. CiderPress however has the advantage of being able to open and utilize the backup Images it creates. So in the future you could copy files from the Images or access data if needed. You would not need to fully restore the Image as with other backup programs. Some Emulators can also access and use the Image files too. Raw Disk Copiers like HDD Raw Copy can however be useful if you would like to quickly duplicate a CF Card as it will copy the Partition information unlike CiderPress. So you do not need to run the MicroDrive/Turbo Setup Utility before restoring the HDD Raw Copy Image. This could be a useful backup method should the Setup Utility backup disk you made (see [[#Support: Backing Up - Setup Utility|"Support: Backing Up - Setup Utility"]] above) ever becomes damaged, lost, or unusable.

Restoring A Backup Image To A CF Card: To restore a Volume:
*Insert the CF Card into your Reader. Allow a few seconds for it be recognized by your OS. '''DO NOT format the Card if prompted!'''
*Open CiderPress.
*Click on the "Tools" menu and select "Volume Copier (open volume).
*Select “Physical Disk X”. X is the disk number.
Note: Users with a Computer that has more than one Hard Drive or CF Reader will have to determine exactly which Drive the CF Card Reader to be used is. In most cases it will be “1”. The size of the CF Card should also be displayed in the "Remarks" column.
*Uncheck the "Open as read-only" option above the "OK" button.
WARNING: Data on your Volumes can now be over-written. Be careful, and make sure to select the correct Volume!
*Click the "OK" button to continue.
*All Volumes will now be listed. Select the volume you wish to restore an image to and click the "Load from file" button.
*Select the image file and click the "Open" button.
*CiderPress will prompt you to make sure you want to overwrite a Volume if there is data there, and you need to confirm "OK" to continue. If it is blank it will start loading the image.
**You can load multiple images if you wish.
*Done!

== Support: CiderPress - Copying Files ==
Copy A File TO The CF Card:
*Insert the CF Card into your Reader. Allow a few seconds for it be recognized by your OS. '''DO NOT format the Card if prompted!'''
*Open CiderPress.
*Click on the "File" menu and select "Open Volume...".
*Select “Physical Disk X”. X is the disk number. Click the "OK" button to continue.
Note: Users with a Computer that has more than one Hard Drive or CF Reader will have to determine exactly which Drive the CF Card Reader to be used is. In most cases it will be “1”. The size of the CF Card should also be displayed in the "Remarks" column.
*Uncheck "Open as read only" and click the "OK" button.
*All Volumes and folders will now be listed. Locate the volume, and folder if desired, in which you wish to place the copied file.
**Roots of Volumes can be identified by the double name such as "MDVOL1::MDVOL1" for example.
**Folder and files can be identified by the name AFTER the ":" and the info listed in the "TYPE" column.
*Right click on the location, then select "Add Files...".
*Browse to the file's location, select any desired options, then click the "OK" button.
*You will now see the file located on the CF Card.
*Repeat as desired to add more files.
*Done!

Copy A File FROM The CF Card:

*Insert the CF Card in to your Reader. Allow a few seconds for it be recognized by your OS. '''DO NOT format the Card if prompted!'''
*Open CiderPress.
*Click on the "File" menu and select "Open Volume...".
*Select “Physical Disk X”. X is the disk number. Click the "OK" button to continue.
Note: Users with a Computer that has more than one Hard Drive or CF Reader will have to determine exactly which Drive the CF Card Reader to be used is. In most cases it will be “1”. The size of the CF Card should also be displayed in the "Remarks" column.
*All Volumes and folders will now be listed. Locate the volume, and folder if needed, in which the file wish to copy is located.
**Roots of Volumes can be identified by the double name such as "MDVOL1::MDVOL1" for example.
**Folder and files can be identified by the name AFTER the ":" and the info listed in the "TYPE" column.
*Right click on the location, then select "Extract...".
*Browse to the location you wish to copy the file to, select any desired options, then click the "OK" button.
*You will now see the file located where you selected.
*Repeat as desired to copy more files.
*Done!

== Support: Command line tool on Mac OS to manipulate a MicroDrive/Turbo disk or image ==

For a long time now Mac OS users have struggled in dealing with ProDOS formatted CF Card. CiderPress is a native Windows program and requires a full emulator like Parallels Desktop or VMWare Fusion.

Jon Lasser contacted Henry and started to discuss the issues with CiderPress on the MAC and how he might be able to create a simple but powerful program. It would allow access to the ProDOS formatted CF Card, as CiderPress does. However it will run natively on the MAC platform. We are more than glad to help Jon with his efforts in any way we can.

You can read more about Jon’s project here at his own blog:
https://twoideas.org/2020/01/02/the-joys-of-retrocomputing-also-announcing-a-microdrive-turbo-image-tool/

As of the time of this writing (end of 2020), Jon Lasser's tool is a solid option for backing up and restoring CF cards formatted with ProDOS and for copying images. Use of the Terminal is required and some familiarity with using Mac OS in this way is important. This is a great step forward.

== Support: Using Mechanical Hard Drives ==
It is possible to use old mechanical Hard Drives on the MicroDrive/Turbo however Compact Flash is a much better solution. As noted in "[[#Features|Features]]" above: "[Compact Flash is] readily available, inexpensive, low power, noiseless, shock proof, removable, and last almost forever - things that can't be said about mechanical Hard Drives."

Steps to install and use a mechanical Hard Drive:
*First, remove the IDE to CF Adapter. The unit should just slide off when pulled. Be careful to not bend any pins on the IDE male header.
*Next, install a 40-pin IDE Cable.
*Next, if needed set your IDE Hard Drive to the correct "Primary" or "Secondary" setting.
*Finally, install the Hard Drive onto the IDE Cable.

'''Note:''' If the Hard Drive is powered from a secondary Power Supply you need to adhere to the following in order for all to work correctly:
*The GS has to be turned on '''first'''. The Power Supply to the Hard Drive is then turned on '''second'''. Wrong order and the drive may not spin up.
*The two Power Supplies must have a common ground. Without this the MicroDrive/Turbo may not see the Hard Drive.
*Be warned that most newer MicroDrive/Turbo boards have +5v connected to pin Pin 20 of the IDE Connector. Be sure to use a cable which DOES NOT have a cable pin connected, or you cut the cable pin.

== Support: Using ADTPro, Uthernet, and MicroDrive/Turbo Together ==
An incompatibility exists in ADTPro versions 2.0.2 and earlier where ADTPro's Uthernet initialization interferes with the operation of the MicroDrive/Turbo running IIGS firmware. To be specific, if the MicroDrive/Turbo is in a slot number '''lower''' than the Uthernet or Uthernet II, ADTPro will not start . Even if you create and save an ADTPro Uthernet configuration to specify an Uthernet slot using a different computer, it still won't work. There are a number of solutions available:
# Use a version greater than 2.0.2 of ADTPro
# Move your MicroDrive/Turbo to a slot '''higher''' than your Uthernet or Uthernet II card (typical slots are 3 for Uthernet, and 7 for MicroDrive/Turbo)
# Use the //e version of firmware in your MicroDrive/Turbo.

== Support: Running The Preinstalled Games ==
With the CF Card that comes with the MicroDrive/Turbo you will find a "IIE GAMES" and a "GS GAMES" folder, which is part of the "[https://archive.org/details/TotalReplay Total Replay]" distribution. If you try to run the games you will receive an error message of "FILETYPE MISMATCH". First, run "BOOT.SYSTEM" which is a menu system for running the games correctly. Then select and run the game of your choice.

== Self Powered IDE to CF Adapters ==
The MicroDrive/Turbo sold by ReActiveMicro comes with a self powered IDE to CF Adapter with a pre-setup CF Card. They did not sell boards with mechanical HDDs. "Self powered" refers to the IDE to CF Adapter which uses power supplied on Pin 20 of the IDE connector and does not require an external power source. This means the Apple II can supply power to the CF Card and no other power source is needed.

Boards from 2006 to mid 2008 will have +5v connected to Pin 20 of the IDE Connector in the form of a small jumper wire on the rear of the board. Later boards have a small trace added to the face, left side of the board. Over the years some users insisted on trying to install the CF Adapter backwards which would cause a short and burn the added trace from the board. So all boards from late 2017 and on have a fuse added to the small trace for added protection. The pic below on the right with the fuse is a good example of what the added trace looks like and where it is located.

<gallery class="center" widths=300px heights=200px caption="IDE Pin 20 Power Mods">
File:MicroDrive-Turbo-Back-PowerMod1.jpg|Pre-2008 MicroDrive/Turbo With Flywire Power Mod and Self Powered CF Adapter
File:MicroDrive-Turbo-Face-PowerMod2.jpg|2018 MicroDrive/Turbo With "F1" Fuse and Self Powered CF Adapter
</gallery>

== Support: Installing Firmware ==
[[Image:MicroDrive-Turbo_-_Firmware_Install.jpg|thumb|ROM Location And Where To Pry To Remove]]
The MicroDrive Turbo usually comes pre-setup for IIe or IIGS use. This is determined by the Firmware ROM which is installed on the card. The ROM is the small square IC on the upper right of the card. It is the only IC in a socket.

You can use the IIe Firmware in an IIe and IIGS, however it is quite slow in a IIGS compared to the IIgs Firmware. You cannot use the IIGS Firmware in a IIe as it will cause the IIe to crash to Monitor.

The //e Firmware ROM is usually marked with a label that has "II" written on it. This isn't the best way to check which firmware in on the MicroDrive Turbo as the label could have been removed or fallen off. If your MicroDrive/Turbo works in an IIe then the IIe Firmware is installed.

To remove the Firmware ROM you will need a "PLCC Extraction Tool". These can be found on eBay for under $5 usually. You can also use a paperclip, small wire, an awl, small screw driver, or any strong thin implement. Do not pry too hard on the ROM Socket if possible. Reference the picture for the areas on which to pry up.

The new Firmware ROM should be installed in the same orientation with the chip markings facing up. '''Installing the ROM backwards WILL damage it!''' Reference the picture and you will notice one corner of the Socket and ROM are "cut". The other corners are square. There is usually a "DOT" or mark on the case of the IC to help denote which side is which. In the case of the MicroDrive/Turbo we want to make sure the "cut corner" and the "DOT" are facing to the LEFT. The chip markings should be facing up, legible, with the gold Edge Connector (aka - Slot Edge) on the bottom of the MicroDrive Turbo.

<gallery class="center" widths=150px heights=80>
File:Floppy_Icon_514sleeve.svg|MicroDrive-Turbo II, II''plus'', IIe Unenhanced (and IIGS but slow) Firmware|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/2/25/MicroDrive-Turbo-IIe-v1.60b-ROM.bin
File:Floppy_Icon_514sleeve.svg|MicroDrive Turbo IIGS ONLY Firmware|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/3/33/MicroDrive-Turbo_-_IIgs_v1.00_ROM_-_27512.bin
</gallery>

== Downloadable Files ==
<div class="new_window">
<gallery class="center" widths=150px heights=80 caption="RM MicroDrive-Turbo">
File:PDF_ICON.svg|2024 Manual |link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/4/4a/MicroDrive_Manual_2024.pdf
<gallery class="center" widths=150px heights=80 caption="MicroDrive-Turbo">

File:4am_Gaming_Image.svg|Total Replay 32meg|link=https://archive.org/details/TotalReplay

File:RM_Icon_File_Server.svg|Software|link=http://downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/MicroDrive-Turbo/Software/
File:RM_Icon_File_Server.svg|CF Images|link=http://downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/MicroDrive-Turbo/CF_Volume_Images/
File:RM_Icon_File_Server.svg|Assorted Files|link=http://downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/MicroDrive-Turbo/
</gallery>
</div>

[[Category:Hardware]]
[[Category:Apple]]
[[Category:ReActiveMicro Projects]]

MicroDrive/Turbo

2024-09-26T18:35:36Z

Khaibitgfx:

[[Image:Title_Micro_Drive_Turbo.svg|512px|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/8/82/Title_Micro_Drive_Turbo.svg]]

[[Image:RM_MicroDriveTurbo-Object.png|thumb|MicroDrive Turbo from ReActiveMicro|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/4/4d/RM_MicroDriveTurbo-Object.png]]

The MicroDrive Turbo is an IDE Mass Storage Device that is Apple IIGS and Apple II, II Plus, or //e compatible. It emulates a Hard Disk Drive by utilizing Solid-State Compact Flash (CF) Cards.

MicroDrive Turbo (aka - MDT) is currently sold by [[ReActiveMicro]]. They sell it with a preloaded 256 MB Compact Flash Card to enable new users to start using the MicroDrive/Turbo right out of the box. Software included is GS/OS v6.0.1, IIGS Memory Testers, ShrinkIt (8 and 16 bit), Copy II+, MicroDrive Utilities, DiskMaker8, DSK2File, DOS.MASTER and different AE Memory Testers for your //e. Everything needed to start transferring and unpacking software from the Internet, and start using your Apple II Personal Computer once again.

Product Status: Actively sold by [http://store.reactivemicro.com/product/microdriveturbo-storage-controller/ ReActiveMicro].

Support: Post on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME}}|Discussion]] page (link above) or email [http://store.reactivemicro.com/contact-us/ ReActiveMicro Support].

Sales: Visit the [http://store.reactivemicro.com/shop/ ReActiveMicro Store].

== History ==
The MicroDrive Turbo was designed by Joachim Lange of ///SHH Systeme and released in 1996. This was the first Apple II IDE Controller that used DMA.

In 2004 Gerber Street Enterprises started reselling select items from ///SHH Systeme, however the offering was only a couple of items and stock was very limited.

Mid-2006 ReActiveMicro took over reselling all ///SHH Systeme items in an effort to provide better service and a larger product variety to the Apple II Community.

==Board Revisions==
Pre-2006 versions of the card were all hand assembled by Joachim Lange of ///SHH Systeme. After ReActiveMicro took over sales in 2006 the units were hand assembled by Henry from ReActiveMicro till mid 2015. ReActiveMicro then started their structured move to a more automated vendor and set their sights to have projects assembled on a larger scale. The MicroDrive Turbo was the first such project to be fully assembled. However due to a learning curve and testing different vendors Henry continued to hand assemble some MicroDrive Turbo units until 2016. During that year all projects moved to being fully assembled as well as offering kit versions of most projects.

From March 19th 2018 until the 25th ReActiveMicro had a sale in which they jokingly played on the fact that Henry "defaced" several cards by signing them. Thus the cards would be sold at a discount due to his signature being of negative value and actually subtracting from the total worth of the card. This was in fact a joke made from the recent CFFA3000 sales where Rich Dreher sold "limited edition" cards where he signed them and charged $200USD more. It's noteworthy that Henry was not actually thrilled with signing cards and "felt like a total ass" the entire time doing so. He's not into celebrity or thinking his signature or efforts are anything special. He's more happy being able to supply demand and knowing that products he makes are being used in the retro spirit. "Limited editions" or signed products will not be a staple in the ReActiveMicro.com future, and will always be made in a self deprecating fashion.

<gallery class="center" widths=400px heights=200px caption="Example of signed MicroDrive Turbo.">
File:MDT_Signed1.jpg|MicroDrive Turbo. March 19th-25th 2018 Sale {51 units signed total}.
</gallery>

== Features ==

[[Image:MicroDrive_DMA.svg|200px|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/4/43/MicroDrive_DMA.svg]]

DMA: Looking for the fastest storage solution available for your Apple II? The MicroDrive Turbo is faster that any other Mass Storage controller since it uses DMA for reads and writes. As the name implies, it performs Direct Memory Access which bypasses the CPU and allows for a whopping 40% faster read and write speeds when compared to conventional controllers. For example, with an accelerator installed in your IIGS you can boot GS/OS in as fast as 7 seconds! The DMA option can be disabled using the Setup utility.

[[Image:40_Pin_Connector.svg|200px|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/b/ba/40_Pin_Connector.svg]]

40 Pin IDE Interface: The 40 Pin IDE interface on the MicroDrive/Turbo IDE is a standard 16 bit IDE port. It is capable of addressing "Primary" and "Secondary" IDs on the IDE chain.

IDE to Dual CF Adapter: The MicroDrive/Turbo comes standard with a 40 Pin IDE to Dual CF Adapter. Users can control which of the two CF Slots is "Primary" and "Secondary" using a Jumper on the Adapter. The Adapter however can be removed if so desired and a standard IDE Cable and devices attached.

Note: Dual mode unavailable when using the IIe Firmware; Only available when using the IIGS Firmware.

[[Image:CF_Card.svg|200px|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/9/9e/CF_Card.svg]]

Compact Flash: Why use Compact Flash Cards? They are readily available, inexpensive, low power, noiseless, shock proof, removable, and last almost forever - things that can't be said about mechanical Hard Drives. However, it is still possible to use some older IDE Hard Drives with the MicroDrive/Turbo Controller if desired. See "[[#Support: Using Mechanical Hard Drives|Support: Using Mechanical Hard Drives]]" below. Do you download software from the Internet and wonder how to get it to your Apple II or spend lots of time doing so? With the MicroDrive/Turbo it's now super easy! Just remove the Compact Flash Card from your MicroDrive/Turbo, insert it in to your PC and using [http://a2ciderpress.com/ CiderPress] (Windows only) you can read and write directly to the Compact Flash Card. Using your PC for transferring files and backing up has never been so quick and painless!

ProDOS 8 and 16: The MicroDrive/Turbo is ProDOS compatible. It's recognized as a 'standard' Mass Storage Device just like any Hard Disk Drive on your Apple II. Large Volume DOS 3.3 support is provided through the use of a program called DOS.MASTER (preloaded on CF Card).

Boot Options: By default, Volume 1 is set to boot. However when setting up a new CF Card the user sets which Volume they desire to boot. Or on an existing CF Card the Setup utility can modify the default boot Volume. However the MicroDrive/Turbo also offers a temporary option to boot to ANY volume. When powering on the Apple II the user will press and hold the Open Apple key. This will pause the MicroDrive/Turbo's splash screen. The user then presses the corresponding Volume's number key, and the MicroDrive/Turbo will boot to that Volume.

Apple IIGS and II/Plus/e Operation: The MicroDrive/Turbo comes standard with the Apple IIGS Firmware. You can however order one with IIe Firmware, or buy an upgrade ROM to convert a IIGS MicroDrive/Turbo for use in an II/Plus/e.

== Reviews ==
{{#ev:youtube|1JLJUPMVwDE|400|right|MicroDrive/Turbo (left) VS CFFA (right)|frame}}
On October 13th, 2018 Russell McGhee did a comparison of the MicroDrive/Turbo (left) VS CFFA (right). The IIGS on the right has a TWGS installed and is part of the delay when the system is first powered on. However you can see the IIGS boot screen simply enough and can compare between the two.

{{#ev:youtube|Wjy6_qnTnv0|400|right|Apple II Mass Storage Mega Roundup|frame}}
On August 13, 2016 Joe Strosnider from the YouTube channel "[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCyfwZvTPPJV4peBHupd6Ckw Joe's Computer Museum]" posted a review of several Mass Storage options for the Apple II, and the MicroDrive/Turbo was among them. He gives some very good feedback regarding the differences between the boards, and how the MicroDrive/turbo performs under real world conditions.

== Support: Backing Up - Setup Utility ==
'''The first thing you should do before using your MicroDrive/Turbo is to make a backup of the MicroDrive/Turbo Setup Utility.''' Without this Utility you will be unable to re-setup your CF Card should it crash or you accidentally format it. It is advised to copy the Setup Utility to a backup floppy and keep it in a safe place. To backup the Utility:

* Upon booting the MicroDrive/Turbo you will be taken to Volume 1 which holds the ProDOS 8 utilities.
* You will see menu item named "COPYIIPLUS9.1". Using the arrow keys highlight the item and press Enter.
* Press the letter "C" to select "COPY", and the letter "F" for "FILES".
* Use the arrow keys to select the Slot where you installed the MicroDrive/Turbo, and "Drive 1". Press Enter.
* Use the arrow keys to select the Slot and Drive where your backup floppy is located. Press Enter.
* You will see a folder named "MICRODRIVE". Using the arrow keys highlight the folder and press Enter.
* You will see a file called "MICRODRV.SETUP". Using the arrow keys highlight the file and press Enter.
* Press the letter "G" to start the copy process.

Note: This assumes your Floppy Disk is preformatted with ProDOS. If not then you can use Copy II Plus to also format the Disk.

== Support: IIGS Installation ==
When installing the MicroDrive/Turbo in your Apple IIGS a few things need to first be taken into consideration. For example, will you want to primary boot the MicroDrive/Turbo, your Floppy Drives, or other bootable devices installed in your system? For most installations users will want to boot primary to the MicroDrive/Turbo. In this case we recommend installing the MicroDrive/Turbo in Slot 7. And when you want to boot to the Floppy Drives hold
down the "ESC" key on boot. This allows the IIGS to "skip" booting the MicroDrive/Turbo and move on to checking the Floppy Drives or other bootable devices in lower numbered Slots.

For other configurations, the good news is that the Apple IIGS allows a lot of flexibility when it comes to booting. You will need to decide however what is the best to meet your needs. If not installing the MicroDrive/Turbo in Slot 7, then we usually recommend Slot 2. However by default the IIGS is set to use Slot 2 for a Modem. Since most users no longer use a Modem, Slot 2 is a good choice. However the default setting in the IIGS will need to be changed in order for the MicroDrive/Turbo to work.

To edit the settings or change the way your IIGS boots you will need to enter the Control Panel. There are a couple of ways to do this:
* Hold down the "Option" key on the keyboard and power on the IIGS. Select "1" for the Control Panel.
* Power on the IIGS and at anytime hold down the "Open Apple" and "Control" keys, then press the "ESC" key. Press "Enter" to select Control Panel.
Once in the Control Panel use the "Arrow" keys to select the "Slots" menu and press "Enter".

Most IIGS systems will be set to the default configuration, denoted by the "check mark" on the left of the option. Use the "Up" or "Down" arrow keys to select an option, then "Left" or "Right" arrow keys to set the option. Be sure to press "Enter" when done to save any changes.

For example, there is nothing needed '''to use the MicroDrive/Turbo in Slot 7'''. It is already defaulted to "Your Card". There is also no need to change the "Startup" option if it is set to "Slot 7" or "Scan".

If however you want '''to use the MicroDrive/Turbo in Slot 2''' you will need to change the Slot setting to "Your Card". And if you would like the IIgs to boot the MicroDrive/Turbo in Slot 2 then you will also need to change the "Startup" option to "Slot 2". Be sure to press "Enter" when done to save any changes.

The "Startup" option in the Control Panel allows you to control how the IIGS checks for bootable devices when powered on. "Scan" will tell the IIGS to look from Slot 7 to Slot 1. Selecting "Slot [X]" will tell the IIGS to ONLY boot that Slot. If no bootable devices are found then the IIGS will report "Check startup device!" You can however tell the IIGS to boot from another Slot by breaking into BASIC (hold down the "Control" key and press the "Reset" key), then type "PR#X" and press the "Enter" key. "X" is the Slot number.

Note: The MicroDrive/Turbo allows the IIGS to "skip" trying to boot it by holding down the "ESC" key on boot.

== Support: //e Installation ==
When installing the MicroDrive/Turbo in your Apple //e a few things need to first be taken into consideration. For example, will you want to primary boot the MicroDrive/Turbo, your Floppy Drives, or other bootable devices installed in your system? For most installations users will want to boot primary to the MicroDrive/Turbo. In this case we recommend installing the MicroDrive/Turbo in Slot 7. And when you want to boot to the Floppy Drives hold down the "ESC" key on boot. This allows the //e to "skip" booting the MicroDrive/Turbo and move on to checking the Floppy Drives or other bootable devices in lower numbered Slots.

If however you install the MicroDrive/Turbo in another Slot then it may not boot and depends on what other bootable devices are installed in your //e. You can however tell the //e to boot to another Slot by breaking into BASIC if needed (hold the "Control" key and press the "Reset" key), then type "PR#X" and press the "Enter" key. "X" is the Slot number.

Note: The MicroDrive/Turbo allows the IIGS to "skip" trying to boot it by holding the "ESC" key on boot.

== Support: Trouble Shooting ==
Here are some tips on where to start if you experience any issues with your MicroDrive/Turbo (MDT) or any cards in your Apple II system.

First and foremost - ALWAYS always worth mentioning be sure to observe correct ESD protection when handling or touching electronics or you will damage and weaken ICs. It would be great if a damaged IC failed instantly. However that's rarely the case. ESD damage usually eats away at the gates inside an IC, can cause timing issues, and the IC to run hotter than designed for. This causes the IC to operate unreliably. And the worse kind of issue to diagnose is an inconsistent one. So please always use a grounded wrist strap and even a static mat when working on your IIgs. ReActivceMicro sees quite a few systems with weak or damaged bus transceivers (LS/HCT245) and can usually repair the motherboards, and ESD damage is the primary suspect for the ICs needing to be replaced. ALWAYS observe correct ESD protection when handling or touching electronics. However before suspecting the Apple II, let's retest the MDT in-system.

Start with cleaning the MDT's edge connector (slot connector end with the gold fingers). A pencil eraser is a good device for cleaning. You could also use some 95+ alcohol and a paper towel. When clean all the fingers should be about the same color and brightness. Any which appear to be dull or darker than the rest need to be recleaned as they could have some residue on them from manufacturing. This could cause connection issues with the slot.

Next, check your outlet power. Check to make sure the outlet is wired correctly. ReActiveMicro receives about 5 support emails a year from users with MDT issues who all swear their power is fine and there's no power or wiring issues. After much debate and discussion Support usually sends an outlet tester to which they finally check the outlet and discover there's a wiring fault and the cause of most or all of their past issues. The older original PSUs don't seem to mind a wiring issue, however the new ones ReActiveMicro sells will produce all kinds of issues if an outlet is incorrectly wired. So we ask that users check their outlets with a multimeter or outlet tester (eBay for under $10 delivered) to make sure issues are not power related. As another good way to check is to run a power cord from your bathroom or kitchen GFCI outlet and retest your II for a while, as these outlets have be to wired correctly in order to turn on. This is a simple way to help rule out a power issue and highly recommended in all testing situations where power is suspect.

Next we ask that you run the Read Write test software for the MDT. It's under the Utils folder, in the Microdrive folder, called TURBO.RW.TEST. It's a system file so you can use the ProDOS selector to run it. Let the test run for an hour or two. This should confirm the MDT is running well. If the test randomly fails or stops during this time then this might suggest an issue with Apple II. You can also try performing the 'twist test' and 'wiggle test' with the MDT during this time and see if the board fails. Tap and wiggle the IDE to CF Adapter and CF Card. See if the test stops and reports an error. If so then reseat the Adapter and CF Card several times to clean the connectors. The MDT should work well however, and you should be able to bend/stress the card slightly and press on the ICs while the test is running without any issues (assuming your slot is good). Too much pressure or shaking can cause the card to lose contact with the slot. So don't be too aggressive, but you'd be surprised at the amount of pressure and bumps you can apply without issues. Which is perfect to make sure it's no a connection issue. And 'twisting' the card helps confirm there isn't a cold solder joint. Again, don't be too aggressive, but you should be able to a decent amount of force to stress the board ends in both clockwise and counter clockwise directions. If the board fails during this test then it might suggest a cold solder joint.

Lastly, clean the card with some degreasor and an old toothbrush. Be sure to pull the firmware ROM and remove the CF to IDE Adapter before cleaning. Only clean the MDT board without the ROM installed. A good solvent like Brakleen is best. This also dries residue free. Rinse well with cleaner too. Use plenty of cleaner and mainly brush the small square IC in the middle of the board in all directions for at least 1 minute. Work the toothbrush in to the small pins with a combing action. The more brushing the better, and the more solvent used the better. Also clean inside the firmware ROM socket well. Brush around the surface mount pins where they connect to the PCB as best you can. You can also use 95+ alcohol and a toothbrush. However you'll need to rinse the card in water to fully clean it. Distilled water is best. Tap water is usually fine too. Be sure to tap the card's edges well on a hard surface to get the water out from under the ICs, and then use a hair dryer to fully dry the card for 5-10 mins. You can also leave the board out overnight to air dry, however this usually isn't needed. Canned or compressed air also works well do help get water out from under the ICs and dry the board.

If the MDT passes the twist and bump tests but fails randomly then it could be related to the IIgs. ReActiveMicro will usually send another MDT so users can retest locally to help confirm it's the II or the MDT. If the new MDT board also fails then it's your IIgs system which is the issue. Which at that point you may want to consider sending us your motherboard for additional confirmation testing and we can replace the bus transceivers if needed then send back to you for additional local testing. This kind of repair is about $100 however, and really should be a last resort effort. So let's see what the first few tests show us before pointing fingers at the IIgs motherboard.

When using the MicroDrive/Turbo with other expansion cards that utilize DMA, it may be helpful to try running the MicroDrive/Turbo with DMA disabled if your system is behaving erratically. For example, as of late 2020, several users report erratic freezes of the VidHD when it and MicroDrive/Turbo are both utilizing DMA. Hopefully, a future revision of the VidHD firmware will repair any incompatibility.

== Support: Backing Up - CF Card ==
One important feature of the MicroDrive/Turbo the ability to remove the CF Card and use CiderPress to back up the Volumes on it. To do this you will need to have installed CiderPress on your PC or Mac running a Windows emulator, and a CF Card Reader.

See [[MicroDrive/Turbo#Support:_CiderPress|"Support: CiderPress"]] below for the download link and continued instructions on how to use it to backup the CF Card.

For 32Meg volume images or whole CF Card images visit the [https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/32_Meg_Hard_Drive_Image 32 Meg Hard Drive Image page] and the [[#Documentation.2C_Files.2C_and_Software|download links]] below.

== Support: Using the Setup Utility ==
Installation: The MicroDrive/Turbo comes pre-setup. Just install in any Slot. We however recommend Slot 7 if possible since you will most likely want to boot from the MicroDrive/Turbo much more often than your Floppies. And when you want to boot to a Floppy:
* On boot, press and hold the ESC key. This will bypass the MicroDrive/Turbo on boot.

Note: IIGS users may need to make a change to Slot settings in the Control Panel. To access the Control Panel first boot the IIGS. Then press and hold down the Open Apple key, Control key, and then press the ESC key.

===Setup Utility===
Be sure to backup the MicroDrive/Turbo Setup utility to floppy! This disk will be for backup purposes or if you need to setup a new CF Card.
* Upon booting the MicroDrive/Turbo you will be taken to Volume 1 which holds the ProDOS 8 utilities.
* You will see a folder named "SHRINK.IT". Using the arrow keys to highlight the folder and press Enter.
* You will now see a file called "SHRINK.IT.V3.4". Press Enter to execute it.
* Press the letter "O" to open an archive. The "MICRODRV.IIE.S1" is for a 5.25” disk, and "MICRODRV.TURBO" is for a 3.5” disk. Select one and press Enter twice.
* Next select the Drive on which to write.
* When done be sure to boot the disk and run the Setup utility to make sure it restored correctly.
* Repeat the above process if needed.
* Done!

Note: If you require a Setup utility disk be mailed to you, there will be a charge. Please email [http://store.reactivemicro.com/contact-us/ ReActiveMicro Support] for details and pricing.

===Check The DMA Setting===
It is advised to check the DMA setting in the Setup utility to make sure it is set correctly. Usually there isn't any issue, however you can experience data corruption or loss if the setting is not correct.
* Upon booting the MicroDrive/Turbo you will be taken to Volume 1 which holds the ProDOS 8 utilities.
* You will see a folder named "MICRODRIVE". Using the arrow keys highlight the folder and press Enter.
* You will now see a file called "MICRODRV.SETUP". Press Enter to execute it.
* Press the letter "D" to select "DMA Mode". If it's set currently to your Apple II, then you are finished. If not, then continue to the next step.
* Press Enter to change the setting. For //e users select "Enable".
* Press the letter "W" to select "Write Configuration".
* Press Enter, then the letter "W" to save the new configuration.
* Done!

Note: Set DMA Mode To "Disable" to see how much slower your system would be using a non-DMA Mass Storage Device.

===The Pre-setup and Pre-loaded CF Card===
The MicroDrive/Turbo comes with a pre-setup CF Card which has 4 ProDOS Volumes on it. The CF Card comes pre-loaded the same for the IIGS or //e.
* Volume 1 has ProDOS 8 Utilities loaded on it and is bootable into ProDOS 8.
* Volume 2 has GS/OS v6.0.1 loaded on it and is bootable. You will need at least 1Meg of RAM in order to RUN GS/OS or you will be forced to exit.
* Volume 3 had DOS.MASTER loaded on it and is bootable into ProDOS 8 which loads BASIC. You will see a folder called DOS.MASTER.
* Volume 4 is formatted in ProDOS and is not bootable.

You can setup more volumes on the CF Card if you wish, however you will quickly run out of "Slots" under ProDOS 8. ProDOS maps each Volume to a Slot and Drive, the same as what is done with the Floppy Drives. So the current 4 Volumes take up 2 Slots, which have 2 Drives each. If you don't have many peripheral cards in your Apple II then adding more Volumes may not pose an issue. However users which have other devices in Slots which get a Volume mapped to them may not be able to use the card or the Volume. You have been warned.

====Boot To Other Volumes====
The MicroDrive/Turbo comes set to boot to Volume 1 by default. You can however temporary boot to other Volumes on the CF Card.
* Hold down the "Open Apple" key when powering on the Apple II. This will pause the MicroDrive/Turbo's splash screen.
* Lastly press the corresponding Volume's number key, and the MicroDrive/Turbo will boot to that Volume.

You can also use the Setup utility to make booting to another Volume the current setting.
* Upon booting the MicroDrive/Turbo you will be taken to Volume 1 which holds the ProDOS 8 utilities in a folder named "UTIL".
* You will see folder named "MICRODRIVE". Using the arrow keys highlight the folder and press Enter.
* You will now see a file called "MICRODRV.SETUP". Press Enter to execute it.
* Press the letter "B" to select "Default Boot Volume".
* Press Enter to change the setting to the desired NEW boot Volume.
* Press the letter "W" to select "Write Configuration".
* Press Enter, then the letter "W" to save the new configuration.
* Done!

====Adding Volumes To CF Card====
To add more Volumes to your CF Card.
* Upon booting the MicroDrive/Turbo you will be taken to Volume 1 which holds the ProDOS 8 utilities.
* You will see a folder named "MICRODRIVE". Using the arrow keys to highlight the folder and press Enter.
* You will now see a file called "MICRODRV.SETUP". Press Enter to execute it.
* Press the letter "E" to select "Partition Editor". You will immediately be taken to the "Partition Table" area on the right side of the screen.
* Press the letter "A" to add a new Volume. Note: Press the "?" key for available commands.
* Press and hold both "Apple" keys, then press the "Right Arrow" key. The "Blk Size" and "Dec/Hex" column values will start to change.
* Keep pressing the "Right Arrow" key till the "Blk Size" reads "$010000". Release the "Apple" keys.
* Press the "Left Arrow" key once. The "Blk Size" should now read "$00FFFF".
**Note: ProDOS can only use UP TO 32Megs of space. "$00FFFF" is 32Meg in Blocks. You can create volumes larger then 32Megs however you will may not be able to use them.
**'''Press the letter "D" to delete any volumes or to start over.'''
**Press the letter "Q" twice if you DO NOT want to save your changes and exit.
**Repeat the above steps if you want to add more Volumes.
* Press Enter, then the letter "W" which selects "Write Configuration" to save the new configuration.
* Done!

Note: Don't forget you will need to format any new Volumes before they can be used to store anything.

===Deleting Volumes From CF Card===
To add more Volumes to your CF Card.
* Upon booting the MicroDrive/Turbo you will be taken to Volume 1 which holds the ProDOS 8 utilities.
* You will see a folder named "MICRODRIVE". Using the arrow keys highlight the folder and press Enter.
* You will now see a file called "MICRODRV.SETUP". Press Enter to execute it.
* Press the letter "E" to select "Partition Editor". You will immediately be taken to the "Partition Table" area on the right side of the screen.
* Use the "Arrow" keys to select the Volume you want to delete.
* Press the letter "D" to delete the Volume.
**Press the letter "Q" twice if you DO NOT want to save your changes and exit.
**Repeat the above steps if you want to add more Volumes.
* Press the letter "W" to select "Write Configuration".
* Press Enter, then the letter "W" to save the new configuration.
* Done!

===Setting Up a New CF Card===
To use a new CF Card (or one that has been accidentally formatted on your PC) you must first partition it. However if you do not have an existing bootable CF Card or a backup of the MicroDrive/Turbo Setup Utility on Floppy Disk then you will need to contact Support (see above) in order to obtain a new CF Card which is preloaded, or a Diskette with the Setup Utility.

If you have the Setup Utility then see [[#Adding Volumes To CF Card]] above.

== Support: Need to Add/Complete ==
Format issues with C2+

Using a Second CF Card Slot:

Copy files.

== Support: CiderPress - Backing Up and Restoring ==
Please visit https://ciderpress2.com to download and install CiderPress for Windows. CiderPress can be run on a Mac using emulation (e.g., Parallels Desktop of VMWare Fusion) or using a WINE-based emulation (e.g., http://retrocomputingaustralia.com/rca-downloads/ -- thanks to Michael Mulhern for his efforts and hosting). However, WINE-based emulators are unable to access CF Card Readers so can't be used for this utility. 
Note: There is a Mac based project being developed to allow the access of the MDT CF Card. You can find the project here: https://github.com/disappearinjon/microdrive

Your PC will also require a CF Card Reader so you can access the CF Card.

Backing Up A CF Card: To backup a Volume on a CF Card:
*Insert the CF Card into your Reader. Allow a few seconds for it to be recognized by your OS. '''DO NOT format the Card if prompted!'''
*Open CiderPress.
*Click on the "Tools" menu and select "Volume Copier (open volume).
*Select “Physical Disk X”. X is the disk number. Click the "OK" button to continue.
Note: Users with a Computer that has more than one Hard Drive or CF Reader will have to determine exactly which Drive the CF Card Reader to be used is. In most cases it will be “1”. The size of the CF Card should also be displayed in the "Remarks" column.
*All Volumes will now be listed. Select the volume you wish to backup and click the "Copy to file" button.
*You will now be asked where to save the backup file. Select a location and a name then press the "Save" button.
*CiderPress will now start to read the Volume and save it to your PC. When it is done the popup progress window will close.
**Optional: You can now select other Volumes to backup if desired.
*Done!

Note: You could also use a utility to backup the whole CF Card like [http://hddguru.com/software/HDD-Raw-Copy-Tool/ HDD Raw Copy]. CiderPress however has the advantage of being able to open and utilize the backup Images it creates. So in the future you could copy files from the Images or access data if needed. You would not need to fully restore the Image as with other backup programs. Some Emulators can also access and use the Image files too. Raw Disk Copiers like HDD Raw Copy can however be useful if you would like to quickly duplicate a CF Card as it will copy the Partition information unlike CiderPress. So you do not need to run the MicroDrive/Turbo Setup Utility before restoring the HDD Raw Copy Image. This could be a useful backup method should the Setup Utility backup disk you made (see [[#Support: Backing Up - Setup Utility|"Support: Backing Up - Setup Utility"]] above) ever becomes damaged, lost, or unusable.

Restoring A Backup Image To A CF Card: To restore a Volume:
*Insert the CF Card into your Reader. Allow a few seconds for it be recognized by your OS. '''DO NOT format the Card if prompted!'''
*Open CiderPress.
*Click on the "Tools" menu and select "Volume Copier (open volume).
*Select “Physical Disk X”. X is the disk number.
Note: Users with a Computer that has more than one Hard Drive or CF Reader will have to determine exactly which Drive the CF Card Reader to be used is. In most cases it will be “1”. The size of the CF Card should also be displayed in the "Remarks" column.
*Uncheck the "Open as read-only" option above the "OK" button.
WARNING: Data on your Volumes can now be over-written. Be careful, and make sure to select the correct Volume!
*Click the "OK" button to continue.
*All Volumes will now be listed. Select the volume you wish to restore an image to and click the "Load from file" button.
*Select the image file and click the "Open" button.
*CiderPress will prompt you to make sure you want to overwrite a Volume if there is data there, and you need to confirm "OK" to continue. If it is blank it will start loading the image.
**You can load multiple images if you wish.
*Done!

== Support: CiderPress - Copying Files ==
Copy A File TO The CF Card:
*Insert the CF Card into your Reader. Allow a few seconds for it be recognized by your OS. '''DO NOT format the Card if prompted!'''
*Open CiderPress.
*Click on the "File" menu and select "Open Volume...".
*Select “Physical Disk X”. X is the disk number. Click the "OK" button to continue.
Note: Users with a Computer that has more than one Hard Drive or CF Reader will have to determine exactly which Drive the CF Card Reader to be used is. In most cases it will be “1”. The size of the CF Card should also be displayed in the "Remarks" column.
*Uncheck "Open as read only" and click the "OK" button.
*All Volumes and folders will now be listed. Locate the volume, and folder if desired, in which you wish to place the copied file.
**Roots of Volumes can be identified by the double name such as "MDVOL1::MDVOL1" for example.
**Folder and files can be identified by the name AFTER the ":" and the info listed in the "TYPE" column.
*Right click on the location, then select "Add Files...".
*Browse to the file's location, select any desired options, then click the "OK" button.
*You will now see the file located on the CF Card.
*Repeat as desired to add more files.
*Done!

Copy A File FROM The CF Card:

*Insert the CF Card in to your Reader. Allow a few seconds for it be recognized by your OS. '''DO NOT format the Card if prompted!'''
*Open CiderPress.
*Click on the "File" menu and select "Open Volume...".
*Select “Physical Disk X”. X is the disk number. Click the "OK" button to continue.
Note: Users with a Computer that has more than one Hard Drive or CF Reader will have to determine exactly which Drive the CF Card Reader to be used is. In most cases it will be “1”. The size of the CF Card should also be displayed in the "Remarks" column.
*All Volumes and folders will now be listed. Locate the volume, and folder if needed, in which the file wish to copy is located.
**Roots of Volumes can be identified by the double name such as "MDVOL1::MDVOL1" for example.
**Folder and files can be identified by the name AFTER the ":" and the info listed in the "TYPE" column.
*Right click on the location, then select "Extract...".
*Browse to the location you wish to copy the file to, select any desired options, then click the "OK" button.
*You will now see the file located where you selected.
*Repeat as desired to copy more files.
*Done!

== Support: Command line tool on Mac OS to manipulate a MicroDrive/Turbo disk or image ==

For a long time now Mac OS users have struggled in dealing with ProDOS formatted CF Card. CiderPress is a native Windows program and requires a full emulator like Parallels Desktop or VMWare Fusion.

Jon Lasser contacted Henry and started to discuss the issues with CiderPress on the MAC and how he might be able to create a simple but powerful program. It would allow access to the ProDOS formatted CF Card, as CiderPress does. However it will run natively on the MAC platform. We are more than glad to help Jon with his efforts in any way we can.

You can read more about Jon’s project here at his own blog:
https://twoideas.org/2020/01/02/the-joys-of-retrocomputing-also-announcing-a-microdrive-turbo-image-tool/

As of the time of this writing (end of 2020), Jon Lasser's tool is a solid option for backing up and restoring CF cards formatted with ProDOS and for copying images. Use of the Terminal is required and some familiarity with using Mac OS in this way is important. This is a great step forward.

== Support: Using Mechanical Hard Drives ==
It is possible to use old mechanical Hard Drives on the MicroDrive/Turbo however Compact Flash is a much better solution. As noted in "[[#Features|Features]]" above: "[Compact Flash is] readily available, inexpensive, low power, noiseless, shock proof, removable, and last almost forever - things that can't be said about mechanical Hard Drives."

Steps to install and use a mechanical Hard Drive:
*First, remove the IDE to CF Adapter. The unit should just slide off when pulled. Be careful to not bend any pins on the IDE male header.
*Next, install a 40-pin IDE Cable.
*Next, if needed set your IDE Hard Drive to the correct "Primary" or "Secondary" setting.
*Finally, install the Hard Drive onto the IDE Cable.

'''Note:''' If the Hard Drive is powered from a secondary Power Supply you need to adhere to the following in order for all to work correctly:
*The GS has to be turned on '''first'''. The Power Supply to the Hard Drive is then turned on '''second'''. Wrong order and the drive may not spin up.
*The two Power Supplies must have a common ground. Without this the MicroDrive/Turbo may not see the Hard Drive.
*Be warned that most newer MicroDrive/Turbo boards have +5v connected to pin Pin 20 of the IDE Connector. Be sure to use a cable which DOES NOT have a cable pin connected, or you cut the cable pin.

== Support: Using ADTPro, Uthernet, and MicroDrive/Turbo Together ==
An incompatibility exists in ADTPro versions 2.0.2 and earlier where ADTPro's Uthernet initialization interferes with the operation of the MicroDrive/Turbo running IIGS firmware. To be specific, if the MicroDrive/Turbo is in a slot number '''lower''' than the Uthernet or Uthernet II, ADTPro will not start . Even if you create and save an ADTPro Uthernet configuration to specify an Uthernet slot using a different computer, it still won't work. There are a number of solutions available:
# Use a version greater than 2.0.2 of ADTPro
# Move your MicroDrive/Turbo to a slot '''higher''' than your Uthernet or Uthernet II card (typical slots are 3 for Uthernet, and 7 for MicroDrive/Turbo)
# Use the //e version of firmware in your MicroDrive/Turbo.

== Support: Running The Preinstalled Games ==
With the CF Card that comes with the MicroDrive/Turbo you will find a "IIE GAMES" and a "GS GAMES" folder, which is part of the "[https://archive.org/details/TotalReplay Total Replay]" distribution. If you try to run the games you will receive an error message of "FILETYPE MISMATCH". First, run "BOOT.SYSTEM" which is a menu system for running the games correctly. Then select and run the game of your choice.

== Self Powered IDE to CF Adapters ==
The MicroDrive/Turbo sold by ReActiveMicro comes with a self powered IDE to CF Adapter with a pre-setup CF Card. They did not sell boards with mechanical HDDs. "Self powered" refers to the IDE to CF Adapter which uses power supplied on Pin 20 of the IDE connector and does not require an external power source. This means the Apple II can supply power to the CF Card and no other power source is needed.

Boards from 2006 to mid 2008 will have +5v connected to Pin 20 of the IDE Connector in the form of a small jumper wire on the rear of the board. Later boards have a small trace added to the face, left side of the board. Over the years some users insisted on trying to install the CF Adapter backwards which would cause a short and burn the added trace from the board. So all boards from late 2017 and on have a fuse added to the small trace for added protection. The pic below on the right with the fuse is a good example of what the added trace looks like and where it is located.

<gallery class="center" widths=300px heights=200px caption="IDE Pin 20 Power Mods">
File:MicroDrive-Turbo-Back-PowerMod1.jpg|Pre-2008 MicroDrive/Turbo With Flywire Power Mod and Self Powered CF Adapter
File:MicroDrive-Turbo-Face-PowerMod2.jpg|2018 MicroDrive/Turbo With "F1" Fuse and Self Powered CF Adapter
</gallery>

== Support: Installing Firmware ==
[[Image:MicroDrive-Turbo_-_Firmware_Install.jpg|thumb|ROM Location And Where To Pry To Remove]]
The MicroDrive Turbo usually comes pre-setup for IIe or IIGS use. This is determined by the Firmware ROM which is installed on the card. The ROM is the small square IC on the upper right of the card. It is the only IC in a socket.

You can use the IIe Firmware in an IIe and IIGS, however it is quite slow in a IIGS compared to the IIgs Firmware. You cannot use the IIGS Firmware in a IIe as it will cause the IIe to crash to Monitor.

The //e Firmware ROM is usually marked with a label that has "II" written on it. This isn't the best way to check which firmware in on the MicroDrive Turbo as the label could have been removed or fallen off. If your MicroDrive/Turbo works in an IIe then the IIe Firmware is installed.

To remove the Firmware ROM you will need a "PLCC Extraction Tool". These can be found on eBay for under $5 usually. You can also use a paperclip, small wire, an awl, small screw driver, or any strong thin implement. Do not pry too hard on the ROM Socket if possible. Reference the picture for the areas on which to pry up.

The new Firmware ROM should be installed in the same orientation with the chip markings facing up. '''Installing the ROM backwards WILL damage it!''' Reference the picture and you will notice one corner of the Socket and ROM are "cut". The other corners are square. There is usually a "DOT" or mark on the case of the IC to help denote which side is which. In the case of the MicroDrive/Turbo we want to make sure the "cut corner" and the "DOT" are facing to the LEFT. The chip markings should be facing up, legible, with the gold Edge Connector (aka - Slot Edge) on the bottom of the MicroDrive Turbo.

<gallery class="center" widths=150px heights=80>
File:Floppy_Icon_514sleeve.svg|MicroDrive-Turbo II, II''plus'', IIe Unenhanced (and IIGS but slow) Firmware|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/2/25/MicroDrive-Turbo-IIe-v1.60b-ROM.bin
File:Floppy_Icon_514sleeve.svg|MicroDrive Turbo IIGS ONLY Firmware|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/3/33/MicroDrive-Turbo_-_IIgs_v1.00_ROM_-_27512.bin
</gallery>

== Downloadable Files ==
<div class="new_window">
<gallery class="center" widths=150px heights=80 caption="RM MicroDrive-Turbo">
File:PDF_ICON.svg|2024 Manual |link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/4/4a/MicroDrive_Manual_2024.pdf
<gallery class="center" widths=150px heights=80 caption="MicroDrive-Turbo">

File:4am_Gaming_Image.svg|Total Replay 32meg|link=https://archive.org/details/TotalReplay

File:RM_Icon_File_Server.svg|Software|link=http://downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/MicroDrive-Turbo/Software/
File:RM_Icon_File_Server.svg|CF Images|link=http://downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/MicroDrive-Turbo/CF_Volume_Images/
File:RM_Icon_File_Server.svg|Assorted Files|link=http://downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/MicroDrive-Turbo/
</gallery>
</div>

[[Category:Hardware]]
[[Category:Apple]]
[[Category:ReActiveMicro Projects]]

MicroDrive/Turbo

2024-09-26T18:34:33Z

Khaibitgfx:

[[Image:Title_Micro_Drive_Turbo.svg|512px|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/8/82/Title_Micro_Drive_Turbo.svg]]

[[Image:RM_MicroDriveTurbo-Object.png|thumb|MicroDrive Turbo from ReActiveMicro|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/4/4d/RM_MicroDriveTurbo-Object.png]]

The MicroDrive Turbo is an IDE Mass Storage Device that is Apple IIGS and Apple II, II Plus, or //e compatible. It emulates a Hard Disk Drive by utilizing Solid-State Compact Flash (CF) Cards.

MicroDrive Turbo (aka - MDT) is currently sold by [[ReActiveMicro]]. They sell it with a preloaded 256 MB Compact Flash Card to enable new users to start using the MicroDrive/Turbo right out of the box. Software included is GS/OS v6.0.1, IIGS Memory Testers, ShrinkIt (8 and 16 bit), Copy II+, MicroDrive Utilities, DiskMaker8, DSK2File, DOS.MASTER and different AE Memory Testers for your //e. Everything needed to start transferring and unpacking software from the Internet, and start using your Apple II Personal Computer once again.

Product Status: Actively sold by [http://store.reactivemicro.com/product/microdriveturbo-storage-controller/ ReActiveMicro].

Support: Post on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME}}|Discussion]] page (link above) or email [http://store.reactivemicro.com/contact-us/ ReActiveMicro Support].

Sales: Visit the [http://store.reactivemicro.com/shop/ ReActiveMicro Store].

== History ==
The MicroDrive Turbo was designed by Joachim Lange of ///SHH Systeme and released in 1996. This was the first Apple II IDE Controller that used DMA.

In 2004 Gerber Street Enterprises started reselling select items from ///SHH Systeme, however the offering was only a couple of items and stock was very limited.

Mid-2006 ReActiveMicro took over reselling all ///SHH Systeme items in an effort to provide better service and a larger product variety to the Apple II Community.

==Versions==
Pre-2006 versions of the card were all hand assembled by Joachim Lange of ///SHH Systeme. After ReActiveMicro took over sales in 2006 the units were hand assembled by Henry from ReActiveMicro till mid 2015. ReActiveMicro then started their structured move to a more automated vendor and set their sights to have projects assembled on a larger scale. The MicroDrive Turbo was the first such project to be fully assembled. However due to a learning curve and testing different vendors Henry continued to hand assemble some MicroDrive Turbo units until 2016. During that year all projects moved to being fully assembled as well as offering kit versions of most projects.

From March 19th 2018 until the 25th ReActiveMicro had a sale in which they jokingly played on the fact that Henry "defaced" several cards by signing them. Thus the cards would be sold at a discount due to his signature being of negative value and actually subtracting from the total worth of the card. This was in fact a joke made from the recent CFFA3000 sales where Rich Dreher sold "limited edition" cards where he signed them and charged $200USD more. It's noteworthy that Henry was not actually thrilled with signing cards and "felt like a total ass" the entire time doing so. He's not into celebrity or thinking his signature or efforts are anything special. He's more happy being able to supply demand and knowing that products he makes are being used in the retro spirit. "Limited editions" or signed products will not be a staple in the ReActiveMicro.com future, and will always be made in a self deprecating fashion.

<gallery class="center" widths=400px heights=200px caption="Example of signed MicroDrive Turbo.">
File:MDT_Signed1.jpg|MicroDrive Turbo. March 19th-25th 2018 Sale {51 units signed total}.
</gallery>

== Features ==

[[Image:MicroDrive_DMA.svg|200px|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/4/43/MicroDrive_DMA.svg]]

DMA: Looking for the fastest storage solution available for your Apple II? The MicroDrive Turbo is faster that any other Mass Storage controller since it uses DMA for reads and writes. As the name implies, it performs Direct Memory Access which bypasses the CPU and allows for a whopping 40% faster read and write speeds when compared to conventional controllers. For example, with an accelerator installed in your IIGS you can boot GS/OS in as fast as 7 seconds! The DMA option can be disabled using the Setup utility.

[[Image:40_Pin_Connector.svg|200px|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/b/ba/40_Pin_Connector.svg]]

40 Pin IDE Interface: The 40 Pin IDE interface on the MicroDrive/Turbo IDE is a standard 16 bit IDE port. It is capable of addressing "Primary" and "Secondary" IDs on the IDE chain.

IDE to Dual CF Adapter: The MicroDrive/Turbo comes standard with a 40 Pin IDE to Dual CF Adapter. Users can control which of the two CF Slots is "Primary" and "Secondary" using a Jumper on the Adapter. The Adapter however can be removed if so desired and a standard IDE Cable and devices attached.

Note: Dual mode unavailable when using the IIe Firmware; Only available when using the IIGS Firmware.

[[Image:CF_Card.svg|200px|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/9/9e/CF_Card.svg]]

Compact Flash: Why use Compact Flash Cards? They are readily available, inexpensive, low power, noiseless, shock proof, removable, and last almost forever - things that can't be said about mechanical Hard Drives. However, it is still possible to use some older IDE Hard Drives with the MicroDrive/Turbo Controller if desired. See "[[#Support: Using Mechanical Hard Drives|Support: Using Mechanical Hard Drives]]" below. Do you download software from the Internet and wonder how to get it to your Apple II or spend lots of time doing so? With the MicroDrive/Turbo it's now super easy! Just remove the Compact Flash Card from your MicroDrive/Turbo, insert it in to your PC and using [http://a2ciderpress.com/ CiderPress] (Windows only) you can read and write directly to the Compact Flash Card. Using your PC for transferring files and backing up has never been so quick and painless!

ProDOS 8 and 16: The MicroDrive/Turbo is ProDOS compatible. It's recognized as a 'standard' Mass Storage Device just like any Hard Disk Drive on your Apple II. Large Volume DOS 3.3 support is provided through the use of a program called DOS.MASTER (preloaded on CF Card).

Boot Options: By default, Volume 1 is set to boot. However when setting up a new CF Card the user sets which Volume they desire to boot. Or on an existing CF Card the Setup utility can modify the default boot Volume. However the MicroDrive/Turbo also offers a temporary option to boot to ANY volume. When powering on the Apple II the user will press and hold the Open Apple key. This will pause the MicroDrive/Turbo's splash screen. The user then presses the corresponding Volume's number key, and the MicroDrive/Turbo will boot to that Volume.

Apple IIGS and II/Plus/e Operation: The MicroDrive/Turbo comes standard with the Apple IIGS Firmware. You can however order one with IIe Firmware, or buy an upgrade ROM to convert a IIGS MicroDrive/Turbo for use in an II/Plus/e.

== Reviews ==
{{#ev:youtube|1JLJUPMVwDE|400|right|MicroDrive/Turbo (left) VS CFFA (right)|frame}}
On October 13th, 2018 Russell McGhee did a comparison of the MicroDrive/Turbo (left) VS CFFA (right). The IIGS on the right has a TWGS installed and is part of the delay when the system is first powered on. However you can see the IIGS boot screen simply enough and can compare between the two.

{{#ev:youtube|Wjy6_qnTnv0|400|right|Apple II Mass Storage Mega Roundup|frame}}
On August 13, 2016 Joe Strosnider from the YouTube channel "[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCyfwZvTPPJV4peBHupd6Ckw Joe's Computer Museum]" posted a review of several Mass Storage options for the Apple II, and the MicroDrive/Turbo was among them. He gives some very good feedback regarding the differences between the boards, and how the MicroDrive/turbo performs under real world conditions.

== Support: Backing Up - Setup Utility ==
'''The first thing you should do before using your MicroDrive/Turbo is to make a backup of the MicroDrive/Turbo Setup Utility.''' Without this Utility you will be unable to re-setup your CF Card should it crash or you accidentally format it. It is advised to copy the Setup Utility to a backup floppy and keep it in a safe place. To backup the Utility:

* Upon booting the MicroDrive/Turbo you will be taken to Volume 1 which holds the ProDOS 8 utilities.
* You will see menu item named "COPYIIPLUS9.1". Using the arrow keys highlight the item and press Enter.
* Press the letter "C" to select "COPY", and the letter "F" for "FILES".
* Use the arrow keys to select the Slot where you installed the MicroDrive/Turbo, and "Drive 1". Press Enter.
* Use the arrow keys to select the Slot and Drive where your backup floppy is located. Press Enter.
* You will see a folder named "MICRODRIVE". Using the arrow keys highlight the folder and press Enter.
* You will see a file called "MICRODRV.SETUP". Using the arrow keys highlight the file and press Enter.
* Press the letter "G" to start the copy process.

Note: This assumes your Floppy Disk is preformatted with ProDOS. If not then you can use Copy II Plus to also format the Disk.

== Support: IIGS Installation ==
When installing the MicroDrive/Turbo in your Apple IIGS a few things need to first be taken into consideration. For example, will you want to primary boot the MicroDrive/Turbo, your Floppy Drives, or other bootable devices installed in your system? For most installations users will want to boot primary to the MicroDrive/Turbo. In this case we recommend installing the MicroDrive/Turbo in Slot 7. And when you want to boot to the Floppy Drives hold
down the "ESC" key on boot. This allows the IIGS to "skip" booting the MicroDrive/Turbo and move on to checking the Floppy Drives or other bootable devices in lower numbered Slots.

For other configurations, the good news is that the Apple IIGS allows a lot of flexibility when it comes to booting. You will need to decide however what is the best to meet your needs. If not installing the MicroDrive/Turbo in Slot 7, then we usually recommend Slot 2. However by default the IIGS is set to use Slot 2 for a Modem. Since most users no longer use a Modem, Slot 2 is a good choice. However the default setting in the IIGS will need to be changed in order for the MicroDrive/Turbo to work.

To edit the settings or change the way your IIGS boots you will need to enter the Control Panel. There are a couple of ways to do this:
* Hold down the "Option" key on the keyboard and power on the IIGS. Select "1" for the Control Panel.
* Power on the IIGS and at anytime hold down the "Open Apple" and "Control" keys, then press the "ESC" key. Press "Enter" to select Control Panel.
Once in the Control Panel use the "Arrow" keys to select the "Slots" menu and press "Enter".

Most IIGS systems will be set to the default configuration, denoted by the "check mark" on the left of the option. Use the "Up" or "Down" arrow keys to select an option, then "Left" or "Right" arrow keys to set the option. Be sure to press "Enter" when done to save any changes.

For example, there is nothing needed '''to use the MicroDrive/Turbo in Slot 7'''. It is already defaulted to "Your Card". There is also no need to change the "Startup" option if it is set to "Slot 7" or "Scan".

If however you want '''to use the MicroDrive/Turbo in Slot 2''' you will need to change the Slot setting to "Your Card". And if you would like the IIgs to boot the MicroDrive/Turbo in Slot 2 then you will also need to change the "Startup" option to "Slot 2". Be sure to press "Enter" when done to save any changes.

The "Startup" option in the Control Panel allows you to control how the IIGS checks for bootable devices when powered on. "Scan" will tell the IIGS to look from Slot 7 to Slot 1. Selecting "Slot [X]" will tell the IIGS to ONLY boot that Slot. If no bootable devices are found then the IIGS will report "Check startup device!" You can however tell the IIGS to boot from another Slot by breaking into BASIC (hold down the "Control" key and press the "Reset" key), then type "PR#X" and press the "Enter" key. "X" is the Slot number.

Note: The MicroDrive/Turbo allows the IIGS to "skip" trying to boot it by holding down the "ESC" key on boot.

== Support: //e Installation ==
When installing the MicroDrive/Turbo in your Apple //e a few things need to first be taken into consideration. For example, will you want to primary boot the MicroDrive/Turbo, your Floppy Drives, or other bootable devices installed in your system? For most installations users will want to boot primary to the MicroDrive/Turbo. In this case we recommend installing the MicroDrive/Turbo in Slot 7. And when you want to boot to the Floppy Drives hold down the "ESC" key on boot. This allows the //e to "skip" booting the MicroDrive/Turbo and move on to checking the Floppy Drives or other bootable devices in lower numbered Slots.

If however you install the MicroDrive/Turbo in another Slot then it may not boot and depends on what other bootable devices are installed in your //e. You can however tell the //e to boot to another Slot by breaking into BASIC if needed (hold the "Control" key and press the "Reset" key), then type "PR#X" and press the "Enter" key. "X" is the Slot number.

Note: The MicroDrive/Turbo allows the IIGS to "skip" trying to boot it by holding the "ESC" key on boot.

== Support: Trouble Shooting ==
Here are some tips on where to start if you experience any issues with your MicroDrive/Turbo (MDT) or any cards in your Apple II system.

First and foremost - ALWAYS always worth mentioning be sure to observe correct ESD protection when handling or touching electronics or you will damage and weaken ICs. It would be great if a damaged IC failed instantly. However that's rarely the case. ESD damage usually eats away at the gates inside an IC, can cause timing issues, and the IC to run hotter than designed for. This causes the IC to operate unreliably. And the worse kind of issue to diagnose is an inconsistent one. So please always use a grounded wrist strap and even a static mat when working on your IIgs. ReActivceMicro sees quite a few systems with weak or damaged bus transceivers (LS/HCT245) and can usually repair the motherboards, and ESD damage is the primary suspect for the ICs needing to be replaced. ALWAYS observe correct ESD protection when handling or touching electronics. However before suspecting the Apple II, let's retest the MDT in-system.

Start with cleaning the MDT's edge connector (slot connector end with the gold fingers). A pencil eraser is a good device for cleaning. You could also use some 95+ alcohol and a paper towel. When clean all the fingers should be about the same color and brightness. Any which appear to be dull or darker than the rest need to be recleaned as they could have some residue on them from manufacturing. This could cause connection issues with the slot.

Next, check your outlet power. Check to make sure the outlet is wired correctly. ReActiveMicro receives about 5 support emails a year from users with MDT issues who all swear their power is fine and there's no power or wiring issues. After much debate and discussion Support usually sends an outlet tester to which they finally check the outlet and discover there's a wiring fault and the cause of most or all of their past issues. The older original PSUs don't seem to mind a wiring issue, however the new ones ReActiveMicro sells will produce all kinds of issues if an outlet is incorrectly wired. So we ask that users check their outlets with a multimeter or outlet tester (eBay for under $10 delivered) to make sure issues are not power related. As another good way to check is to run a power cord from your bathroom or kitchen GFCI outlet and retest your II for a while, as these outlets have be to wired correctly in order to turn on. This is a simple way to help rule out a power issue and highly recommended in all testing situations where power is suspect.

Next we ask that you run the Read Write test software for the MDT. It's under the Utils folder, in the Microdrive folder, called TURBO.RW.TEST. It's a system file so you can use the ProDOS selector to run it. Let the test run for an hour or two. This should confirm the MDT is running well. If the test randomly fails or stops during this time then this might suggest an issue with Apple II. You can also try performing the 'twist test' and 'wiggle test' with the MDT during this time and see if the board fails. Tap and wiggle the IDE to CF Adapter and CF Card. See if the test stops and reports an error. If so then reseat the Adapter and CF Card several times to clean the connectors. The MDT should work well however, and you should be able to bend/stress the card slightly and press on the ICs while the test is running without any issues (assuming your slot is good). Too much pressure or shaking can cause the card to lose contact with the slot. So don't be too aggressive, but you'd be surprised at the amount of pressure and bumps you can apply without issues. Which is perfect to make sure it's no a connection issue. And 'twisting' the card helps confirm there isn't a cold solder joint. Again, don't be too aggressive, but you should be able to a decent amount of force to stress the board ends in both clockwise and counter clockwise directions. If the board fails during this test then it might suggest a cold solder joint.

Lastly, clean the card with some degreasor and an old toothbrush. Be sure to pull the firmware ROM and remove the CF to IDE Adapter before cleaning. Only clean the MDT board without the ROM installed. A good solvent like Brakleen is best. This also dries residue free. Rinse well with cleaner too. Use plenty of cleaner and mainly brush the small square IC in the middle of the board in all directions for at least 1 minute. Work the toothbrush in to the small pins with a combing action. The more brushing the better, and the more solvent used the better. Also clean inside the firmware ROM socket well. Brush around the surface mount pins where they connect to the PCB as best you can. You can also use 95+ alcohol and a toothbrush. However you'll need to rinse the card in water to fully clean it. Distilled water is best. Tap water is usually fine too. Be sure to tap the card's edges well on a hard surface to get the water out from under the ICs, and then use a hair dryer to fully dry the card for 5-10 mins. You can also leave the board out overnight to air dry, however this usually isn't needed. Canned or compressed air also works well do help get water out from under the ICs and dry the board.

If the MDT passes the twist and bump tests but fails randomly then it could be related to the IIgs. ReActiveMicro will usually send another MDT so users can retest locally to help confirm it's the II or the MDT. If the new MDT board also fails then it's your IIgs system which is the issue. Which at that point you may want to consider sending us your motherboard for additional confirmation testing and we can replace the bus transceivers if needed then send back to you for additional local testing. This kind of repair is about $100 however, and really should be a last resort effort. So let's see what the first few tests show us before pointing fingers at the IIgs motherboard.

When using the MicroDrive/Turbo with other expansion cards that utilize DMA, it may be helpful to try running the MicroDrive/Turbo with DMA disabled if your system is behaving erratically. For example, as of late 2020, several users report erratic freezes of the VidHD when it and MicroDrive/Turbo are both utilizing DMA. Hopefully, a future revision of the VidHD firmware will repair any incompatibility.

== Support: Backing Up - CF Card ==
One important feature of the MicroDrive/Turbo the ability to remove the CF Card and use CiderPress to back up the Volumes on it. To do this you will need to have installed CiderPress on your PC or Mac running a Windows emulator, and a CF Card Reader.

See [[MicroDrive/Turbo#Support:_CiderPress|"Support: CiderPress"]] below for the download link and continued instructions on how to use it to backup the CF Card.

For 32Meg volume images or whole CF Card images visit the [https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/32_Meg_Hard_Drive_Image 32 Meg Hard Drive Image page] and the [[#Documentation.2C_Files.2C_and_Software|download links]] below.

== Support: Using the Setup Utility ==
Installation: The MicroDrive/Turbo comes pre-setup. Just install in any Slot. We however recommend Slot 7 if possible since you will most likely want to boot from the MicroDrive/Turbo much more often than your Floppies. And when you want to boot to a Floppy:
* On boot, press and hold the ESC key. This will bypass the MicroDrive/Turbo on boot.

Note: IIGS users may need to make a change to Slot settings in the Control Panel. To access the Control Panel first boot the IIGS. Then press and hold down the Open Apple key, Control key, and then press the ESC key.

===Setup Utility===
Be sure to backup the MicroDrive/Turbo Setup utility to floppy! This disk will be for backup purposes or if you need to setup a new CF Card.
* Upon booting the MicroDrive/Turbo you will be taken to Volume 1 which holds the ProDOS 8 utilities.
* You will see a folder named "SHRINK.IT". Using the arrow keys to highlight the folder and press Enter.
* You will now see a file called "SHRINK.IT.V3.4". Press Enter to execute it.
* Press the letter "O" to open an archive. The "MICRODRV.IIE.S1" is for a 5.25” disk, and "MICRODRV.TURBO" is for a 3.5” disk. Select one and press Enter twice.
* Next select the Drive on which to write.
* When done be sure to boot the disk and run the Setup utility to make sure it restored correctly.
* Repeat the above process if needed.
* Done!

Note: If you require a Setup utility disk be mailed to you, there will be a charge. Please email [http://store.reactivemicro.com/contact-us/ ReActiveMicro Support] for details and pricing.

===Check The DMA Setting===
It is advised to check the DMA setting in the Setup utility to make sure it is set correctly. Usually there isn't any issue, however you can experience data corruption or loss if the setting is not correct.
* Upon booting the MicroDrive/Turbo you will be taken to Volume 1 which holds the ProDOS 8 utilities.
* You will see a folder named "MICRODRIVE". Using the arrow keys highlight the folder and press Enter.
* You will now see a file called "MICRODRV.SETUP". Press Enter to execute it.
* Press the letter "D" to select "DMA Mode". If it's set currently to your Apple II, then you are finished. If not, then continue to the next step.
* Press Enter to change the setting. For //e users select "Enable".
* Press the letter "W" to select "Write Configuration".
* Press Enter, then the letter "W" to save the new configuration.
* Done!

Note: Set DMA Mode To "Disable" to see how much slower your system would be using a non-DMA Mass Storage Device.

===The Pre-setup and Pre-loaded CF Card===
The MicroDrive/Turbo comes with a pre-setup CF Card which has 4 ProDOS Volumes on it. The CF Card comes pre-loaded the same for the IIGS or //e.
* Volume 1 has ProDOS 8 Utilities loaded on it and is bootable into ProDOS 8.
* Volume 2 has GS/OS v6.0.1 loaded on it and is bootable. You will need at least 1Meg of RAM in order to RUN GS/OS or you will be forced to exit.
* Volume 3 had DOS.MASTER loaded on it and is bootable into ProDOS 8 which loads BASIC. You will see a folder called DOS.MASTER.
* Volume 4 is formatted in ProDOS and is not bootable.

You can setup more volumes on the CF Card if you wish, however you will quickly run out of "Slots" under ProDOS 8. ProDOS maps each Volume to a Slot and Drive, the same as what is done with the Floppy Drives. So the current 4 Volumes take up 2 Slots, which have 2 Drives each. If you don't have many peripheral cards in your Apple II then adding more Volumes may not pose an issue. However users which have other devices in Slots which get a Volume mapped to them may not be able to use the card or the Volume. You have been warned.

====Boot To Other Volumes====
The MicroDrive/Turbo comes set to boot to Volume 1 by default. You can however temporary boot to other Volumes on the CF Card.
* Hold down the "Open Apple" key when powering on the Apple II. This will pause the MicroDrive/Turbo's splash screen.
* Lastly press the corresponding Volume's number key, and the MicroDrive/Turbo will boot to that Volume.

You can also use the Setup utility to make booting to another Volume the current setting.
* Upon booting the MicroDrive/Turbo you will be taken to Volume 1 which holds the ProDOS 8 utilities in a folder named "UTIL".
* You will see folder named "MICRODRIVE". Using the arrow keys highlight the folder and press Enter.
* You will now see a file called "MICRODRV.SETUP". Press Enter to execute it.
* Press the letter "B" to select "Default Boot Volume".
* Press Enter to change the setting to the desired NEW boot Volume.
* Press the letter "W" to select "Write Configuration".
* Press Enter, then the letter "W" to save the new configuration.
* Done!

====Adding Volumes To CF Card====
To add more Volumes to your CF Card.
* Upon booting the MicroDrive/Turbo you will be taken to Volume 1 which holds the ProDOS 8 utilities.
* You will see a folder named "MICRODRIVE". Using the arrow keys to highlight the folder and press Enter.
* You will now see a file called "MICRODRV.SETUP". Press Enter to execute it.
* Press the letter "E" to select "Partition Editor". You will immediately be taken to the "Partition Table" area on the right side of the screen.
* Press the letter "A" to add a new Volume. Note: Press the "?" key for available commands.
* Press and hold both "Apple" keys, then press the "Right Arrow" key. The "Blk Size" and "Dec/Hex" column values will start to change.
* Keep pressing the "Right Arrow" key till the "Blk Size" reads "$010000". Release the "Apple" keys.
* Press the "Left Arrow" key once. The "Blk Size" should now read "$00FFFF".
**Note: ProDOS can only use UP TO 32Megs of space. "$00FFFF" is 32Meg in Blocks. You can create volumes larger then 32Megs however you will may not be able to use them.
**'''Press the letter "D" to delete any volumes or to start over.'''
**Press the letter "Q" twice if you DO NOT want to save your changes and exit.
**Repeat the above steps if you want to add more Volumes.
* Press Enter, then the letter "W" which selects "Write Configuration" to save the new configuration.
* Done!

Note: Don't forget you will need to format any new Volumes before they can be used to store anything.

===Deleting Volumes From CF Card===
To add more Volumes to your CF Card.
* Upon booting the MicroDrive/Turbo you will be taken to Volume 1 which holds the ProDOS 8 utilities.
* You will see a folder named "MICRODRIVE". Using the arrow keys highlight the folder and press Enter.
* You will now see a file called "MICRODRV.SETUP". Press Enter to execute it.
* Press the letter "E" to select "Partition Editor". You will immediately be taken to the "Partition Table" area on the right side of the screen.
* Use the "Arrow" keys to select the Volume you want to delete.
* Press the letter "D" to delete the Volume.
**Press the letter "Q" twice if you DO NOT want to save your changes and exit.
**Repeat the above steps if you want to add more Volumes.
* Press the letter "W" to select "Write Configuration".
* Press Enter, then the letter "W" to save the new configuration.
* Done!

===Setting Up a New CF Card===
To use a new CF Card (or one that has been accidentally formatted on your PC) you must first partition it. However if you do not have an existing bootable CF Card or a backup of the MicroDrive/Turbo Setup Utility on Floppy Disk then you will need to contact Support (see above) in order to obtain a new CF Card which is preloaded, or a Diskette with the Setup Utility.

If you have the Setup Utility then see [[#Adding Volumes To CF Card]] above.

== Support: Need to Add/Complete ==
Format issues with C2+

Using a Second CF Card Slot:

Copy files.

== Support: CiderPress - Backing Up and Restoring ==
Please visit https://ciderpress2.com to download and install CiderPress for Windows. CiderPress can be run on a Mac using emulation (e.g., Parallels Desktop of VMWare Fusion) or using a WINE-based emulation (e.g., http://retrocomputingaustralia.com/rca-downloads/ -- thanks to Michael Mulhern for his efforts and hosting). However, WINE-based emulators are unable to access CF Card Readers so can't be used for this utility. 
Note: There is a Mac based project being developed to allow the access of the MDT CF Card. You can find the project here: https://github.com/disappearinjon/microdrive

Your PC will also require a CF Card Reader so you can access the CF Card.

Backing Up A CF Card: To backup a Volume on a CF Card:
*Insert the CF Card into your Reader. Allow a few seconds for it to be recognized by your OS. '''DO NOT format the Card if prompted!'''
*Open CiderPress.
*Click on the "Tools" menu and select "Volume Copier (open volume).
*Select “Physical Disk X”. X is the disk number. Click the "OK" button to continue.
Note: Users with a Computer that has more than one Hard Drive or CF Reader will have to determine exactly which Drive the CF Card Reader to be used is. In most cases it will be “1”. The size of the CF Card should also be displayed in the "Remarks" column.
*All Volumes will now be listed. Select the volume you wish to backup and click the "Copy to file" button.
*You will now be asked where to save the backup file. Select a location and a name then press the "Save" button.
*CiderPress will now start to read the Volume and save it to your PC. When it is done the popup progress window will close.
**Optional: You can now select other Volumes to backup if desired.
*Done!

Note: You could also use a utility to backup the whole CF Card like [http://hddguru.com/software/HDD-Raw-Copy-Tool/ HDD Raw Copy]. CiderPress however has the advantage of being able to open and utilize the backup Images it creates. So in the future you could copy files from the Images or access data if needed. You would not need to fully restore the Image as with other backup programs. Some Emulators can also access and use the Image files too. Raw Disk Copiers like HDD Raw Copy can however be useful if you would like to quickly duplicate a CF Card as it will copy the Partition information unlike CiderPress. So you do not need to run the MicroDrive/Turbo Setup Utility before restoring the HDD Raw Copy Image. This could be a useful backup method should the Setup Utility backup disk you made (see [[#Support: Backing Up - Setup Utility|"Support: Backing Up - Setup Utility"]] above) ever becomes damaged, lost, or unusable.

Restoring A Backup Image To A CF Card: To restore a Volume:
*Insert the CF Card into your Reader. Allow a few seconds for it be recognized by your OS. '''DO NOT format the Card if prompted!'''
*Open CiderPress.
*Click on the "Tools" menu and select "Volume Copier (open volume).
*Select “Physical Disk X”. X is the disk number.
Note: Users with a Computer that has more than one Hard Drive or CF Reader will have to determine exactly which Drive the CF Card Reader to be used is. In most cases it will be “1”. The size of the CF Card should also be displayed in the "Remarks" column.
*Uncheck the "Open as read-only" option above the "OK" button.
WARNING: Data on your Volumes can now be over-written. Be careful, and make sure to select the correct Volume!
*Click the "OK" button to continue.
*All Volumes will now be listed. Select the volume you wish to restore an image to and click the "Load from file" button.
*Select the image file and click the "Open" button.
*CiderPress will prompt you to make sure you want to overwrite a Volume if there is data there, and you need to confirm "OK" to continue. If it is blank it will start loading the image.
**You can load multiple images if you wish.
*Done!

== Support: CiderPress - Copying Files ==
Copy A File TO The CF Card:
*Insert the CF Card into your Reader. Allow a few seconds for it be recognized by your OS. '''DO NOT format the Card if prompted!'''
*Open CiderPress.
*Click on the "File" menu and select "Open Volume...".
*Select “Physical Disk X”. X is the disk number. Click the "OK" button to continue.
Note: Users with a Computer that has more than one Hard Drive or CF Reader will have to determine exactly which Drive the CF Card Reader to be used is. In most cases it will be “1”. The size of the CF Card should also be displayed in the "Remarks" column.
*Uncheck "Open as read only" and click the "OK" button.
*All Volumes and folders will now be listed. Locate the volume, and folder if desired, in which you wish to place the copied file.
**Roots of Volumes can be identified by the double name such as "MDVOL1::MDVOL1" for example.
**Folder and files can be identified by the name AFTER the ":" and the info listed in the "TYPE" column.
*Right click on the location, then select "Add Files...".
*Browse to the file's location, select any desired options, then click the "OK" button.
*You will now see the file located on the CF Card.
*Repeat as desired to add more files.
*Done!

Copy A File FROM The CF Card:

*Insert the CF Card in to your Reader. Allow a few seconds for it be recognized by your OS. '''DO NOT format the Card if prompted!'''
*Open CiderPress.
*Click on the "File" menu and select "Open Volume...".
*Select “Physical Disk X”. X is the disk number. Click the "OK" button to continue.
Note: Users with a Computer that has more than one Hard Drive or CF Reader will have to determine exactly which Drive the CF Card Reader to be used is. In most cases it will be “1”. The size of the CF Card should also be displayed in the "Remarks" column.
*All Volumes and folders will now be listed. Locate the volume, and folder if needed, in which the file wish to copy is located.
**Roots of Volumes can be identified by the double name such as "MDVOL1::MDVOL1" for example.
**Folder and files can be identified by the name AFTER the ":" and the info listed in the "TYPE" column.
*Right click on the location, then select "Extract...".
*Browse to the location you wish to copy the file to, select any desired options, then click the "OK" button.
*You will now see the file located where you selected.
*Repeat as desired to copy more files.
*Done!

== Support: Command line tool on Mac OS to manipulate a MicroDrive/Turbo disk or image ==

For a long time now Mac OS users have struggled in dealing with ProDOS formatted CF Card. CiderPress is a native Windows program and requires a full emulator like Parallels Desktop or VMWare Fusion.

Jon Lasser contacted Henry and started to discuss the issues with CiderPress on the MAC and how he might be able to create a simple but powerful program. It would allow access to the ProDOS formatted CF Card, as CiderPress does. However it will run natively on the MAC platform. We are more than glad to help Jon with his efforts in any way we can.

You can read more about Jon’s project here at his own blog:
https://twoideas.org/2020/01/02/the-joys-of-retrocomputing-also-announcing-a-microdrive-turbo-image-tool/

As of the time of this writing (end of 2020), Jon Lasser's tool is a solid option for backing up and restoring CF cards formatted with ProDOS and for copying images. Use of the Terminal is required and some familiarity with using Mac OS in this way is important. This is a great step forward.

== Support: Using Mechanical Hard Drives ==
It is possible to use old mechanical Hard Drives on the MicroDrive/Turbo however Compact Flash is a much better solution. As noted in "[[#Features|Features]]" above: "[Compact Flash is] readily available, inexpensive, low power, noiseless, shock proof, removable, and last almost forever - things that can't be said about mechanical Hard Drives."

Steps to install and use a mechanical Hard Drive:
*First, remove the IDE to CF Adapter. The unit should just slide off when pulled. Be careful to not bend any pins on the IDE male header.
*Next, install a 40-pin IDE Cable.
*Next, if needed set your IDE Hard Drive to the correct "Primary" or "Secondary" setting.
*Finally, install the Hard Drive onto the IDE Cable.

'''Note:''' If the Hard Drive is powered from a secondary Power Supply you need to adhere to the following in order for all to work correctly:
*The GS has to be turned on '''first'''. The Power Supply to the Hard Drive is then turned on '''second'''. Wrong order and the drive may not spin up.
*The two Power Supplies must have a common ground. Without this the MicroDrive/Turbo may not see the Hard Drive.
*Be warned that most newer MicroDrive/Turbo boards have +5v connected to pin Pin 20 of the IDE Connector. Be sure to use a cable which DOES NOT have a cable pin connected, or you cut the cable pin.

== Support: Using ADTPro, Uthernet, and MicroDrive/Turbo Together ==
An incompatibility exists in ADTPro versions 2.0.2 and earlier where ADTPro's Uthernet initialization interferes with the operation of the MicroDrive/Turbo running IIGS firmware. To be specific, if the MicroDrive/Turbo is in a slot number '''lower''' than the Uthernet or Uthernet II, ADTPro will not start . Even if you create and save an ADTPro Uthernet configuration to specify an Uthernet slot using a different computer, it still won't work. There are a number of solutions available:
# Use a version greater than 2.0.2 of ADTPro
# Move your MicroDrive/Turbo to a slot '''higher''' than your Uthernet or Uthernet II card (typical slots are 3 for Uthernet, and 7 for MicroDrive/Turbo)
# Use the //e version of firmware in your MicroDrive/Turbo.

== Support: Running The Preinstalled Games ==
With the CF Card that comes with the MicroDrive/Turbo you will find a "IIE GAMES" and a "GS GAMES" folder, which is part of the "[https://archive.org/details/TotalReplay Total Replay]" distribution. If you try to run the games you will receive an error message of "FILETYPE MISMATCH". First, run "BOOT.SYSTEM" which is a menu system for running the games correctly. Then select and run the game of your choice.

== Self Powered IDE to CF Adapters ==
The MicroDrive/Turbo sold by ReActiveMicro comes with a self powered IDE to CF Adapter with a pre-setup CF Card. They did not sell boards with mechanical HDDs. "Self powered" refers to the IDE to CF Adapter which uses power supplied on Pin 20 of the IDE connector and does not require an external power source. This means the Apple II can supply power to the CF Card and no other power source is needed.

Boards from 2006 to mid 2008 will have +5v connected to Pin 20 of the IDE Connector in the form of a small jumper wire on the rear of the board. Later boards have a small trace added to the face, left side of the board. Over the years some users insisted on trying to install the CF Adapter backwards which would cause a short and burn the added trace from the board. So all boards from late 2017 and on have a fuse added to the small trace for added protection. The pic below on the right with the fuse is a good example of what the added trace looks like and where it is located.

<gallery class="center" widths=300px heights=200px caption="IDE Pin 20 Power Mods">
File:MicroDrive-Turbo-Back-PowerMod1.jpg|Pre-2008 MicroDrive/Turbo With Flywire Power Mod and Self Powered CF Adapter
File:MicroDrive-Turbo-Face-PowerMod2.jpg|2018 MicroDrive/Turbo With "F1" Fuse and Self Powered CF Adapter
</gallery>

== Support: Installing Firmware ==
[[Image:MicroDrive-Turbo_-_Firmware_Install.jpg|thumb|ROM Location And Where To Pry To Remove]]
The MicroDrive Turbo usually comes pre-setup for IIe or IIGS use. This is determined by the Firmware ROM which is installed on the card. The ROM is the small square IC on the upper right of the card. It is the only IC in a socket.

You can use the IIe Firmware in an IIe and IIGS, however it is quite slow in a IIGS compared to the IIgs Firmware. You cannot use the IIGS Firmware in a IIe as it will cause the IIe to crash to Monitor.

The //e Firmware ROM is usually marked with a label that has "II" written on it. This isn't the best way to check which firmware in on the MicroDrive Turbo as the label could have been removed or fallen off. If your MicroDrive/Turbo works in an IIe then the IIe Firmware is installed.

To remove the Firmware ROM you will need a "PLCC Extraction Tool". These can be found on eBay for under $5 usually. You can also use a paperclip, small wire, an awl, small screw driver, or any strong thin implement. Do not pry too hard on the ROM Socket if possible. Reference the picture for the areas on which to pry up.

The new Firmware ROM should be installed in the same orientation with the chip markings facing up. '''Installing the ROM backwards WILL damage it!''' Reference the picture and you will notice one corner of the Socket and ROM are "cut". The other corners are square. There is usually a "DOT" or mark on the case of the IC to help denote which side is which. In the case of the MicroDrive/Turbo we want to make sure the "cut corner" and the "DOT" are facing to the LEFT. The chip markings should be facing up, legible, with the gold Edge Connector (aka - Slot Edge) on the bottom of the MicroDrive Turbo.

<gallery class="center" widths=150px heights=80>
File:Floppy_Icon_514sleeve.svg|MicroDrive-Turbo II, II''plus'', IIe Unenhanced (and IIGS but slow) Firmware|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/2/25/MicroDrive-Turbo-IIe-v1.60b-ROM.bin
File:Floppy_Icon_514sleeve.svg|MicroDrive Turbo IIGS ONLY Firmware|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/3/33/MicroDrive-Turbo_-_IIgs_v1.00_ROM_-_27512.bin
</gallery>

== Downloadable Files ==
<div class="new_window">
<gallery class="center" widths=150px heights=80 caption="RM MicroDrive-Turbo">
File:PDF_ICON.svg|2024 Manual |link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/4/4a/MicroDrive_Manual_2024.pdf
<gallery class="center" widths=150px heights=80 caption="MicroDrive-Turbo">

File:4am_Gaming_Image.svg|Total Replay 32meg|link=https://archive.org/details/TotalReplay

File:RM_Icon_File_Server.svg|Software|link=http://downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/MicroDrive-Turbo/Software/
File:RM_Icon_File_Server.svg|CF Images|link=http://downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/MicroDrive-Turbo/CF_Volume_Images/
File:RM_Icon_File_Server.svg|Assorted Files|link=http://downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/MicroDrive-Turbo/
</gallery>
</div>

[[Category:Hardware]]
[[Category:Apple]]
[[Category:ReActiveMicro Projects]]

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2024-09-24T18:42:28Z

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<h2 style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-weight:bold; color:black; padding:0.3em 1em; margin:1em 0; font-size:inherit; text-align:center"> 
Find Chips Numbers And Related Info 
[[Image:Title_Apple_Chip_Designations.svg|512px|link=Apple_Chip_Designations]] 
[[Apple_Chip_Designations|Vintage Apple Computer Inc. - IC Part Numbers (designations)]]
</h2>
</div>
 
<hr>

<gallery class="center" widths=300px>

File:image1.jpg|Disk II Light MOD|link=Disk_II%2B

File:IMG_20200914_165100448_HDR-cables-tiny.png|Mini AV2HDMI Video Adapter|link=Mini_AV2HDMI_Video_Adapter
File:Apple_II_Plus_Rev7_Horizontal.png|Apple II ''plus'' Rev 7 RFI Factory NEW Replacement Mainboard|link=Apple_II_Plus_Rev_7_RFI
File:IMG_20190713_161320401_HDR-Wiki-tiny.png|Phasor v1.0|link=Phasor
File:2018-03-28-ReActiveMicro-Mockingboard-v2.2-Assembled-Wiki.png|Mockingboard v2.2|link=Mockingboard
File:UM_Transwarp_GS.jpg|UM TransWarp GS|link=TransWarp_GS
File:2017-12-20-UltraWarpv1.91RM.6-Face-Wiki.png|UltraWarp v1.91G|link=UltraWarp
File:IMG_20170527_121409-Fixed.jpg|Accelerator Speed Test Comparisons|link=Accelerator_Speeds
File:2018-07-09-_ReActiveMicro_-_3.5_Disk_Controller_v1.0-Face-Wiki.png|Apple II 3.5" Disk Controller Card|link=Apple_II_3.5_Disk_Controller_Card
File:RAMWorks_IIII_Kit_v1.1-PCB_Assembled.png|RAMWorks IIII Kit|link=RAMWorks_IIII_Kit
File:2018-01-29_ProDevDDTv1.0.png|ProDev DDT v1.0|link=ProDev_DDT
File:RM_MicroDriveTurbo-Object.png|MicroDrive Turbo|link=MicroDrive/Turbo
File:RM External CF Drive-Object.png|External CF Drive v2.0|link=External_CF_Drive
File:IIGS_ROM1_Adapter-Face-Wiki.jpg|IIGS ROM 00 to ROM 01 Upgrade Adapter|link=IIgs_ROM1_Adapter
File:4soniq-v1.1.JPG|4soniq Sound Card by Manila Gear|link=4soniq
File:2soniq-v1.0.JPG|2soniq Sound Card by Manila Gear|link=2soniq
File:NSC-Front.png|No Slot Clock v1.1 by Manila Gear|link=No_Slot_Clock
File:Nsc.png|No-Slot Clock v1.0|link=No-Slot_Clock
File:Replica_One-Object.png|Replica 1 Plus from Briel Computers|link=Replica_1
File:P_20180709_191343_vHDR_Auto-Wiki.png|Apple IIc Plus Universal PSU v1.0|link=IIc+_Universal_PSU
File:Universal_PSU_Kit_Main1.png|Universal PSU Kit|link=Universal_PSU_Kit
File:IMG_20160828_153318-fixed.png|HERO Junior RT-1 Charger Adapter|link=HERO_Junior_RT-1_Charger_Adapter
File:IIe_Enhancement_Kit.png|IIe Enhancement Kit|link=Apple_IIe_Enhancement_Kit
File:TWGSGAL-Local.jpg|TransWarp GALs and Upgrades|link=TransWarp_GS
File:Battery_Caddy2.jpg|IIGS ROM 0/1 Battery Caddy|link=IIgs_ROM0/1_Battery_Caddy
File:VGA-Adapter-v2.JPG|Apple IIGS VGA Adapter by Manila Gear|link=Apple_IIGS_VGA_Adapter
File:IMG_20170915_143009-Fixed.jpg|IBM 15pin to Apple 9pin Joystick Adapter by Manila Gear|link=IBM_15pin_to_Apple_9pin_Joystick_Adapter_by_Manila_Gear
File:Adapter_-_Assembled_-_Face.png|IBM 15pin to Apple 9pin Joystick Adapter|link=IBM_15pin_to_Apple_9pin_Joystick_Adapter
File:AppleSauce_v3_Proto.jpg|Applesauce|link=Applesauce
</gallery>

<center>Software/hardware based projects by Tookitman for your convenience.</center>
<gallery class="center" widths=300px>
File:Gnoawt.jpg|GRAPHIC NOVEL APPLEWIN TUTORIAL|link=GRAPHIC NOVEL APPLEWIN TUTORIAL
File:cat1.JPG|VOSGI|link=VOSGI
File:Woz2.JPG|Apple II Garage Videogame|link=Apple ii Garage VideoGame
File:PM1Comp.jpg|POM 1 Computer|link=POM 1 Computer
File:Awinserialcomm.jpg|AppleWin Serial to USB Communication port|link=AppleWin Serial to USB Communication port
File:VISUALA2.jpg|Visual Apple II Operating System|link=VisualA2
File:POM1RPI.jpg|POM 1 Raspberrypi|link=POM1_Raspberrypi
File:Lina.jpg|Linapple Raspberrypi|link=Linapple_Raspberrypi
File:BMIIMAGE.jpg|BMI CALCULATOR APPLE II ''plus''|link=BMI
File:BTLAI.jpg|ROBOT AI APPLE II ''plus''|link=ROBOT AI Apple ii Plus
File:A2.jpg|APPLE II DSK APPLE 1 SIMULATOR|link=Apple II .dsk image Apple 1 Simulator
File:MODULARA2.JPG|MODULAR APPLE II SYSTEM|link=Modular A2
File:winemus.jpg|APPLE II WINDOWS EMULATORS|link=Apple ii Windows Emulators
File:Fotor-ai-20240221105017.jpg|SMALLEST ARDUINO APPLE I|link=Smallest Arduino Apple 1 Emulator Computer
File:Dlcastervd.jpg|DON LANCASTER TV TYPEWRITER ARDUINO UNO|link=Don Lancaster TV Typewriter Arduino Uno
File:Pingpong.png|CREATING PONG ARDUINO DUE MINI ARCADE CABINET BOOTLEG|link=Pong Arduino Due Mini Arcade Cabinet Bootleg
File:Fandom1.jpg|FANDOM JOURNEY Apple I|link=Fandom Journey Apple I

</gallery>
 

<center>
[[Image:RM_History.svg|170px|link=ReActiveMicro]]
[[Image:Apple_2_Media_Vault.svg|170px|link=Apple_II_Media_Vault]]
[[Image:APPLE_IC.svg|170px|link=Apple_Chip_Designations]]
 
</center>

<center>If you reuse any material from this site, please credit accordingly. We also ask that you do not alter any of the documentation PDF files. Any link-backs are appreciated.</center>
<center>[[The_ReActiveMicro_Apple_II_Wiki:Copyrights|( Copyright Notice )]]</center>

File:Title Apple II Plus.svg

2024-09-24T18:41:16Z

Khaibitgfx: Khaibitgfx uploaded a new version of File:Title Apple II Plus.svg

Main Page

2024-09-23T18:37:11Z

Khaibitgfx: Removed dead projects

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<center>ReActiveMicro supports the entire line of Apple II Personal Computers. 
Subscribe to ReActiveMicro and know instantly about updates, news and information first hand sent to you by email.
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Feel free to share your thoughts and ideas with us. Explore the provided links to external resources, downloads, documents, and support articles. You have the freedom to update, add to, and even create a page dedicated to your own Apple II hardware or software projects, or any other topic relevant to supporting the Apple II Community. Your contributions are highly valued and appreciated by all of us!

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<h2 style="background-color:#5090C0; font-weight:bold; color:white; padding:0.3em 1em; margin:1em 0; font-size:inherit; text-align:center">Recent Releases from ReActiveMicro </h2> 

<div style="font-size:200%; text-align: center;">
<gallery class="center" widths=450px heights=200px>

</gallery>
</div>
<gallery class="center" widths=300px>
File:Photoroom_20240316_143943.jpg|A2FPGA Multicard|link=A2FPGA
File:IMG_20201227_152312585_HDR-Wiki-tiny.png|Universal Enclosure PSU Kit|link=Universal_Enclosure_PSU
File:IMG_20200914_165454128_HDR-Main-tiny.png|12-inch LCD Display for Composite|link=12-inch_LCD_Display
</gallery>
</div></div>
</center>

<hr>

<center>
<div style="float:center; width:60%">
<h2 style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-weight:bold; color:black; padding:0.3em 1em; margin:1em 0; font-size:inherit; text-align:center"> 
Find Chips Numbers And Related Info 
[[Image:Title_Apple_Chip_Designations.svg|512px|link=Apple_Chip_Designations]] 
[[Apple_Chip_Designations|Vintage Apple Computer Inc. - IC Part Numbers (designations)]]
</h2>
</div>
 
<hr>

<gallery class="center" widths=300px>

File:image1.jpg|Disk II Light MOD|link=Disk_II%2B

File:IMG_20200914_165100448_HDR-cables-tiny.png|Mini AV2HDMI Video Adapter|link=Mini_AV2HDMI_Video_Adapter
File:Apple_II_Plus_Rev7_Horizontal.png|Apple II ''plus'' Rev 7 RFI Factory NEW Replacement Mainboard|link=Apple_II_Plus_Rev_7_RFI
File:IMG_20190713_161320401_HDR-Wiki-tiny.png|Phasor v1.0|link=Phasor
File:2018-03-28-ReActiveMicro-Mockingboard-v2.2-Assembled-Wiki.png|Mockingboard v2.2|link=Mockingboard
File:UM_Transwarp_GS.jpg|UM TransWarp GS|link=TransWarp_GS
File:2017-12-20-UltraWarpv1.91RM.6-Face-Wiki.png|UltraWarp v1.91G|link=UltraWarp
File:IMG_20170527_121409-Fixed.jpg|Accelerator Speed Test Comparisons|link=Accelerator_Speeds
File:2018-07-09-_ReActiveMicro_-_3.5_Disk_Controller_v1.0-Face-Wiki.png|Apple II 3.5" Disk Controller Card|link=Apple_II_3.5_Disk_Controller_Card
File:RAMWorks_IIII_Kit_v1.1-PCB_Assembled.png|RAMWorks IIII Kit|link=RAMWorks_IIII_Kit
File:2018-01-29_ProDevDDTv1.0.png|ProDev DDT v1.0|link=ProDev_DDT
File:RM_MicroDriveTurbo-Object.png|MicroDrive Turbo|link=MicroDrive/Turbo
File:RM External CF Drive-Object.png|External CF Drive v2.0|link=External_CF_Drive
File:IIGS_ROM1_Adapter-Face-Wiki.jpg|IIGS ROM 00 to ROM 01 Upgrade Adapter|link=IIgs_ROM1_Adapter
File:4soniq-v1.1.JPG|4soniq Sound Card by Manila Gear|link=4soniq
File:2soniq-v1.0.JPG|2soniq Sound Card by Manila Gear|link=2soniq
File:NSC-Front.png|No Slot Clock v1.1 by Manila Gear|link=No_Slot_Clock
File:Nsc.png|No-Slot Clock v1.0|link=No-Slot_Clock
File:Replica_One-Object.png|Replica 1 Plus from Briel Computers|link=Replica_1
File:P_20180709_191343_vHDR_Auto-Wiki.png|Apple IIc Plus Universal PSU v1.0|link=IIc+_Universal_PSU
File:Universal_PSU_Kit_Main1.png|Universal PSU Kit|link=Universal_PSU_Kit
File:IMG_20160828_153318-fixed.png|HERO Junior RT-1 Charger Adapter|link=HERO_Junior_RT-1_Charger_Adapter
File:IIe_Enhancement_Kit.png|IIe Enhancement Kit|link=Apple_IIe_Enhancement_Kit
File:TWGSGAL-Local.jpg|TransWarp GALs and Upgrades|link=TransWarp_GS
File:Battery_Caddy2.jpg|IIGS ROM 0/1 Battery Caddy|link=IIgs_ROM0/1_Battery_Caddy
File:VGA-Adapter-v2.JPG|Apple IIGS VGA Adapter by Manila Gear|link=Apple_IIGS_VGA_Adapter
File:IMG_20170915_143009-Fixed.jpg|IBM 15pin to Apple 9pin Joystick Adapter by Manila Gear|link=IBM_15pin_to_Apple_9pin_Joystick_Adapter_by_Manila_Gear
File:Adapter_-_Assembled_-_Face.png|IBM 15pin to Apple 9pin Joystick Adapter|link=IBM_15pin_to_Apple_9pin_Joystick_Adapter
File:AppleSauce_v3_Proto.jpg|Applesauce|link=Applesauce
</gallery>

<center>Software/hardware based projects by Tookitman for your convenience.</center>
<gallery class="center" widths=300px>
File:Gnoawt.jpg|GRAPHIC NOVEL APPLEWIN TUTORIAL|link=GRAPHIC NOVEL APPLEWIN TUTORIAL
File:cat1.JPG|VOSGI|link=VOSGI
File:Woz2.JPG|Apple II Garage Videogame|link=Apple ii Garage VideoGame
File:PM1Comp.jpg|POM 1 Computer|link=POM 1 Computer
File:Awinserialcomm.jpg|AppleWin Serial to USB Communication port|link=AppleWin Serial to USB Communication port
File:VISUALA2.jpg|Visual Apple II Operating System|link=VisualA2
File:POM1RPI.jpg|POM 1 Raspberrypi|link=POM1_Raspberrypi
File:Lina.jpg|Linapple Raspberrypi|link=Linapple_Raspberrypi
File:BMIIMAGE.jpg|BMI CALCULATOR APPLE II ''plus''|link=BMI
File:BTLAI.jpg|ROBOT AI APPLE II ''plus''|link=ROBOT AI Apple ii Plus
File:A2.jpg|APPLE II DSK APPLE 1 SIMULATOR|link=Apple II .dsk image Apple 1 Simulator
File:MODULARA2.JPG|MODULAR APPLE II SYSTEM|link=Modular A2
File:winemus.jpg|APPLE II WINDOWS EMULATORS|link=Apple ii Windows Emulators
File:Fotor-ai-20240221105017.jpg|SMALLEST ARDUINO APPLE I|link=Smallest Arduino Apple 1 Emulator Computer
File:Dlcastervd.jpg|DON LANCASTER TV TYPEWRITER ARDUINO UNO|link=Don Lancaster TV Typewriter Arduino Uno
File:Pingpong.png|CREATING PONG ARDUINO DUE MINI ARCADE CABINET BOOTLEG|link=Pong Arduino Due Mini Arcade Cabinet Bootleg
File:Fandom1.jpg|FANDOM JOURNEY Apple I|link=Fandom Journey Apple I

</gallery>
 

<center>
[[Image:RM_History.svg|170px|link=ReActiveMicro]]
[[Image:Apple_2_Media_Vault.svg|170px|link=Apple_II_Media_Vault]]
[[Image:APPLE_IC.svg|170px|link=Apple_Chip_Designations]]
 
</center>

<center>If you reuse any material from this site, please credit accordingly. We also ask that you do not alter any of the documentation PDF files. Any link-backs are appreciated.</center>
<center>[[The_ReActiveMicro_Apple_II_Wiki:Copyrights|( Copyright Notice )]]</center>

File:Title UltraWarp.svg

2024-09-21T18:28:32Z

Khaibitgfx: Khaibitgfx uploaded a new version of File:Title UltraWarp.svg

File:Title Universal PSU.svg

2024-09-21T18:26:31Z

Khaibitgfx: Khaibitgfx uploaded a new version of File:Title Universal PSU.svg

A2FPGA

2024-09-21T18:23:17Z

Khaibitgfx:

[[Image:Title_a2n20.svg|700px|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/b/b9/Title_TransWarp_GS_Accelerator.svg]]

[[Image:Photoroom_20240316_143943.jpg|thumb|A2FPGA A2N20 v2.0|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/b/b3/Photoroom_20240316_143943.jpg]]

The A2FPGA is primarily an HD video and Mockingboard-compatible sound card for the Apple II, II+, //e, and IIgs. It's a small, Apple II peripheral card that can be installed in any Apple II computer II, II+, //e, IIgs. See Slots below for compatible slot locations by system type. The A2FPGA uses a modern FPGA (field-programmable gate array or "programmable logic") to provide precise timing-accurate interfacing to the Apple II bus. This allows the card to capture all access to Apple II display memory in order to faithfully generate Apple text and graphics in crisp 480p 60Hz HD as well as providing the functionality of a number of popular peripheral cards in a single Apple II slot. The A2FPGA has been tested with Apple II, II+, //e, and IIgs models and brings the classic Apple II experience to a whole new level on any monitor or television.

Product Status: Actively sold by ReActiveMicro.

Support: Post on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME}}|Discussion]] page (link above) or email [http://store.reactivemicro.com/contact-us/ ReActiveMicro Support].

Sales: Visit the [https://www.reactivemicro.com/product/a2fpga-multicard/ ReActiveMicro Store].

Open Source: Visit the [https://github.com/a2fpga/a2fpga_core A2FPGA Core on GitHub].

== Features ==
As of April 2024 the standard features currently are:
720x480 @ 60Hz HDMI output supporting all Apple II, II+, //e, & IIgs display modes.*
Mockingboard sound compatibility (Slot 4)
Both Apple II system speaker audio AND Mockingboard audio are output to your HDMI display's speakers
Synetix SuperSprite and Ciarcia EZ-Color TMS9918a compatibility (Slot 7)

*If your monitor doesn't support 720x480 resolution, or some older "CCTV" type monitors, then you may not receive video. More common and newer HDMI monitors should not have any issues.
*All functionality is supported simultaneously. Users don’t have to change modes or configuration to switch between features.
*The A2N20-V2 Multicard does NOT connect the INT_IN/INT_OUT or DMA_IN/DMA_OUT daisy chain lines. Systems that have multiple cards which depend on daisy chaining may not function.

Slots: 
II/Plus/e - Any Slot, We recommend Slot 7 for better HDMI cable routing 
IIgs ROM0 - NOT TESTED, But Slot 3 ONLY 
IIgs ROM1 - Slot 3 ONLY* 
IIgs ROM3 - Any Slot 1-6 but WILL NOT function in Slot 7 
*A user can use the A2FPGA in any slot in the ROM1 IIgs if they install a jumper wire mod from Slot 3, pin 35, to whichever slot they want to use the card, pin 35.
 
WARNING! This board MUST be installed with the HDMI connector facing the forward keyboard end of the chassis! Failure to do so will result in damage to your Apple II as all bus lines are active.
 
 
NOTE:
*The A2FPGA is fully DMA compliant and cards such as the MicroDrive/Turbo do work with DMA mode enabled.
*If Mockingboard is enabled, NO other card may be physically present in Slot 4. For IIgs, you must set the control panel slot 4 to "My Card"
*The FPGA used on A2FPGA takes ~2 seconds to power on and sync to an HDMI display. During this time the Apple II system is held in RESET, meaning the II will do nothing (not even beep) until the A2FPGA board has been fully setup and synched. The initial Apple II power on "beep" will be missed, but all subsequent Apple II sound can be output to HDMI if SW2 is ON.
*The A2FPGA is NOT an emulator. It is a full and complete implementation of all of the original logic for these hardware components plus bus decoding, memory shadowing, and the full range of video modes for the entire Apple II family. Plus a complete implementation of the TMS-9918A VDP and the SuperSprite and Ciarcia compatible means to hook into it.
*TMS-9918A VDP: A complete implementation of the original V1 F18A Core (created by Matt Haggerty). 16K RAM is allocated to the VDP. That is implemented 100% in the FPGA.

=== Incompatibilities & Issues ===

* [https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/8-bit-shack/undead-a-new-apple-role-player-game Undead by 8-Bit-Shack]- please update to the latest firmware that fixes the double-lores mode that the game uses. It should work fine with the latest firmware.

* Any peripheral cards installed in Slots 4 or 7 might not work correctly, and other slots should be used. Slot 4 is where the Mockingboard is accessed, and Slot 7 is where the Synetix SuperSprite card is accessed. These options can be disabled with reprogramming the firmware. See [[#Firmware / FPGA Core|Firmware / FPGA Core]] below for firmware options.

* IIgs Ensoniq Sound does NOT get output to the HDMI audio - yet. This is currently in the works and there will be a firmware update available listed below.

* Users have encountered issues when routing the output of the A2N20-V2 MultiCard through various video capture devices due to differing supported video modes. The recommended workaround is to use an HDMI audio embedder/extractor device, which forces the output packets to be re-encoded correctly for video capture devices. A successfully tested example is the SIIG device available on [https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B07HNM2F1Q Amazon]. Another option is to use an HDMI output splitter. We have tested this model available at Amazon [https://www.amazon.com/dp/B092VJXGJ6?th=1] and it works well. Other less expensive options have not performed as well. The team is working on a potential firmware update or other possible solution to improve compatibility with video capture cards in the future and this page will be updated as new information becomes available.

* BuGS and GS.Pacman might show some sprite issues when playing with elements disappearing. The IIgs has the ability to do set scan line interrupts that trigger when a video line is being output. This allows the software developer to time their writes to the screen after the raster is sent to the monitor. What this means is that game software can erase and redraw the graphics elements without flickering. Very few original IIgs games used this technique but it is more common with modern IIgs games. A fix is currently being researched for the few titles that are affected. A list will be maintained here for easy reference.
*BuGS
*GS.Pacman

== KansasFest 2024 ==

On July 27th, 2024, the A2FPGA team presented at KansasFest 2024 and the video of the presentation is here:

{{#ev:youtube|gJXZZJZc5gI|400|center|KansasFest 2024: Making of the A2FPGA|frame}}

== Reviews ==
On June 08th, 2024 Lon.TV posted a review video of the A2FPGA in a IIe environment. A IIgs review is planned in the future.
{{#ev:youtube|EZbnXDUP9Ys|400|center|Lon.TV: Adding an FPGA for HDMI and Audio with the A2FPGA|frame}}

<hr>

On May 6th, 2024 Chris Torrence of Assembly Lines posted a review video of the A2FPGA in a IIgs environment. Also shows things like setting up the Control Panel in the IIgs.
{{#ev:youtube|w0WaGExOT14|400|center|Chris Torrence: A2FPGA in the Apple IIGS|frame}}

<hr>

On April 27nd, 2024 Chris Torrence of Assembly Lines posted a review video of the A2FPGA in a II Plus and IIe environment. Chris also reviews and does a firmware update in real time. Skip to [https://youtu.be/Wt-DLSyuBCw?t=596 9:56] to see it and follow along!
{{#ev:youtube|Wt-DLSyuBCw|400|center|Chris Torrence: Can One Apple II Card Replace Them All?|frame}}
{{#ev:youtube|Wt-DLSyuBCw|400|center|The Review Breakdown In 1 Minute|frame|start=921}}

<hr>

On April 22nd, 2024 Joe Strosnider of Joe's Computer Museum posted a review video of the A2FPGA in a IIgs environment. Joe also reviews and does a firmware update in real time. Skip to [https://youtu.be/rM0Phma_B9o?t=901 15:03] to see it and follow along!
{{#ev:youtube|rM0Phma_B9o|400|center|Joe Strosnider: Reviewing the A2FPGA!|frame|start=102}}
{{#ev:youtube|rM0Phma_B9o|400|center|The Review Breakdown In 1 Minute|frame|start=6208}}

== DIP Switch Settings ==
The A2N20v2 has a 4-switch DIP switch that controls the following settings:

SW1: Enable Scanline effect when set to ON (default).
SW2: Enable Apple II speaker sounds via HDMI when set to ON (default).
SW3: Set to ON (default) for Power-on-Reset Hold - Delay Apple II start-up until FPGA is initialized and running.
SW4: Apple IIgs - Set to ON when installed in an Apple IIgs. OFF for II, II+ and II/e systems.

The Mockingboard functionality is directly tied to Slot #4. At present there is no way to override this behavior. In order for the Mockingboard implementation to work properly, no other card may be physically present in Slot 4 on any Apple II system. Further, if you have a IIgs, you must configure slot 4 as "My Card" in the Apple IIgs control panel.

The Synetix SuperSprite functionality is also directly tied to Slot #7. If you intend to use a card in slot #7, you will not be able to access the SuperSprite (TMS-9918A / F18A VDP functions). Additionally, making slot #7 usable for your own card requires that you perform a firmware update using the "NOSPRITE7" version of the firmware located below.

== Firmware / FPGA Core ==
The A2FPGA firmware is easily updated on any PC or Mac and is based on open-source code so that new functionality and bug fixes from the developer community can be added over time.

You can learn more about this exciting project on its public GitHub repository: https://github.com/a2fpga/a2fpga_core.

The team also maintains a presence on X (formerly Twitter) here: https://twitter.com/a2fpga.

=== UPDATING THE A2N20-V2 FPGA FIRMWARE ===

All versions of the firmware for this product are listed below and organized by date.

https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/e/e9/A2fpga-08-17-2024-FIRMWARE.zip: The LATEST a2n20v2 Multicard Firmware Version 08-17-2024 (LATEST STABLE RELEASE, DEFAULT, NOSPRITE7, and VIDEO-ONLY BUILDS). NOTE: This ZIP file contains the latest DEFAULT, NOSPRITE7, and VIDEO-ONLY builds of the firmware. DEFAULT enables Mockingboard in Slot #4 and Synetix SuperSprite in Slot #7. NO OTHER BOARDS MAY BE PRESENT IN THESE SLOTS USING THE DEFAULT FIRMWARE. If you require the use of Slot #7, and do not plan to work with the Synetix SuperSprite functionality, we recommend that you install the NOSPRITE7 build of the firmware contained in this Zip file as it has been tested to properly function with the Reactive Microdrive Turbo in slot 7. If you only wish to use A2FPGA for high-quality video output of all Apple II video modes, we recommend the VIDEO-ONLY build. The README.pdf file contained in the ZIP file includes detailed instructions, release notes, and more information to help you choose the correct build for your configuration and flash it into your a2n20-v2 Multicard - please read it completely before attempting to flash your firmware.

https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/5/59/A2n20v2-04252024-ALL.zip: The a2n20v2 Multicard Firmware Version 04-25-2024 (PRIOR STABLE RELEASE, DEFAULT and NOSPRITE7 BUILDS).NOTE: This ZIP file contains BOTH the DEFAULT and NOSPRITE7 builds of the firmware. DEFAULT enables Mockingboard in Slot #4 and Synetix SuperSprite in Slot #7. NO OTHER BOARDS MAY BE PRESENT IN THESE SLOTS USING THE DEFAULT FIRMWARE. If you require the use of Slot #7, and do not plan to work with the Synetix SuperSprite functionality, we recommend that you install the NOSPRITE7 build of the firmware contained in this Zip file as it has been tested to properly function with the Reactive Microdrive Turbo in slot 7. The README.pdf file contained in the ZIP file includes detailed instructions and more information to help you choose the correct build for your configuration and flash it into your a2n20-v2 Multicard - please read it completely before attempting to flash your firmware.

== Testing ==
The A2FPGA displays video immediately when installed in the correct slot. Sound depends on the DIP Switch setting.

Any diagnostic program can be used to test varying video modes. Other programs, such as games, could also be used. Sound testing can more simply be performed using the Mockingboard Demo disk.

For testing Synetix SuperSprite features, this link https://mirrors.apple2.org.za/ftp.apple.asimov.net/images/hardware/video/StarSprite-SuperSprite-Programs.zip is a ZIP file with images for the Synetix SuperSprite programs. When you unpack it, the Demonstration Disk is probably the best one to use for testing.

== History ==
September 7th, 2023 A2FPGA contacted Henry to discuss their HDMI related project and about ReActiveMicro assisting with distribution and related sales, logistics, and support.

File:Title a2n20.svg

2024-09-21T18:18:07Z

Khaibitgfx:

Disk II+

2024-09-20T17:35:56Z

Khaibitgfx: /* In case of troubles */

[[File:image1.jpg|400px|thumb|right|A Disk ][ drive upgraded with a Disk ][+ device]]

Disk ][+ was designed by Fabien Bénattou in 2018, and is based on the idea he discovered on an old website (credit unknown). It is an electronic device installed into Disk ][ drives, the floppy disk drives used on the Apple ][ family computers. Its purpose is to replace the red LED of the drives by a two-color LED, in order to distinguish the reading phases, in green, from the writing phases, in red.

Disk ][+ has been designed with the idea of not being intrusive, which means that you can un-install from your drive if you want to give it its genuine aspect.

It is sold as a kit to build yourself, or already assembled and ready to be set up in your drive.

The way it works relies on the Disk ][ analogue board. This makes Disk ][+ compliant with all Apple ][ models that are able to be connected to a Disk ][ drive. Until now, the tests have been performed on Apple ][+, ][ Europlus and //e.

Moreover, every assembled unit of Disk ][+ has been tested and is guaranteed to work properly.

Project Status: Complete. In production. Actively sold by ReActiveMicro as of end of January 2019.

Support: Post on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME}}|Discussion]] page (link above) or email [http://store.reactivemicro.com/contact-us/ ReActiveMicro Support].

Sales: Visit the [http://store.reactivemicro.com/shop/ ReActiveMicro Store].

== Versions ==
Fabien Bénattou created the first prototype and announced it on the [https://www.facebook.com/groups/5251478676/permalink/10157609025893677/ Apple II Enthusiasts group on Facebook] on June 10th, 2018.

Fabien contacted ReActiveMicro on June 25th about his project and asked about a partnership and selling it through through the Store. v1.0 of the project was released for sale by ReActiveMicro on January 24th, 2019.

== Inventory ==

If you have bought an assembled unit, you have received Disk ][+ with a velcro tape, in accordance with figure 1. Go to the [[Disk_II%2B#Disk_.5D.5B.2B_installation_in_the_drive|Disk ][+ installation chapter]] directly.

If you have bought Disk ][+ as a kit to build yourself, you have received 3 packets, see figure 2.

<gallery class="center" widths=400px heights=300px>
File:image2.jpg|Figure 1: An assembled unit of Disk ][+
File:image3.jpg|Figure 2: The 3 packets of a Disk ][+ kit
</gallery>

These 3 packets contain the following parts.
<gallery class="center" widths=200px heights=150px>
File:image4.jpg|1 integrated circuit and its socket
File:image5.jpg|2 transistors
File:image6.jpg|1 tantalum capacitor
File:image7.jpg|1 two-color LED
File:image8.jpg|5 resistors
File:image9.jpg|1 printed circuit board
File:image10.jpg|1 velcro in 2 pieces
File:image11.jpg|4 hook probes, 1 three-wire ribbon cable (red-black-green) and 3 heat shrink sleeves
</gallery>

== Assembly instructions ==

=== Nomenclature ===

Nomenclature and components implementation are silk-screen printed on the printed circuit board.
{|style="width: 80%;" align="center"
|style="text-align:center; background-color:#9ac3e2; width: 10%;"|R1||style="background-color:#ddeaf5; width: 90%; padding-left:10px;"|120Ω resistance, color code: brown-red-brown
|-
|style="text-align:center; background-color:#9ac3e2; width: 10%;"|R2||style="background-color:#ddeaf5; width: 90%; padding-left:10px;"|3,3kΩ resistance, color code: orange-orange-red
|-
|style="text-align:center; background-color:#9ac3e2; width: 10%;"|R3||style="background-color:#ddeaf5; width: 90%; padding-left:10px;"|3,3kΩ resistance, color code: orange-orange-red
|-
|style="text-align:center; background-color:#9ac3e2; width: 10%;"|R4||style="background-color:#ddeaf5; width: 90%; padding-left:10px;"|10kΩ resistance, color code: brown-black-orange
|-
|style="text-align:center; background-color:#9ac3e2; width: 10%;"|R5||style="background-color:#ddeaf5; width: 90%; padding-left:10px;"|10kΩ resistance, color code: brown-black-orange
|-
|style="text-align:center; background-color:#9ac3e2; width: 10%;"|C1||style="background-color:#ddeaf5; width: 90%; padding-left:10px;"|10μF tantalum capacitor
|-
|style="text-align:center; background-color:#9ac3e2; width: 10%;"|Qg||style="background-color:#ddeaf5; width: 90%; padding-left:10px;"|PN2222A transistor
|-
|style="text-align:center; background-color:#9ac3e2; width: 10%;"|Qr||style="background-color:#ddeaf5; width: 90%; padding-left:10px;"|PN2222A transistor
|-
|style="text-align:center; background-color:#9ac3e2; width: 10%;"|74121N||style="background-color:#ddeaf5; width: 90%; padding-left:10px;"|74121N integrated circuit
|-
|style="text-align:center; background-color:#9ac3e2; width: 10%;"|GA||style="background-color:#ddeaf5; width: 90%; padding-left:10px;"|Green anode of the two-color LED
|-
|style="text-align:center; background-color:#9ac3e2; width: 10%;"|C||style="background-color:#ddeaf5; width: 90%; padding-left:10px;"|Cathode of the two-color LED
|-
|style="text-align:center; background-color:#9ac3e2; width: 10%;"|RA||style="background-color:#ddeaf5; width: 90%; padding-left:10px;"|Red anode of the two-color LED
|-
|style="text-align:center; background-color:#9ac3e2; width: 10%;"|Q1c||style="background-color:#ddeaf5; width: 90%; padding-left:10px;"|Hook probe to Q1 collector on the analogic board of the drive
|-
|style="text-align:center; background-color:#9ac3e2; width: 10%;"|C4+||style="background-color:#ddeaf5; width: 90%; padding-left:10px;"|Hook probe to the positive lead of the C4 capacitor on the analogic board of the drive
|-
|style="text-align:center; background-color:#9ac3e2; width: 10%;"|C2-||style="background-color:#ddeaf5; width: 90%; padding-left:10px;"|Hook probe to the negative lead of the C2 capacitor on the analogic board of the drive
|-
|style="text-align:center; background-color:#9ac3e2; width: 10%;"|R16||style="background-color:#ddeaf5; width: 90%; padding-left:10px;"|Hook probe to R16 resistance lead (on the 74LS125 IC side) on the analogic board of the drive
|}

=== Fitting orientation of the components ===

Some of the electronic components of this kit are polarized, or need to be placed in a certain direction. Pay attention when you solder them.

The tantalum capacitor is polarized, a small + sign indicates its positive lead, see figure 3. There is a + sign on the printed circuit board, too.

The transistors need to be placed in a certain direction. They have got a flat side and a round one, see figure 4. The flat side and the round side are drawn on the printed circuit board.

The integrated circuit, like its socket, has got a notch identified by the red point on figure 5 and 6. These notches have to be directed to the top edge of the printed circuit board (which represents it by a small break in the solid line).

Lastly, the two-color LED is polarized and has to be placed in a certain direction. The center lead is the common cathode, represented by a C, on which the black wire of the three-wire ribbon cable will be soldered. The medium size lead is the red anode (red wire), the shorter lead is the green anode (green wire). See figure 7.

<gallery class="center" widths=200px heights=150px>
File:image12.jpg|Figure 3: Polarity of the tantalum capacitor
File:image13.jpg|Figure 4: Flat side of the transistors
File:image14.jpg|Figure 5: Notch of the integrated circuit
File:image15.jpg|Figure 6: Notch of the socket
File:image16.jpg|Figure 7: The 3 leads of the two-color LED
</gallery>

=== Soldering the kit ===

In order to make soldering easier, solder the lowest components first, the highest at the end:

*R1 to R5 resistances
*The integrated circuit socket, notch on the top edge side of the printed circuit board
*Qr and Qg transistors, their flat side on the top edge side of the printed circuit board
*C1, with the positive lead on the right edge side of the printed circuit board

Strip the wires of the hook probes (on the opposite side of the hook probes), tin them and solder them on the printed circuit board. The colors of the wires are not important.

Take the three-wire ribbon cable. Separate the 3 wires on 1.5 inch on one side of the ribbon cable. Strip them and tin them. Put a heat shrink sleeve around each of the three wires. Take the two-color LED, shorten its lead half their size with a pair of cutting pliers. See figure 8. By doing this, take care to keep the size difference of the 3 leads to be able to distinguish them again later.

<gallery class="center" widths=200px heights=150px>
File:image17.jpg|Figure 8: Shortening the LED leads
</gallery>

Solder the green wire of the ribbon cable on the shorten lead of the LED. Solder the black wire of the ribbon cable on the center lead (the longest one) of the LED. Solder the red wire of the ribbon cable on the middle size lead of the LED.

Once it is cold, pull the sleeves up to make them cover the LED leads, and heat them with a hair drier until they shrink. See figure 9.

<gallery class="center" widths=200px heights=150px>
File:image18.jpg|Figure 9: Soldering the three-wire ribbon cable and positioning the heat shrink sleeves
</gallery>

Separate the 3 wires on 0.5 inch on the other side of the ribbon cable. Strip them and tin them. Solder them on the printed circuit board and respect this implementation: the green wire on GA, the black wire on C and the red wire on RA.

Insert the 74121N integrated circuit on its socket, with its notch orientated to the top edge of the printed circuit board, like the socket.

Congratulations, your Disk ][+ kit is ready to be installed. See figure 10 and 11.

<gallery class="center" widths=400px heights=300px>
File:image19.jpg|Figure 10: Disk ][+ kit once it is assembled
File:image20.jpg|Figure 11: Disk ][+ kit once it is assembled
</gallery>

== Disk ][+ installation in the drive ==

Follow these instructions step by step, it will help you installing your Disk ][+.

{|style="width: 80%; margin: auto;"
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Disconnect your Disk ][ drive from your Apple ][.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image21.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Flip it back.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image22.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Unscrew the 4 screws that hold the upper part of the metal case.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image23.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Flip it to its initial position. Make the upper part of the metal case slide by pushing it to the rear.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image24.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Here is the inside of your Disk ][.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image25.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|This printed circuit board is the analogic card of your Disk ][ that drives the motor and the read/write process on the floppy disks.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image26.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Flip the drive on its left side.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image27.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Unscrew the 4 screws that hold the lower part of the metal case.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image28.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Lay your drive flat again. Now, we are going to extract the red LED of the drive. See the red circle on the photo.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image29.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Spot the plastic ring that surrounds the LED on the inside face of the plastic front panel. See the red circle on the photo.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image30.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Make a light lever movement with a small flat tool, like a screwdriver, to unclip this plastic ring carefully.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image31.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|On the outside face of the plastic front panel, put a pressure on the red LED with your thumb in order to push it inside the drive, until the LED unclips.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image32.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|The red LED is unclipped. Remove the plastic ring.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image33.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Keep it preciously, we will put it back later.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image34.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Flip the drive on its left side again.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image35.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Extract the red LED by the bottom of the drive. Please note that on the oldest Disk ][ drives, the frame can possibly not be perforated like the photo shows it. According to that, the red LED cable do not go under through the first frame hole, and do not go over through the second frame hole. If you are in this situation, the LED cable stays on the upper face of the frame. It is not a problem: unlike the photos, you will hide the red LED on the upper face of the frame, and you will run the new two-color LED and its cable on the upper face too, some steps later in this installation guide.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image36.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Roll the red LED and its cable to make them fit in the compartment of the frame, as the photo shows it. The LED should stand alone this way. You can keep it in place with some scotch tape if you want. Take care not to obstruct the movement of the belt that drives the black and white wheel. If you own a very old Disk ][ and your LED cable runs on the upper face of the frame, you can easily find a place to house the LED too.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image37.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Now, take your Disk ][+ printed circuit board and the wooly part of the velcro.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image38.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|On the velcro, peel the protective film off. Stick the velcro to the rear of the printed circuit board.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image39.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|The rear of your Disk ][+ is ready.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image40.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Come back to the Disk ][ drive. Disconnect the ribbon cable from the analogic board and put the lower part of the metal case away.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image41.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|All the cables from the drive are going through a hole on the side of the frame. Locate this hole. See the red circle on the photo.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image42.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Make your new two-color LED and its three-wire ribbon cable go through this hole.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image43.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Flip the frame on its side and pull the LED and its three-wire ribbon cable. As previously explained, if you own a very old Disk ][, this hole in the frame will not exist and the LED and its cable will have to run on the upper face of the frame.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image44.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Go through the second hole with your two-color LED. Follow the same path than the one your red LED was following previously.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image45.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Here is your new two-color LED, ready to replace the red LED.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image46.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Put the plastic ring back around your LED.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image47.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Insert the LED into the hole provided for this purpose.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image48.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Put a pressure carefully on the back of the LED until it clips into the socket. For instance, you can use a small screwdriver to help you (see the photo). If you own a very old Disk ][, this operation could be a bit difficult. So, if you are in this situation, unscrew the plastic front panel of the drive (2 screws on the left side, 2 screws on the right side). You will access to the LED more easily and you will save time.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image49.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Your new LED is set up.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image50.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Press with your finger around the plastic ring to clip it around the LED socket. Again, if there is any problem to put the plastic ring back, unscrew the plastic front panel of the drive. This could make things a lot easier.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image51.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Your new two-color LED is securely fixed.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image52.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Let’s go back to the rear of the drive.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image53.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Connect the ribbon cable back. Take care to connect it in the right direction. Take care not to shift the two connectors: this could destroy some chips on the analogic board.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image54.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Pull gently on the three-wire ribbon cable of the two-color LED, so that the cable is not too loose inside the drive. If you own a very old Disk ][ drive without holes in the frame, your LED cable runs through the upper face of the frame. Then do not pull it too much.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image55.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Take the rough part of the velcro and set it on the wooly part, at the rear of the Disk ][+ printed circuit board.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image56.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Peel the protective film off and stick the printed circuit board at the rear of your drive, in the upper right corner. See the photo.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image57.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Screw the lower part of the metal case back with the 4 flat-head screws.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image58.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Here is how things look. Now, you are going to connect the 4 hook probes to the analogic board. Everything is detailed below, step by step. According to the kind of Disk ][ you own, some components on the analogic board may vary in size, particularly selfs and capacitors. Sometimes, this could lead you to connect the hook probes in a different position than the ones shown on the photos. Just choose the position that suits you, the only important thing is to connect the hook probes on the right components leads.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image59.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|First, locate the hook probe that is identified as C2- on the Disk ][+. Take it and press on the rectangle part of the probe while you hold it in your fingers. A small metal hook is coming out from the top of the probe. Connect this first hook probe on the negative lead of the C2 capacitor on the analogic board. Release the probe and the hook is going to tighten itself around the capacitor lead.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image60.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Now you are going to connect the hook probe named Q1c on the Disk ][+ printed circuit board. Connect it on the collector of the Q1 transistor on the analogic board. The collector of the transistor is the closest lead from the C4 capacitor. To save some space, a good idea consists in making the probe go under the C4 lead if you can. See photo.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image61.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Now, connect the third hook probe named C4+ on the Disk ][+ printed circuit board. Connect it on the positive lead of the C4 capacitor on the analogic board.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image62.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Then, locate and connect the last hook probe named R16 on the Disk ][+ printed circuit board. Connect it on the R16 resistance lead on the analogic board. Take care: the proper lead is the closest from the 74LS125 integrated circuit.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image63.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Congratulations, it is done. Here is how things look like now. At this stage, insert a floppy disk carefully into the drive to check that there is not any cable hindering the floppy disk movement.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image64.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Put the upper part of the metal case back. Insert it from the rear and make it slide gently. Take care not to unclip the hook probes.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image65.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Once the metal case reaches its position, flip your drive and screw the 4 screws back.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image66.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Your Disk ][ is upgraded an ready !||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image67.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Connect it back to your Apple ][, and perform a test. The LED is off when there is no activity on the drive.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image68.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|It is green when the drive is reading a floppy disk.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image69.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|It is red when the drive is writing on the floppy disk.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image70.jpg|400px|center]]
|}

== Troubleshooting ==

'''The two-color LED stays off.'''
Open your Disk ][ drive again, and check the positions of the hook probes. Are they connected to the right leads? Are they firmly connected around the leads? Close your Disk ][ drive and perform a new test.

'''The two-color LED makes a red light for reading and a green light for writing.'''
The two-color LED has not been soldered correctly. Check between the LED and the three-wire ribbon cable, then check between the three-wire ribbon cable and the Disk ][+ printed circuit board. There is an inversion somewhere.

'''Disk ][+ works properly, but the LED makes a red light during the boot sequence, when the drive is roaring.'''
The 74LS125 integrated circuit on your analogic board is becoming weak. It is one of the most fragile component on Disk ][ drives. For example, it does not stand when the drive ribbon cable is shifted when it is connected to the Apple ][ controller card. Change this 74LS125 before having more serious problems with your drive.

== Documentation ==

<gallery class="center" widths=150px heights=80px>
File:PDF_ICON.svg|Installation Guide v1.1|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/1/17/Disk_II%2B_Installation_guide_1.1.pdf
</gallery>
</div>

Disk II+

2024-09-20T17:35:29Z

Khaibitgfx: /* Documentation */

[[File:image1.jpg|400px|thumb|right|A Disk ][ drive upgraded with a Disk ][+ device]]

Disk ][+ was designed by Fabien Bénattou in 2018, and is based on the idea he discovered on an old website (credit unknown). It is an electronic device installed into Disk ][ drives, the floppy disk drives used on the Apple ][ family computers. Its purpose is to replace the red LED of the drives by a two-color LED, in order to distinguish the reading phases, in green, from the writing phases, in red.

Disk ][+ has been designed with the idea of not being intrusive, which means that you can un-install from your drive if you want to give it its genuine aspect.

It is sold as a kit to build yourself, or already assembled and ready to be set up in your drive.

The way it works relies on the Disk ][ analogue board. This makes Disk ][+ compliant with all Apple ][ models that are able to be connected to a Disk ][ drive. Until now, the tests have been performed on Apple ][+, ][ Europlus and //e.

Moreover, every assembled unit of Disk ][+ has been tested and is guaranteed to work properly.

Project Status: Complete. In production. Actively sold by ReActiveMicro as of end of January 2019.

Support: Post on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME}}|Discussion]] page (link above) or email [http://store.reactivemicro.com/contact-us/ ReActiveMicro Support].

Sales: Visit the [http://store.reactivemicro.com/shop/ ReActiveMicro Store].

== Versions ==
Fabien Bénattou created the first prototype and announced it on the [https://www.facebook.com/groups/5251478676/permalink/10157609025893677/ Apple II Enthusiasts group on Facebook] on June 10th, 2018.

Fabien contacted ReActiveMicro on June 25th about his project and asked about a partnership and selling it through through the Store. v1.0 of the project was released for sale by ReActiveMicro on January 24th, 2019.

== Inventory ==

If you have bought an assembled unit, you have received Disk ][+ with a velcro tape, in accordance with figure 1. Go to the [[Disk_II%2B#Disk_.5D.5B.2B_installation_in_the_drive|Disk ][+ installation chapter]] directly.

If you have bought Disk ][+ as a kit to build yourself, you have received 3 packets, see figure 2.

<gallery class="center" widths=400px heights=300px>
File:image2.jpg|Figure 1: An assembled unit of Disk ][+
File:image3.jpg|Figure 2: The 3 packets of a Disk ][+ kit
</gallery>

These 3 packets contain the following parts.
<gallery class="center" widths=200px heights=150px>
File:image4.jpg|1 integrated circuit and its socket
File:image5.jpg|2 transistors
File:image6.jpg|1 tantalum capacitor
File:image7.jpg|1 two-color LED
File:image8.jpg|5 resistors
File:image9.jpg|1 printed circuit board
File:image10.jpg|1 velcro in 2 pieces
File:image11.jpg|4 hook probes, 1 three-wire ribbon cable (red-black-green) and 3 heat shrink sleeves
</gallery>

== Assembly instructions ==

=== Nomenclature ===

Nomenclature and components implementation are silk-screen printed on the printed circuit board.
{|style="width: 80%;" align="center"
|style="text-align:center; background-color:#9ac3e2; width: 10%;"|R1||style="background-color:#ddeaf5; width: 90%; padding-left:10px;"|120Ω resistance, color code: brown-red-brown
|-
|style="text-align:center; background-color:#9ac3e2; width: 10%;"|R2||style="background-color:#ddeaf5; width: 90%; padding-left:10px;"|3,3kΩ resistance, color code: orange-orange-red
|-
|style="text-align:center; background-color:#9ac3e2; width: 10%;"|R3||style="background-color:#ddeaf5; width: 90%; padding-left:10px;"|3,3kΩ resistance, color code: orange-orange-red
|-
|style="text-align:center; background-color:#9ac3e2; width: 10%;"|R4||style="background-color:#ddeaf5; width: 90%; padding-left:10px;"|10kΩ resistance, color code: brown-black-orange
|-
|style="text-align:center; background-color:#9ac3e2; width: 10%;"|R5||style="background-color:#ddeaf5; width: 90%; padding-left:10px;"|10kΩ resistance, color code: brown-black-orange
|-
|style="text-align:center; background-color:#9ac3e2; width: 10%;"|C1||style="background-color:#ddeaf5; width: 90%; padding-left:10px;"|10μF tantalum capacitor
|-
|style="text-align:center; background-color:#9ac3e2; width: 10%;"|Qg||style="background-color:#ddeaf5; width: 90%; padding-left:10px;"|PN2222A transistor
|-
|style="text-align:center; background-color:#9ac3e2; width: 10%;"|Qr||style="background-color:#ddeaf5; width: 90%; padding-left:10px;"|PN2222A transistor
|-
|style="text-align:center; background-color:#9ac3e2; width: 10%;"|74121N||style="background-color:#ddeaf5; width: 90%; padding-left:10px;"|74121N integrated circuit
|-
|style="text-align:center; background-color:#9ac3e2; width: 10%;"|GA||style="background-color:#ddeaf5; width: 90%; padding-left:10px;"|Green anode of the two-color LED
|-
|style="text-align:center; background-color:#9ac3e2; width: 10%;"|C||style="background-color:#ddeaf5; width: 90%; padding-left:10px;"|Cathode of the two-color LED
|-
|style="text-align:center; background-color:#9ac3e2; width: 10%;"|RA||style="background-color:#ddeaf5; width: 90%; padding-left:10px;"|Red anode of the two-color LED
|-
|style="text-align:center; background-color:#9ac3e2; width: 10%;"|Q1c||style="background-color:#ddeaf5; width: 90%; padding-left:10px;"|Hook probe to Q1 collector on the analogic board of the drive
|-
|style="text-align:center; background-color:#9ac3e2; width: 10%;"|C4+||style="background-color:#ddeaf5; width: 90%; padding-left:10px;"|Hook probe to the positive lead of the C4 capacitor on the analogic board of the drive
|-
|style="text-align:center; background-color:#9ac3e2; width: 10%;"|C2-||style="background-color:#ddeaf5; width: 90%; padding-left:10px;"|Hook probe to the negative lead of the C2 capacitor on the analogic board of the drive
|-
|style="text-align:center; background-color:#9ac3e2; width: 10%;"|R16||style="background-color:#ddeaf5; width: 90%; padding-left:10px;"|Hook probe to R16 resistance lead (on the 74LS125 IC side) on the analogic board of the drive
|}

=== Fitting orientation of the components ===

Some of the electronic components of this kit are polarized, or need to be placed in a certain direction. Pay attention when you solder them.

The tantalum capacitor is polarized, a small + sign indicates its positive lead, see figure 3. There is a + sign on the printed circuit board, too.

The transistors need to be placed in a certain direction. They have got a flat side and a round one, see figure 4. The flat side and the round side are drawn on the printed circuit board.

The integrated circuit, like its socket, has got a notch identified by the red point on figure 5 and 6. These notches have to be directed to the top edge of the printed circuit board (which represents it by a small break in the solid line).

Lastly, the two-color LED is polarized and has to be placed in a certain direction. The center lead is the common cathode, represented by a C, on which the black wire of the three-wire ribbon cable will be soldered. The medium size lead is the red anode (red wire), the shorter lead is the green anode (green wire). See figure 7.

<gallery class="center" widths=200px heights=150px>
File:image12.jpg|Figure 3: Polarity of the tantalum capacitor
File:image13.jpg|Figure 4: Flat side of the transistors
File:image14.jpg|Figure 5: Notch of the integrated circuit
File:image15.jpg|Figure 6: Notch of the socket
File:image16.jpg|Figure 7: The 3 leads of the two-color LED
</gallery>

=== Soldering the kit ===

In order to make soldering easier, solder the lowest components first, the highest at the end:

*R1 to R5 resistances
*The integrated circuit socket, notch on the top edge side of the printed circuit board
*Qr and Qg transistors, their flat side on the top edge side of the printed circuit board
*C1, with the positive lead on the right edge side of the printed circuit board

Strip the wires of the hook probes (on the opposite side of the hook probes), tin them and solder them on the printed circuit board. The colors of the wires are not important.

Take the three-wire ribbon cable. Separate the 3 wires on 1.5 inch on one side of the ribbon cable. Strip them and tin them. Put a heat shrink sleeve around each of the three wires. Take the two-color LED, shorten its lead half their size with a pair of cutting pliers. See figure 8. By doing this, take care to keep the size difference of the 3 leads to be able to distinguish them again later.

<gallery class="center" widths=200px heights=150px>
File:image17.jpg|Figure 8: Shortening the LED leads
</gallery>

Solder the green wire of the ribbon cable on the shorten lead of the LED. Solder the black wire of the ribbon cable on the center lead (the longest one) of the LED. Solder the red wire of the ribbon cable on the middle size lead of the LED.

Once it is cold, pull the sleeves up to make them cover the LED leads, and heat them with a hair drier until they shrink. See figure 9.

<gallery class="center" widths=200px heights=150px>
File:image18.jpg|Figure 9: Soldering the three-wire ribbon cable and positioning the heat shrink sleeves
</gallery>

Separate the 3 wires on 0.5 inch on the other side of the ribbon cable. Strip them and tin them. Solder them on the printed circuit board and respect this implementation: the green wire on GA, the black wire on C and the red wire on RA.

Insert the 74121N integrated circuit on its socket, with its notch orientated to the top edge of the printed circuit board, like the socket.

Congratulations, your Disk ][+ kit is ready to be installed. See figure 10 and 11.

<gallery class="center" widths=400px heights=300px>
File:image19.jpg|Figure 10: Disk ][+ kit once it is assembled
File:image20.jpg|Figure 11: Disk ][+ kit once it is assembled
</gallery>

== Disk ][+ installation in the drive ==

Follow these instructions step by step, it will help you installing your Disk ][+.

{|style="width: 80%; margin: auto;"
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Disconnect your Disk ][ drive from your Apple ][.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image21.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Flip it back.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image22.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Unscrew the 4 screws that hold the upper part of the metal case.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image23.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Flip it to its initial position. Make the upper part of the metal case slide by pushing it to the rear.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image24.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Here is the inside of your Disk ][.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image25.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|This printed circuit board is the analogic card of your Disk ][ that drives the motor and the read/write process on the floppy disks.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image26.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Flip the drive on its left side.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image27.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Unscrew the 4 screws that hold the lower part of the metal case.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image28.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Lay your drive flat again. Now, we are going to extract the red LED of the drive. See the red circle on the photo.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image29.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Spot the plastic ring that surrounds the LED on the inside face of the plastic front panel. See the red circle on the photo.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image30.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Make a light lever movement with a small flat tool, like a screwdriver, to unclip this plastic ring carefully.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image31.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|On the outside face of the plastic front panel, put a pressure on the red LED with your thumb in order to push it inside the drive, until the LED unclips.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image32.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|The red LED is unclipped. Remove the plastic ring.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image33.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Keep it preciously, we will put it back later.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image34.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Flip the drive on its left side again.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image35.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Extract the red LED by the bottom of the drive. Please note that on the oldest Disk ][ drives, the frame can possibly not be perforated like the photo shows it. According to that, the red LED cable do not go under through the first frame hole, and do not go over through the second frame hole. If you are in this situation, the LED cable stays on the upper face of the frame. It is not a problem: unlike the photos, you will hide the red LED on the upper face of the frame, and you will run the new two-color LED and its cable on the upper face too, some steps later in this installation guide.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image36.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Roll the red LED and its cable to make them fit in the compartment of the frame, as the photo shows it. The LED should stand alone this way. You can keep it in place with some scotch tape if you want. Take care not to obstruct the movement of the belt that drives the black and white wheel. If you own a very old Disk ][ and your LED cable runs on the upper face of the frame, you can easily find a place to house the LED too.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image37.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Now, take your Disk ][+ printed circuit board and the wooly part of the velcro.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image38.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|On the velcro, peel the protective film off. Stick the velcro to the rear of the printed circuit board.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image39.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|The rear of your Disk ][+ is ready.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image40.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Come back to the Disk ][ drive. Disconnect the ribbon cable from the analogic board and put the lower part of the metal case away.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image41.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|All the cables from the drive are going through a hole on the side of the frame. Locate this hole. See the red circle on the photo.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image42.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Make your new two-color LED and its three-wire ribbon cable go through this hole.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image43.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Flip the frame on its side and pull the LED and its three-wire ribbon cable. As previously explained, if you own a very old Disk ][, this hole in the frame will not exist and the LED and its cable will have to run on the upper face of the frame.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image44.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Go through the second hole with your two-color LED. Follow the same path than the one your red LED was following previously.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image45.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Here is your new two-color LED, ready to replace the red LED.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image46.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Put the plastic ring back around your LED.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image47.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Insert the LED into the hole provided for this purpose.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image48.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Put a pressure carefully on the back of the LED until it clips into the socket. For instance, you can use a small screwdriver to help you (see the photo). If you own a very old Disk ][, this operation could be a bit difficult. So, if you are in this situation, unscrew the plastic front panel of the drive (2 screws on the left side, 2 screws on the right side). You will access to the LED more easily and you will save time.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image49.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Your new LED is set up.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image50.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Press with your finger around the plastic ring to clip it around the LED socket. Again, if there is any problem to put the plastic ring back, unscrew the plastic front panel of the drive. This could make things a lot easier.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image51.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Your new two-color LED is securely fixed.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image52.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Let’s go back to the rear of the drive.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image53.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Connect the ribbon cable back. Take care to connect it in the right direction. Take care not to shift the two connectors: this could destroy some chips on the analogic board.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image54.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Pull gently on the three-wire ribbon cable of the two-color LED, so that the cable is not too loose inside the drive. If you own a very old Disk ][ drive without holes in the frame, your LED cable runs through the upper face of the frame. Then do not pull it too much.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image55.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Take the rough part of the velcro and set it on the wooly part, at the rear of the Disk ][+ printed circuit board.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image56.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Peel the protective film off and stick the printed circuit board at the rear of your drive, in the upper right corner. See the photo.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image57.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Screw the lower part of the metal case back with the 4 flat-head screws.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image58.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Here is how things look. Now, you are going to connect the 4 hook probes to the analogic board. Everything is detailed below, step by step. According to the kind of Disk ][ you own, some components on the analogic board may vary in size, particularly selfs and capacitors. Sometimes, this could lead you to connect the hook probes in a different position than the ones shown on the photos. Just choose the position that suits you, the only important thing is to connect the hook probes on the right components leads.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image59.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|First, locate the hook probe that is identified as C2- on the Disk ][+. Take it and press on the rectangle part of the probe while you hold it in your fingers. A small metal hook is coming out from the top of the probe. Connect this first hook probe on the negative lead of the C2 capacitor on the analogic board. Release the probe and the hook is going to tighten itself around the capacitor lead.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image60.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Now you are going to connect the hook probe named Q1c on the Disk ][+ printed circuit board. Connect it on the collector of the Q1 transistor on the analogic board. The collector of the transistor is the closest lead from the C4 capacitor. To save some space, a good idea consists in making the probe go under the C4 lead if you can. See photo.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image61.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Now, connect the third hook probe named C4+ on the Disk ][+ printed circuit board. Connect it on the positive lead of the C4 capacitor on the analogic board.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image62.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Then, locate and connect the last hook probe named R16 on the Disk ][+ printed circuit board. Connect it on the R16 resistance lead on the analogic board. Take care: the proper lead is the closest from the 74LS125 integrated circuit.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image63.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Congratulations, it is done. Here is how things look like now. At this stage, insert a floppy disk carefully into the drive to check that there is not any cable hindering the floppy disk movement.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image64.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Put the upper part of the metal case back. Insert it from the rear and make it slide gently. Take care not to unclip the hook probes.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image65.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Once the metal case reaches its position, flip your drive and screw the 4 screws back.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image66.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Your Disk ][ is upgraded an ready !||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image67.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Connect it back to your Apple ][, and perform a test. The LED is off when there is no activity on the drive.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image68.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|It is green when the drive is reading a floppy disk.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image69.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|It is red when the drive is writing on the floppy disk.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image70.jpg|400px|center]]
|}

== In case of troubles ==

'''The two-color LED stays off.'''
Open your Disk ][ drive again, and check the positions of the hook probes. Are they connected to the right leads? Are they firmly connected around the leads? Close your Disk ][ drive and perform a new test.

'''The two-color LED makes a red light for reading and a green light for writing.'''
The two-color LED has not been soldered correctly. Check between the LED and the three-wire ribbon cable, then check between the three-wire ribbon cable and the Disk ][+ printed circuit board. There is an inversion somewhere.

'''Disk ][+ works properly, but the LED makes a red light during the boot sequence, when the drive is roaring.'''
The 74LS125 integrated circuit on your analogic board is becoming weak. It is one of the most fragile component on Disk ][ drives. For example, it does not stand when the drive ribbon cable is shifted when it is connected to the Apple ][ controller card. Change this 74LS125 before having more serious problems with your drive.

== Documentation ==

<gallery class="center" widths=150px heights=80px>
File:PDF_ICON.svg|Installation Guide v1.1|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/1/17/Disk_II%2B_Installation_guide_1.1.pdf
</gallery>
</div>

Disk II+

2024-09-20T17:34:32Z

Khaibitgfx: /* Documentation */

[[File:image1.jpg|400px|thumb|right|A Disk ][ drive upgraded with a Disk ][+ device]]

Disk ][+ was designed by Fabien Bénattou in 2018, and is based on the idea he discovered on an old website (credit unknown). It is an electronic device installed into Disk ][ drives, the floppy disk drives used on the Apple ][ family computers. Its purpose is to replace the red LED of the drives by a two-color LED, in order to distinguish the reading phases, in green, from the writing phases, in red.

Disk ][+ has been designed with the idea of not being intrusive, which means that you can un-install from your drive if you want to give it its genuine aspect.

It is sold as a kit to build yourself, or already assembled and ready to be set up in your drive.

The way it works relies on the Disk ][ analogue board. This makes Disk ][+ compliant with all Apple ][ models that are able to be connected to a Disk ][ drive. Until now, the tests have been performed on Apple ][+, ][ Europlus and //e.

Moreover, every assembled unit of Disk ][+ has been tested and is guaranteed to work properly.

Project Status: Complete. In production. Actively sold by ReActiveMicro as of end of January 2019.

Support: Post on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME}}|Discussion]] page (link above) or email [http://store.reactivemicro.com/contact-us/ ReActiveMicro Support].

Sales: Visit the [http://store.reactivemicro.com/shop/ ReActiveMicro Store].

== Versions ==
Fabien Bénattou created the first prototype and announced it on the [https://www.facebook.com/groups/5251478676/permalink/10157609025893677/ Apple II Enthusiasts group on Facebook] on June 10th, 2018.

Fabien contacted ReActiveMicro on June 25th about his project and asked about a partnership and selling it through through the Store. v1.0 of the project was released for sale by ReActiveMicro on January 24th, 2019.

== Inventory ==

If you have bought an assembled unit, you have received Disk ][+ with a velcro tape, in accordance with figure 1. Go to the [[Disk_II%2B#Disk_.5D.5B.2B_installation_in_the_drive|Disk ][+ installation chapter]] directly.

If you have bought Disk ][+ as a kit to build yourself, you have received 3 packets, see figure 2.

<gallery class="center" widths=400px heights=300px>
File:image2.jpg|Figure 1: An assembled unit of Disk ][+
File:image3.jpg|Figure 2: The 3 packets of a Disk ][+ kit
</gallery>

These 3 packets contain the following parts.
<gallery class="center" widths=200px heights=150px>
File:image4.jpg|1 integrated circuit and its socket
File:image5.jpg|2 transistors
File:image6.jpg|1 tantalum capacitor
File:image7.jpg|1 two-color LED
File:image8.jpg|5 resistors
File:image9.jpg|1 printed circuit board
File:image10.jpg|1 velcro in 2 pieces
File:image11.jpg|4 hook probes, 1 three-wire ribbon cable (red-black-green) and 3 heat shrink sleeves
</gallery>

== Assembly instructions ==

=== Nomenclature ===

Nomenclature and components implementation are silk-screen printed on the printed circuit board.
{|style="width: 80%;" align="center"
|style="text-align:center; background-color:#9ac3e2; width: 10%;"|R1||style="background-color:#ddeaf5; width: 90%; padding-left:10px;"|120Ω resistance, color code: brown-red-brown
|-
|style="text-align:center; background-color:#9ac3e2; width: 10%;"|R2||style="background-color:#ddeaf5; width: 90%; padding-left:10px;"|3,3kΩ resistance, color code: orange-orange-red
|-
|style="text-align:center; background-color:#9ac3e2; width: 10%;"|R3||style="background-color:#ddeaf5; width: 90%; padding-left:10px;"|3,3kΩ resistance, color code: orange-orange-red
|-
|style="text-align:center; background-color:#9ac3e2; width: 10%;"|R4||style="background-color:#ddeaf5; width: 90%; padding-left:10px;"|10kΩ resistance, color code: brown-black-orange
|-
|style="text-align:center; background-color:#9ac3e2; width: 10%;"|R5||style="background-color:#ddeaf5; width: 90%; padding-left:10px;"|10kΩ resistance, color code: brown-black-orange
|-
|style="text-align:center; background-color:#9ac3e2; width: 10%;"|C1||style="background-color:#ddeaf5; width: 90%; padding-left:10px;"|10μF tantalum capacitor
|-
|style="text-align:center; background-color:#9ac3e2; width: 10%;"|Qg||style="background-color:#ddeaf5; width: 90%; padding-left:10px;"|PN2222A transistor
|-
|style="text-align:center; background-color:#9ac3e2; width: 10%;"|Qr||style="background-color:#ddeaf5; width: 90%; padding-left:10px;"|PN2222A transistor
|-
|style="text-align:center; background-color:#9ac3e2; width: 10%;"|74121N||style="background-color:#ddeaf5; width: 90%; padding-left:10px;"|74121N integrated circuit
|-
|style="text-align:center; background-color:#9ac3e2; width: 10%;"|GA||style="background-color:#ddeaf5; width: 90%; padding-left:10px;"|Green anode of the two-color LED
|-
|style="text-align:center; background-color:#9ac3e2; width: 10%;"|C||style="background-color:#ddeaf5; width: 90%; padding-left:10px;"|Cathode of the two-color LED
|-
|style="text-align:center; background-color:#9ac3e2; width: 10%;"|RA||style="background-color:#ddeaf5; width: 90%; padding-left:10px;"|Red anode of the two-color LED
|-
|style="text-align:center; background-color:#9ac3e2; width: 10%;"|Q1c||style="background-color:#ddeaf5; width: 90%; padding-left:10px;"|Hook probe to Q1 collector on the analogic board of the drive
|-
|style="text-align:center; background-color:#9ac3e2; width: 10%;"|C4+||style="background-color:#ddeaf5; width: 90%; padding-left:10px;"|Hook probe to the positive lead of the C4 capacitor on the analogic board of the drive
|-
|style="text-align:center; background-color:#9ac3e2; width: 10%;"|C2-||style="background-color:#ddeaf5; width: 90%; padding-left:10px;"|Hook probe to the negative lead of the C2 capacitor on the analogic board of the drive
|-
|style="text-align:center; background-color:#9ac3e2; width: 10%;"|R16||style="background-color:#ddeaf5; width: 90%; padding-left:10px;"|Hook probe to R16 resistance lead (on the 74LS125 IC side) on the analogic board of the drive
|}

=== Fitting orientation of the components ===

Some of the electronic components of this kit are polarized, or need to be placed in a certain direction. Pay attention when you solder them.

The tantalum capacitor is polarized, a small + sign indicates its positive lead, see figure 3. There is a + sign on the printed circuit board, too.

The transistors need to be placed in a certain direction. They have got a flat side and a round one, see figure 4. The flat side and the round side are drawn on the printed circuit board.

The integrated circuit, like its socket, has got a notch identified by the red point on figure 5 and 6. These notches have to be directed to the top edge of the printed circuit board (which represents it by a small break in the solid line).

Lastly, the two-color LED is polarized and has to be placed in a certain direction. The center lead is the common cathode, represented by a C, on which the black wire of the three-wire ribbon cable will be soldered. The medium size lead is the red anode (red wire), the shorter lead is the green anode (green wire). See figure 7.

<gallery class="center" widths=200px heights=150px>
File:image12.jpg|Figure 3: Polarity of the tantalum capacitor
File:image13.jpg|Figure 4: Flat side of the transistors
File:image14.jpg|Figure 5: Notch of the integrated circuit
File:image15.jpg|Figure 6: Notch of the socket
File:image16.jpg|Figure 7: The 3 leads of the two-color LED
</gallery>

=== Soldering the kit ===

In order to make soldering easier, solder the lowest components first, the highest at the end:

*R1 to R5 resistances
*The integrated circuit socket, notch on the top edge side of the printed circuit board
*Qr and Qg transistors, their flat side on the top edge side of the printed circuit board
*C1, with the positive lead on the right edge side of the printed circuit board

Strip the wires of the hook probes (on the opposite side of the hook probes), tin them and solder them on the printed circuit board. The colors of the wires are not important.

Take the three-wire ribbon cable. Separate the 3 wires on 1.5 inch on one side of the ribbon cable. Strip them and tin them. Put a heat shrink sleeve around each of the three wires. Take the two-color LED, shorten its lead half their size with a pair of cutting pliers. See figure 8. By doing this, take care to keep the size difference of the 3 leads to be able to distinguish them again later.

<gallery class="center" widths=200px heights=150px>
File:image17.jpg|Figure 8: Shortening the LED leads
</gallery>

Solder the green wire of the ribbon cable on the shorten lead of the LED. Solder the black wire of the ribbon cable on the center lead (the longest one) of the LED. Solder the red wire of the ribbon cable on the middle size lead of the LED.

Once it is cold, pull the sleeves up to make them cover the LED leads, and heat them with a hair drier until they shrink. See figure 9.

<gallery class="center" widths=200px heights=150px>
File:image18.jpg|Figure 9: Soldering the three-wire ribbon cable and positioning the heat shrink sleeves
</gallery>

Separate the 3 wires on 0.5 inch on the other side of the ribbon cable. Strip them and tin them. Solder them on the printed circuit board and respect this implementation: the green wire on GA, the black wire on C and the red wire on RA.

Insert the 74121N integrated circuit on its socket, with its notch orientated to the top edge of the printed circuit board, like the socket.

Congratulations, your Disk ][+ kit is ready to be installed. See figure 10 and 11.

<gallery class="center" widths=400px heights=300px>
File:image19.jpg|Figure 10: Disk ][+ kit once it is assembled
File:image20.jpg|Figure 11: Disk ][+ kit once it is assembled
</gallery>

== Disk ][+ installation in the drive ==

Follow these instructions step by step, it will help you installing your Disk ][+.

{|style="width: 80%; margin: auto;"
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Disconnect your Disk ][ drive from your Apple ][.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image21.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Flip it back.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image22.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Unscrew the 4 screws that hold the upper part of the metal case.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image23.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Flip it to its initial position. Make the upper part of the metal case slide by pushing it to the rear.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image24.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Here is the inside of your Disk ][.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image25.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|This printed circuit board is the analogic card of your Disk ][ that drives the motor and the read/write process on the floppy disks.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image26.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Flip the drive on its left side.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image27.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Unscrew the 4 screws that hold the lower part of the metal case.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image28.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Lay your drive flat again. Now, we are going to extract the red LED of the drive. See the red circle on the photo.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image29.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Spot the plastic ring that surrounds the LED on the inside face of the plastic front panel. See the red circle on the photo.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image30.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Make a light lever movement with a small flat tool, like a screwdriver, to unclip this plastic ring carefully.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image31.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|On the outside face of the plastic front panel, put a pressure on the red LED with your thumb in order to push it inside the drive, until the LED unclips.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image32.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|The red LED is unclipped. Remove the plastic ring.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image33.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Keep it preciously, we will put it back later.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image34.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Flip the drive on its left side again.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image35.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Extract the red LED by the bottom of the drive. Please note that on the oldest Disk ][ drives, the frame can possibly not be perforated like the photo shows it. According to that, the red LED cable do not go under through the first frame hole, and do not go over through the second frame hole. If you are in this situation, the LED cable stays on the upper face of the frame. It is not a problem: unlike the photos, you will hide the red LED on the upper face of the frame, and you will run the new two-color LED and its cable on the upper face too, some steps later in this installation guide.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image36.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Roll the red LED and its cable to make them fit in the compartment of the frame, as the photo shows it. The LED should stand alone this way. You can keep it in place with some scotch tape if you want. Take care not to obstruct the movement of the belt that drives the black and white wheel. If you own a very old Disk ][ and your LED cable runs on the upper face of the frame, you can easily find a place to house the LED too.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image37.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Now, take your Disk ][+ printed circuit board and the wooly part of the velcro.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image38.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|On the velcro, peel the protective film off. Stick the velcro to the rear of the printed circuit board.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image39.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|The rear of your Disk ][+ is ready.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image40.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Come back to the Disk ][ drive. Disconnect the ribbon cable from the analogic board and put the lower part of the metal case away.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image41.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|All the cables from the drive are going through a hole on the side of the frame. Locate this hole. See the red circle on the photo.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image42.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Make your new two-color LED and its three-wire ribbon cable go through this hole.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image43.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Flip the frame on its side and pull the LED and its three-wire ribbon cable. As previously explained, if you own a very old Disk ][, this hole in the frame will not exist and the LED and its cable will have to run on the upper face of the frame.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image44.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Go through the second hole with your two-color LED. Follow the same path than the one your red LED was following previously.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image45.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Here is your new two-color LED, ready to replace the red LED.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image46.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Put the plastic ring back around your LED.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image47.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Insert the LED into the hole provided for this purpose.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image48.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Put a pressure carefully on the back of the LED until it clips into the socket. For instance, you can use a small screwdriver to help you (see the photo). If you own a very old Disk ][, this operation could be a bit difficult. So, if you are in this situation, unscrew the plastic front panel of the drive (2 screws on the left side, 2 screws on the right side). You will access to the LED more easily and you will save time.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image49.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Your new LED is set up.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image50.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Press with your finger around the plastic ring to clip it around the LED socket. Again, if there is any problem to put the plastic ring back, unscrew the plastic front panel of the drive. This could make things a lot easier.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image51.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Your new two-color LED is securely fixed.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image52.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Let’s go back to the rear of the drive.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image53.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Connect the ribbon cable back. Take care to connect it in the right direction. Take care not to shift the two connectors: this could destroy some chips on the analogic board.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image54.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Pull gently on the three-wire ribbon cable of the two-color LED, so that the cable is not too loose inside the drive. If you own a very old Disk ][ drive without holes in the frame, your LED cable runs through the upper face of the frame. Then do not pull it too much.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image55.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Take the rough part of the velcro and set it on the wooly part, at the rear of the Disk ][+ printed circuit board.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image56.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Peel the protective film off and stick the printed circuit board at the rear of your drive, in the upper right corner. See the photo.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image57.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Screw the lower part of the metal case back with the 4 flat-head screws.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image58.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Here is how things look. Now, you are going to connect the 4 hook probes to the analogic board. Everything is detailed below, step by step. According to the kind of Disk ][ you own, some components on the analogic board may vary in size, particularly selfs and capacitors. Sometimes, this could lead you to connect the hook probes in a different position than the ones shown on the photos. Just choose the position that suits you, the only important thing is to connect the hook probes on the right components leads.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image59.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|First, locate the hook probe that is identified as C2- on the Disk ][+. Take it and press on the rectangle part of the probe while you hold it in your fingers. A small metal hook is coming out from the top of the probe. Connect this first hook probe on the negative lead of the C2 capacitor on the analogic board. Release the probe and the hook is going to tighten itself around the capacitor lead.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image60.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Now you are going to connect the hook probe named Q1c on the Disk ][+ printed circuit board. Connect it on the collector of the Q1 transistor on the analogic board. The collector of the transistor is the closest lead from the C4 capacitor. To save some space, a good idea consists in making the probe go under the C4 lead if you can. See photo.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image61.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Now, connect the third hook probe named C4+ on the Disk ][+ printed circuit board. Connect it on the positive lead of the C4 capacitor on the analogic board.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image62.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Then, locate and connect the last hook probe named R16 on the Disk ][+ printed circuit board. Connect it on the R16 resistance lead on the analogic board. Take care: the proper lead is the closest from the 74LS125 integrated circuit.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image63.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Congratulations, it is done. Here is how things look like now. At this stage, insert a floppy disk carefully into the drive to check that there is not any cable hindering the floppy disk movement.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image64.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Put the upper part of the metal case back. Insert it from the rear and make it slide gently. Take care not to unclip the hook probes.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image65.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Once the metal case reaches its position, flip your drive and screw the 4 screws back.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image66.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Your Disk ][ is upgraded an ready !||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image67.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|Connect it back to your Apple ][, and perform a test. The LED is off when there is no activity on the drive.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image68.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|It is green when the drive is reading a floppy disk.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image69.jpg|400px|center]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|It is red when the drive is writing on the floppy disk.||style="padding:15px;"|[[File:image70.jpg|400px|center]]
|}

== In case of troubles ==

'''The two-color LED stays off.'''
Open your Disk ][ drive again, and check the positions of the hook probes. Are they connected to the right leads? Are they firmly connected around the leads? Close your Disk ][ drive and perform a new test.

'''The two-color LED makes a red light for reading and a green light for writing.'''
The two-color LED has not been soldered correctly. Check between the LED and the three-wire ribbon cable, then check between the three-wire ribbon cable and the Disk ][+ printed circuit board. There is an inversion somewhere.

'''Disk ][+ works properly, but the LED makes a red light during the boot sequence, when the drive is roaring.'''
The 74LS125 integrated circuit on your analogic board is becoming weak. It is one of the most fragile component on Disk ][ drives. For example, it does not stand when the drive ribbon cable is shifted when it is connected to the Apple ][ controller card. Change this 74LS125 before having more serious problems with your drive.

== Documentation ==

<gallery class="center" widths=200px heights=150px>
File:PDF_ICON.svg|Installation Guide v1.1|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/1/17/Disk_II%2B_Installation_guide_1.1.pdf
</gallery>
</div>

Main Page

2024-09-20T17:28:22Z

Khaibitgfx:

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<h2 style="background-color:#5090C0; font-weight:bold; color:white; padding:0.3em 1em; margin:1em 0; font-size:inherit; text-align:center">Recent Releases from ReActiveMicro </h2> 

<div style="font-size:200%; text-align: center;">
<gallery class="center" widths=450px heights=200px>

</gallery>
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<gallery class="center" widths=300px>
File:Photoroom_20240316_143943.jpg|A2FPGA Multicard|link=A2FPGA
File:IMG_20201227_152312585_HDR-Wiki-tiny.png|Universal Enclosure PSU Kit|link=Universal_Enclosure_PSU
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<h2 style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-weight:bold; color:black; padding:0.3em 1em; margin:1em 0; font-size:inherit; text-align:center"> 
Find Chips Numbers And Related Info 
[[Image:Title_Apple_Chip_Designations.svg|512px|link=Apple_Chip_Designations]] 
[[Apple_Chip_Designations|Vintage Apple Computer Inc. - IC Part Numbers (designations)]]
</h2>
</div>
 
<hr>

<gallery class="center" widths=300px>

File:image1.jpg|Disk II Light MOD|link=Disk_II%2B

File:IMG_20200914_165100448_HDR-cables-tiny.png|Mini AV2HDMI Video Adapter|link=Mini_AV2HDMI_Video_Adapter
File:Apple_II_Plus_Rev7_Horizontal.png|Apple II ''plus'' Rev 7 RFI Factory NEW Replacement Mainboard|link=Apple_II_Plus_Rev_7_RFI
File:IMG_20190713_161320401_HDR-Wiki-tiny.png|Phasor v1.0|link=Phasor
File:2018-03-28-ReActiveMicro-Mockingboard-v2.2-Assembled-Wiki.png|Mockingboard v2.2|link=Mockingboard
File:UM_Transwarp_GS.jpg|UM TransWarp GS|link=TransWarp_GS
File:2017-12-20-UltraWarpv1.91RM.6-Face-Wiki.png|UltraWarp v1.91G|link=UltraWarp
File:IMG_20170527_121409-Fixed.jpg|Accelerator Speed Test Comparisons|link=Accelerator_Speeds
File:2018-07-09-_ReActiveMicro_-_3.5_Disk_Controller_v1.0-Face-Wiki.png|Apple II 3.5" Disk Controller Card|link=Apple_II_3.5_Disk_Controller_Card
File:RAMWorks_IIII_Kit_v1.1-PCB_Assembled.png|RAMWorks IIII Kit|link=RAMWorks_IIII_Kit
File:2018-01-29_ProDevDDTv1.0.png|ProDev DDT v1.0|link=ProDev_DDT
File:RM_MicroDriveTurbo-Object.png|MicroDrive Turbo|link=MicroDrive/Turbo
File:RM External CF Drive-Object.png|External CF Drive v2.0|link=External_CF_Drive
File:IIGS_ROM1_Adapter-Face-Wiki.jpg|IIGS ROM 00 to ROM 01 Upgrade Adapter|link=IIgs_ROM1_Adapter
File:4soniq-v1.1.JPG|4soniq Sound Card by Manila Gear|link=4soniq
File:2soniq-v1.0.JPG|2soniq Sound Card by Manila Gear|link=2soniq
File:NSC-Front.png|No Slot Clock v1.1 by Manila Gear|link=No_Slot_Clock
File:Nsc.png|No-Slot Clock v1.0|link=No-Slot_Clock
File:Replica_One-Object.png|Replica 1 Plus from Briel Computers|link=Replica_1
File:P_20180709_191343_vHDR_Auto-Wiki.png|Apple IIc Plus Universal PSU v1.0|link=IIc+_Universal_PSU
File:Universal_PSU_Kit_Main1.png|Universal PSU Kit|link=Universal_PSU_Kit
File:IMG_20160828_153318-fixed.png|HERO Junior RT-1 Charger Adapter|link=HERO_Junior_RT-1_Charger_Adapter
File:IIe_Enhancement_Kit.png|IIe Enhancement Kit|link=Apple_IIe_Enhancement_Kit
File:TWGSGAL-Local.jpg|TransWarp GALs and Upgrades|link=TransWarp_GS
File:Battery_Caddy2.jpg|IIGS ROM 0/1 Battery Caddy|link=IIgs_ROM0/1_Battery_Caddy
File:VGA-Adapter-v2.JPG|Apple IIGS VGA Adapter by Manila Gear|link=Apple_IIGS_VGA_Adapter
File:IMG_20170915_143009-Fixed.jpg|IBM 15pin to Apple 9pin Joystick Adapter by Manila Gear|link=IBM_15pin_to_Apple_9pin_Joystick_Adapter_by_Manila_Gear
File:Adapter_-_Assembled_-_Face.png|IBM 15pin to Apple 9pin Joystick Adapter|link=IBM_15pin_to_Apple_9pin_Joystick_Adapter
File:AppleSauce_v3_Proto.jpg|Applesauce|link=Applesauce
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<center>Projects still in the developmental stage.</center>
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File:GSBarnDoor_face.jpg|GSBarnDoor|link=GSBarnDoor
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<center>Software/hardware based projects by Tookitman for your convenience.</center>
<gallery class="center" widths=300px>
File:Gnoawt.jpg|GRAPHIC NOVEL APPLEWIN TUTORIAL|link=GRAPHIC NOVEL APPLEWIN TUTORIAL
File:cat1.JPG|VOSGI|link=VOSGI
File:Woz2.JPG|Apple II Garage Videogame|link=Apple ii Garage VideoGame
File:PM1Comp.jpg|POM 1 Computer|link=POM 1 Computer
File:Awinserialcomm.jpg|AppleWin Serial to USB Communication port|link=AppleWin Serial to USB Communication port
File:VISUALA2.jpg|Visual Apple II Operating System|link=VisualA2
File:POM1RPI.jpg|POM 1 Raspberrypi|link=POM1_Raspberrypi
File:Lina.jpg|Linapple Raspberrypi|link=Linapple_Raspberrypi
File:BMIIMAGE.jpg|BMI CALCULATOR APPLE II ''plus''|link=BMI
File:BTLAI.jpg|ROBOT AI APPLE II ''plus''|link=ROBOT AI Apple ii Plus
File:A2.jpg|APPLE II DSK APPLE 1 SIMULATOR|link=Apple II .dsk image Apple 1 Simulator
File:MODULARA2.JPG|MODULAR APPLE II SYSTEM|link=Modular A2
File:winemus.jpg|APPLE II WINDOWS EMULATORS|link=Apple ii Windows Emulators
File:Fotor-ai-20240221105017.jpg|SMALLEST ARDUINO APPLE I|link=Smallest Arduino Apple 1 Emulator Computer
File:Dlcastervd.jpg|DON LANCASTER TV TYPEWRITER ARDUINO UNO|link=Don Lancaster TV Typewriter Arduino Uno
File:Pingpong.png|CREATING PONG ARDUINO DUE MINI ARCADE CABINET BOOTLEG|link=Pong Arduino Due Mini Arcade Cabinet Bootleg
File:Fandom1.jpg|FANDOM JOURNEY Apple I|link=Fandom Journey Apple I

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MicroDrive/Turbo

2024-09-20T16:52:37Z

Khaibitgfx:

[[Image:Title_Micro_Drive_Turbo.svg|512px|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/8/82/Title_Micro_Drive_Turbo.svg]]

[[Image:RM_MicroDriveTurbo-Object.png|thumb|MicroDrive Turbo from ReActiveMicro|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/4/4d/RM_MicroDriveTurbo-Object.png]]

The MicroDrive Turbo is an IDE Mass Storage Device that is Apple IIGS and Apple II, II Plus, or //e compatible. It emulates a Hard Disk Drive by utilizing Solid-State Compact Flash (CF) Cards.

MicroDrive Turbo (aka - MDT) is currently sold by [[ReActiveMicro]]. They sell it with a preloaded 256 MB Compact Flash Card to enable new users to start using the MicroDrive/Turbo right out of the box. Software included is GS/OS v6.0.1, IIGS Memory Testers, ShrinkIt (8 and 16 bit), Copy II+, MicroDrive Utilities, DiskMaker8, DSK2File, DOS.MASTER and different AE Memory Testers for your //e. Everything needed to start transferring and unpacking software from the Internet, and start using your Apple II Personal Computer once again.

Product Status: Actively sold by [http://store.reactivemicro.com/product/microdriveturbo-storage-controller/ ReActiveMicro].

Support: Post on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME}}|Discussion]] page (link above) or email [http://store.reactivemicro.com/contact-us/ ReActiveMicro Support].

Sales: Visit the [http://store.reactivemicro.com/shop/ ReActiveMicro Store].

== History ==
The MicroDrive Turbo was designed by Joachim Lange of ///SHH Systeme and released in 1996. This was the first Apple II IDE Controller that used DMA.

In 2004 Gerber Street Enterprises started reselling select items from ///SHH Systeme, however the offering was only a couple of items and stock was very limited.

Mid-2006 ReActiveMicro took over reselling all ///SHH Systeme items in an effort to provide better service and a larger product variety to the Apple II Community.

==Versions==
Pre-2006 versions of the card were all hand assembled by Joachim Lange of ///SHH Systeme. After ReActiveMicro took over sales in 2006 the units were hand assembled by Henry from ReActiveMicro till mid 2015. ReActiveMicro then started their structured move to a more automated vendor and set their sights to have projects assembled on a larger scale. The MicroDrive Turbo was the first such project to be fully assembled. However due to a learning curve and testing different vendors Henry continued to hand assemble some MicroDrive Turbo units until 2016. During that year all projects moved to being fully assembled as well as offering kit versions of most projects.

From March 19th 2018 until the 25th ReActiveMicro had a sale in which they jokingly played on the fact that Henry "defaced" several cards by signing them. Thus the cards would be sold at a discount due to his signature being of negative value and actually subtracting from the total worth of the card. This was in fact a joke made from the recent CFFA3000 sales where Rich Dreher sold "limited edition" cards where he signed them and charged $200USD more. It's noteworthy that Henry was not actually thrilled with signing cards and "felt like a total ass" the entire time doing so. He's not into celebrity or thinking his signature or efforts are anything special. He's more happy being able to supply demand and knowing that products he makes are being used in the retro spirit. "Limited editions" or signed products will not be a staple in the ReActiveMicro.com future, and will always be made in a self deprecating fashion.

<gallery class="center" widths=400px heights=200px caption="Example of signed MicroDrive Turbo.">
File:MDT_Signed1.jpg|MicroDrive Turbo. March 19th-25th 2018 Sale {51 units signed total}.
</gallery>

== Features ==

[[Image:MicroDrive_DMA.svg|200px|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/4/43/MicroDrive_DMA.svg]]

DMA: Looking for the fastest storage solution available for your Apple II? The MicroDrive Turbo is faster that any other Mass Storage controller since it uses DMA for reads and writes. As the name implies, it performs Direct Memory Access which bypasses the CPU and allows for a whopping 40% faster read and write speeds when compared to conventional controllers. For example, with an accelerator installed in your IIGS you can boot GS/OS in as fast as 7 seconds! The DMA option can be disabled using the Setup utility.

[[Image:40_Pin_Connector.svg|200px|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/b/ba/40_Pin_Connector.svg]]

40 Pin IDE Interface: The 40 Pin IDE interface on the MicroDrive/Turbo IDE is a standard 16 bit IDE port. It is capable of addressing "Primary" and "Secondary" IDs on the IDE chain.

IDE to Dual CF Adapter: The MicroDrive/Turbo comes standard with a 40 Pin IDE to Dual CF Adapter. Users can control which of the two CF Slots is "Primary" and "Secondary" using a Jumper on the Adapter. The Adapter however can be removed if so desired and a standard IDE Cable and devices attached.

Note: Dual mode unavailable when using the IIe Firmware; Only available when using the IIGS Firmware.

[[Image:CF_Card.svg|200px|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/9/9e/CF_Card.svg]]

Compact Flash: Why use Compact Flash Cards? They are readily available, inexpensive, low power, noiseless, shock proof, removable, and last almost forever - things that can't be said about mechanical Hard Drives. However, it is still possible to use some older IDE Hard Drives with the MicroDrive/Turbo Controller if desired. See "[[#Support: Using Mechanical Hard Drives|Support: Using Mechanical Hard Drives]]" below. Do you download software from the Internet and wonder how to get it to your Apple II or spend lots of time doing so? With the MicroDrive/Turbo it's now super easy! Just remove the Compact Flash Card from your MicroDrive/Turbo, insert it in to your PC and using [http://a2ciderpress.com/ CiderPress] (Windows only) you can read and write directly to the Compact Flash Card. Using your PC for transferring files and backing up has never been so quick and painless!

ProDOS 8 and 16: The MicroDrive/Turbo is ProDOS compatible. It's recognized as a 'standard' Mass Storage Device just like any Hard Disk Drive on your Apple II. Large Volume DOS 3.3 support is provided through the use of a program called DOS.MASTER (preloaded on CF Card).

Boot Options: By default, Volume 1 is set to boot. However when setting up a new CF Card the user sets which Volume they desire to boot. Or on an existing CF Card the Setup utility can modify the default boot Volume. However the MicroDrive/Turbo also offers a temporary option to boot to ANY volume. When powering on the Apple II the user will press and hold the Open Apple key. This will pause the MicroDrive/Turbo's splash screen. The user then presses the corresponding Volume's number key, and the MicroDrive/Turbo will boot to that Volume.

Apple IIGS and II/Plus/e Operation: The MicroDrive/Turbo comes standard with the Apple IIGS Firmware. You can however order one with IIe Firmware, or buy an upgrade ROM to convert a IIGS MicroDrive/Turbo for use in an II/Plus/e.

== Reviews ==
{{#ev:youtube|1JLJUPMVwDE|400|right|MicroDrive/Turbo (left) VS CFFA (right)|frame}}
On October 13th, 2018 Russell McGhee did a comparison of the MicroDrive/Turbo (left) VS CFFA (right). The IIGS on the right has a TWGS installed and is part of the delay when the system is first powered on. However you can see the IIGS boot screen simply enough and can compare between the two.

{{#ev:youtube|Wjy6_qnTnv0|400|right|Apple II Mass Storage Mega Roundup|frame}}
On August 13, 2016 Joe Strosnider from the YouTube channel "[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCyfwZvTPPJV4peBHupd6Ckw Joe's Computer Museum]" posted a review of several Mass Storage options for the Apple II, and the MicroDrive/Turbo was among them. He gives some very good feedback regarding the differences between the boards, and how the MicroDrive/turbo performs under real world conditions.

== Support: Backing Up - Setup Utility ==
'''The first thing you should do before using your MicroDrive/Turbo is to make a backup of the MicroDrive/Turbo Setup Utility.''' Without this Utility you will be unable to re-setup your CF Card should it crash or you accidentally format it. It is advised to copy the Setup Utility to a backup floppy and keep it in a safe place. To backup the Utility:

* Upon booting the MicroDrive/Turbo you will be taken to Volume 1 which holds the ProDOS 8 utilities.
* You will see menu item named "COPYIIPLUS9.1". Using the arrow keys highlight the item and press Enter.
* Press the letter "C" to select "COPY", and the letter "F" for "FILES".
* Use the arrow keys to select the Slot where you installed the MicroDrive/Turbo, and "Drive 1". Press Enter.
* Use the arrow keys to select the Slot and Drive where your backup floppy is located. Press Enter.
* You will see a folder named "MICRODRIVE". Using the arrow keys highlight the folder and press Enter.
* You will see a file called "MICRODRV.SETUP". Using the arrow keys highlight the file and press Enter.
* Press the letter "G" to start the copy process.

Note: This assumes your Floppy Disk is preformatted with ProDOS. If not then you can use Copy II Plus to also format the Disk.

== Support: IIGS Installation ==
When installing the MicroDrive/Turbo in your Apple IIGS a few things need to first be taken into consideration. For example, will you want to primary boot the MicroDrive/Turbo, your Floppy Drives, or other bootable devices installed in your system? For most installations users will want to boot primary to the MicroDrive/Turbo. In this case we recommend installing the MicroDrive/Turbo in Slot 7. And when you want to boot to the Floppy Drives hold
down the "ESC" key on boot. This allows the IIGS to "skip" booting the MicroDrive/Turbo and move on to checking the Floppy Drives or other bootable devices in lower numbered Slots.

For other configurations, the good news is that the Apple IIGS allows a lot of flexibility when it comes to booting. You will need to decide however what is the best to meet your needs. If not installing the MicroDrive/Turbo in Slot 7, then we usually recommend Slot 2. However by default the IIGS is set to use Slot 2 for a Modem. Since most users no longer use a Modem, Slot 2 is a good choice. However the default setting in the IIGS will need to be changed in order for the MicroDrive/Turbo to work.

To edit the settings or change the way your IIGS boots you will need to enter the Control Panel. There are a couple of ways to do this:
* Hold down the "Option" key on the keyboard and power on the IIGS. Select "1" for the Control Panel.
* Power on the IIGS and at anytime hold down the "Open Apple" and "Control" keys, then press the "ESC" key. Press "Enter" to select Control Panel.
Once in the Control Panel use the "Arrow" keys to select the "Slots" menu and press "Enter".

Most IIGS systems will be set to the default configuration, denoted by the "check mark" on the left of the option. Use the "Up" or "Down" arrow keys to select an option, then "Left" or "Right" arrow keys to set the option. Be sure to press "Enter" when done to save any changes.

For example, there is nothing needed '''to use the MicroDrive/Turbo in Slot 7'''. It is already defaulted to "Your Card". There is also no need to change the "Startup" option if it is set to "Slot 7" or "Scan".

If however you want '''to use the MicroDrive/Turbo in Slot 2''' you will need to change the Slot setting to "Your Card". And if you would like the IIgs to boot the MicroDrive/Turbo in Slot 2 then you will also need to change the "Startup" option to "Slot 2". Be sure to press "Enter" when done to save any changes.

The "Startup" option in the Control Panel allows you to control how the IIGS checks for bootable devices when powered on. "Scan" will tell the IIGS to look from Slot 7 to Slot 1. Selecting "Slot [X]" will tell the IIGS to ONLY boot that Slot. If no bootable devices are found then the IIGS will report "Check startup device!" You can however tell the IIGS to boot from another Slot by breaking into BASIC (hold down the "Control" key and press the "Reset" key), then type "PR#X" and press the "Enter" key. "X" is the Slot number.

Note: The MicroDrive/Turbo allows the IIGS to "skip" trying to boot it by holding down the "ESC" key on boot.

== Support: //e Installation ==
When installing the MicroDrive/Turbo in your Apple //e a few things need to first be taken into consideration. For example, will you want to primary boot the MicroDrive/Turbo, your Floppy Drives, or other bootable devices installed in your system? For most installations users will want to boot primary to the MicroDrive/Turbo. In this case we recommend installing the MicroDrive/Turbo in Slot 7. And when you want to boot to the Floppy Drives hold down the "ESC" key on boot. This allows the //e to "skip" booting the MicroDrive/Turbo and move on to checking the Floppy Drives or other bootable devices in lower numbered Slots.

If however you install the MicroDrive/Turbo in another Slot then it may not boot and depends on what other bootable devices are installed in your //e. You can however tell the //e to boot to another Slot by breaking into BASIC if needed (hold the "Control" key and press the "Reset" key), then type "PR#X" and press the "Enter" key. "X" is the Slot number.

Note: The MicroDrive/Turbo allows the IIGS to "skip" trying to boot it by holding the "ESC" key on boot.

== Support: Trouble Shooting ==
Here are some tips on where to start if you experience any issues with your MicroDrive/Turbo (MDT) or any cards in your Apple II system.

First and foremost - ALWAYS always worth mentioning be sure to observe correct ESD protection when handling or touching electronics or you will damage and weaken ICs. It would be great if a damaged IC failed instantly. However that's rarely the case. ESD damage usually eats away at the gates inside an IC, can cause timing issues, and the IC to run hotter than designed for. This causes the IC to operate unreliably. And the worse kind of issue to diagnose is an inconsistent one. So please always use a grounded wrist strap and even a static mat when working on your IIgs. ReActivceMicro sees quite a few systems with weak or damaged bus transceivers (LS/HCT245) and can usually repair the motherboards, and ESD damage is the primary suspect for the ICs needing to be replaced. ALWAYS observe correct ESD protection when handling or touching electronics. However before suspecting the Apple II, let's retest the MDT in-system.

Start with cleaning the MDT's edge connector (slot connector end with the gold fingers). A pencil eraser is a good device for cleaning. You could also use some 95+ alcohol and a paper towel. When clean all the fingers should be about the same color and brightness. Any which appear to be dull or darker than the rest need to be recleaned as they could have some residue on them from manufacturing. This could cause connection issues with the slot.

Next, check your outlet power. Check to make sure the outlet is wired correctly. ReActiveMicro receives about 5 support emails a year from users with MDT issues who all swear their power is fine and there's no power or wiring issues. After much debate and discussion Support usually sends an outlet tester to which they finally check the outlet and discover there's a wiring fault and the cause of most or all of their past issues. The older original PSUs don't seem to mind a wiring issue, however the new ones ReActiveMicro sells will produce all kinds of issues if an outlet is incorrectly wired. So we ask that users check their outlets with a multimeter or outlet tester (eBay for under $10 delivered) to make sure issues are not power related. As another good way to check is to run a power cord from your bathroom or kitchen GFCI outlet and retest your II for a while, as these outlets have be to wired correctly in order to turn on. This is a simple way to help rule out a power issue and highly recommended in all testing situations where power is suspect.

Next we ask that you run the Read Write test software for the MDT. It's under the Utils folder, in the Microdrive folder, called TURBO.RW.TEST. It's a system file so you can use the ProDOS selector to run it. Let the test run for an hour or two. This should confirm the MDT is running well. If the test randomly fails or stops during this time then this might suggest an issue with Apple II. You can also try performing the 'twist test' and 'wiggle test' with the MDT during this time and see if the board fails. Tap and wiggle the IDE to CF Adapter and CF Card. See if the test stops and reports an error. If so then reseat the Adapter and CF Card several times to clean the connectors. The MDT should work well however, and you should be able to bend/stress the card slightly and press on the ICs while the test is running without any issues (assuming your slot is good). Too much pressure or shaking can cause the card to lose contact with the slot. So don't be too aggressive, but you'd be surprised at the amount of pressure and bumps you can apply without issues. Which is perfect to make sure it's no a connection issue. And 'twisting' the card helps confirm there isn't a cold solder joint. Again, don't be too aggressive, but you should be able to a decent amount of force to stress the board ends in both clockwise and counter clockwise directions. If the board fails during this test then it might suggest a cold solder joint.

Lastly, clean the card with some degreasor and an old toothbrush. Be sure to pull the firmware ROM and remove the CF to IDE Adapter before cleaning. Only clean the MDT board without the ROM installed. A good solvent like Brakleen is best. This also dries residue free. Rinse well with cleaner too. Use plenty of cleaner and mainly brush the small square IC in the middle of the board in all directions for at least 1 minute. Work the toothbrush in to the small pins with a combing action. The more brushing the better, and the more solvent used the better. Also clean inside the firmware ROM socket well. Brush around the surface mount pins where they connect to the PCB as best you can. You can also use 95+ alcohol and a toothbrush. However you'll need to rinse the card in water to fully clean it. Distilled water is best. Tap water is usually fine too. Be sure to tap the card's edges well on a hard surface to get the water out from under the ICs, and then use a hair dryer to fully dry the card for 5-10 mins. You can also leave the board out overnight to air dry, however this usually isn't needed. Canned or compressed air also works well do help get water out from under the ICs and dry the board.

If the MDT passes the twist and bump tests but fails randomly then it could be related to the IIgs. ReActiveMicro will usually send another MDT so users can retest locally to help confirm it's the II or the MDT. If the new MDT board also fails then it's your IIgs system which is the issue. Which at that point you may want to consider sending us your motherboard for additional confirmation testing and we can replace the bus transceivers if needed then send back to you for additional local testing. This kind of repair is about $100 however, and really should be a last resort effort. So let's see what the first few tests show us before pointing fingers at the IIgs motherboard.

When using the MicroDrive/Turbo with other expansion cards that utilize DMA, it may be helpful to try running the MicroDrive/Turbo with DMA disabled if your system is behaving erratically. For example, as of late 2020, several users report erratic freezes of the VidHD when it and MicroDrive/Turbo are both utilizing DMA. Hopefully, a future revision of the VidHD firmware will repair any incompatibility.

== Support: Backing Up - CF Card ==
One important feature of the MicroDrive/Turbo the ability to remove the CF Card and use CiderPress to back up the Volumes on it. To do this you will need to have installed CiderPress on your PC or Mac running a Windows emulator, and a CF Card Reader.

See [[MicroDrive/Turbo#Support:_CiderPress|"Support: CiderPress"]] below for the download link and continued instructions on how to use it to backup the CF Card.

For 32Meg volume images or whole CF Card images visit the [https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/32_Meg_Hard_Drive_Image 32 Meg Hard Drive Image page] and the [[#Documentation.2C_Files.2C_and_Software|download links]] below.

== Support: Using the Setup Utility ==
Installation: The MicroDrive/Turbo comes pre-setup. Just install in any Slot. We however recommend Slot 7 if possible since you will most likely want to boot from the MicroDrive/Turbo much more often than your Floppies. And when you want to boot to a Floppy:
* On boot, press and hold the ESC key. This will bypass the MicroDrive/Turbo on boot.

Note: IIGS users may need to make a change to Slot settings in the Control Panel. To access the Control Panel first boot the IIGS. Then press and hold down the Open Apple key, Control key, and then press the ESC key.

===Setup Utility===
Be sure to backup the MicroDrive/Turbo Setup utility to floppy! This disk will be for backup purposes or if you need to setup a new CF Card.
* Upon booting the MicroDrive/Turbo you will be taken to Volume 1 which holds the ProDOS 8 utilities.
* You will see a folder named "SHRINK.IT". Using the arrow keys to highlight the folder and press Enter.
* You will now see a file called "SHRINK.IT.V3.4". Press Enter to execute it.
* Press the letter "O" to open an archive. The "MICRODRV.IIE.S1" is for a 5.25” disk, and "MICRODRV.TURBO" is for a 3.5” disk. Select one and press Enter twice.
* Next select the Drive on which to write.
* When done be sure to boot the disk and run the Setup utility to make sure it restored correctly.
* Repeat the above process if needed.
* Done!

Note: If you require a Setup utility disk be mailed to you, there will be a charge. Please email [http://store.reactivemicro.com/contact-us/ ReActiveMicro Support] for details and pricing.

===Check The DMA Setting===
It is advised to check the DMA setting in the Setup utility to make sure it is set correctly. Usually there isn't any issue, however you can experience data corruption or loss if the setting is not correct.
* Upon booting the MicroDrive/Turbo you will be taken to Volume 1 which holds the ProDOS 8 utilities.
* You will see a folder named "MICRODRIVE". Using the arrow keys highlight the folder and press Enter.
* You will now see a file called "MICRODRV.SETUP". Press Enter to execute it.
* Press the letter "D" to select "DMA Mode". If it's set currently to your Apple II, then you are finished. If not, then continue to the next step.
* Press Enter to change the setting. For //e users select "Enable".
* Press the letter "W" to select "Write Configuration".
* Press Enter, then the letter "W" to save the new configuration.
* Done!

Note: Set DMA Mode To "Disable" to see how much slower your system would be using a non-DMA Mass Storage Device.

===The Pre-setup and Pre-loaded CF Card===
The MicroDrive/Turbo comes with a pre-setup CF Card which has 4 ProDOS Volumes on it. The CF Card comes pre-loaded the same for the IIGS or //e.
* Volume 1 has ProDOS 8 Utilities loaded on it and is bootable into ProDOS 8.
* Volume 2 has GS/OS v6.0.1 loaded on it and is bootable. You will need at least 1Meg of RAM in order to RUN GS/OS or you will be forced to exit.
* Volume 3 had DOS.MASTER loaded on it and is bootable into ProDOS 8 which loads BASIC. You will see a folder called DOS.MASTER.
* Volume 4 is formatted in ProDOS and is not bootable.

You can setup more volumes on the CF Card if you wish, however you will quickly run out of "Slots" under ProDOS 8. ProDOS maps each Volume to a Slot and Drive, the same as what is done with the Floppy Drives. So the current 4 Volumes take up 2 Slots, which have 2 Drives each. If you don't have many peripheral cards in your Apple II then adding more Volumes may not pose an issue. However users which have other devices in Slots which get a Volume mapped to them may not be able to use the card or the Volume. You have been warned.

====Boot To Other Volumes====
The MicroDrive/Turbo comes set to boot to Volume 1 by default. You can however temporary boot to other Volumes on the CF Card.
* Hold down the "Open Apple" key when powering on the Apple II. This will pause the MicroDrive/Turbo's splash screen.
* Lastly press the corresponding Volume's number key, and the MicroDrive/Turbo will boot to that Volume.

You can also use the Setup utility to make booting to another Volume the current setting.
* Upon booting the MicroDrive/Turbo you will be taken to Volume 1 which holds the ProDOS 8 utilities in a folder named "UTIL".
* You will see folder named "MICRODRIVE". Using the arrow keys highlight the folder and press Enter.
* You will now see a file called "MICRODRV.SETUP". Press Enter to execute it.
* Press the letter "B" to select "Default Boot Volume".
* Press Enter to change the setting to the desired NEW boot Volume.
* Press the letter "W" to select "Write Configuration".
* Press Enter, then the letter "W" to save the new configuration.
* Done!

====Adding Volumes To CF Card====
To add more Volumes to your CF Card.
* Upon booting the MicroDrive/Turbo you will be taken to Volume 1 which holds the ProDOS 8 utilities.
* You will see a folder named "MICRODRIVE". Using the arrow keys to highlight the folder and press Enter.
* You will now see a file called "MICRODRV.SETUP". Press Enter to execute it.
* Press the letter "E" to select "Partition Editor". You will immediately be taken to the "Partition Table" area on the right side of the screen.
* Press the letter "A" to add a new Volume. Note: Press the "?" key for available commands.
* Press and hold both "Apple" keys, then press the "Right Arrow" key. The "Blk Size" and "Dec/Hex" column values will start to change.
* Keep pressing the "Right Arrow" key till the "Blk Size" reads "$010000". Release the "Apple" keys.
* Press the "Left Arrow" key once. The "Blk Size" should now read "$00FFFF".
**Note: ProDOS can only use UP TO 32Megs of space. "$00FFFF" is 32Meg in Blocks. You can create volumes larger then 32Megs however you will may not be able to use them.
**'''Press the letter "D" to delete any volumes or to start over.'''
**Press the letter "Q" twice if you DO NOT want to save your changes and exit.
**Repeat the above steps if you want to add more Volumes.
* Press Enter, then the letter "W" which selects "Write Configuration" to save the new configuration.
* Done!

Note: Don't forget you will need to format any new Volumes before they can be used to store anything.

===Deleting Volumes From CF Card===
To add more Volumes to your CF Card.
* Upon booting the MicroDrive/Turbo you will be taken to Volume 1 which holds the ProDOS 8 utilities.
* You will see a folder named "MICRODRIVE". Using the arrow keys highlight the folder and press Enter.
* You will now see a file called "MICRODRV.SETUP". Press Enter to execute it.
* Press the letter "E" to select "Partition Editor". You will immediately be taken to the "Partition Table" area on the right side of the screen.
* Use the "Arrow" keys to select the Volume you want to delete.
* Press the letter "D" to delete the Volume.
**Press the letter "Q" twice if you DO NOT want to save your changes and exit.
**Repeat the above steps if you want to add more Volumes.
* Press the letter "W" to select "Write Configuration".
* Press Enter, then the letter "W" to save the new configuration.
* Done!

===Setting Up a New CF Card===
To use a new CF Card (or one that has been accidentally formatted on your PC) you must first partition it. However if you do not have an existing bootable CF Card or a backup of the MicroDrive/Turbo Setup Utility on Floppy Disk then you will need to contact Support (see above) in order to obtain a new CF Card which is preloaded, or a Diskette with the Setup Utility.

If you have the Setup Utility then see [[#Adding Volumes To CF Card]] above.

== Support: Need to Add/Complete ==
Format issues with C2+

Using a Second CF Card Slot:

Copy files.

== Support: CiderPress - Backing Up and Restoring ==
Please visit http://a2ciderpress.com to download and install CiderPress for Windows. CiderPress can be run on a Mac using emulation (e.g., Parallels Desktop of VMWare Fusion) or using a WINE-based emulation (e.g., http://retrocomputingaustralia.com/rca-downloads/ -- thanks to Michael Mulhern for his efforts and hosting). However, WINE-based emulators are unable to access CF Card Readers so can't be used for this utility. 
Note: There is a Mac based project being developed to allow the access of the MDT CF Card. You can find the project here: https://github.com/disappearinjon/microdrive

Your PC will also require a CF Card Reader so you can access the CF Card.

Backing Up A CF Card: To backup a Volume on a CF Card:
*Insert the CF Card into your Reader. Allow a few seconds for it to be recognized by your OS. '''DO NOT format the Card if prompted!'''
*Open CiderPress.
*Click on the "Tools" menu and select "Volume Copier (open volume).
*Select “Physical Disk X”. X is the disk number. Click the "OK" button to continue.
Note: Users with a Computer that has more than one Hard Drive or CF Reader will have to determine exactly which Drive the CF Card Reader to be used is. In most cases it will be “1”. The size of the CF Card should also be displayed in the "Remarks" column.
*All Volumes will now be listed. Select the volume you wish to backup and click the "Copy to file" button.
*You will now be asked where to save the backup file. Select a location and a name then press the "Save" button.
*CiderPress will now start to read the Volume and save it to your PC. When it is done the popup progress window will close.
**Optional: You can now select other Volumes to backup if desired.
*Done!

Note: You could also use a utility to backup the whole CF Card like [http://hddguru.com/software/HDD-Raw-Copy-Tool/ HDD Raw Copy]. CiderPress however has the advantage of being able to open and utilize the backup Images it creates. So in the future you could copy files from the Images or access data if needed. You would not need to fully restore the Image as with other backup programs. Some Emulators can also access and use the Image files too. Raw Disk Copiers like HDD Raw Copy can however be useful if you would like to quickly duplicate a CF Card as it will copy the Partition information unlike CiderPress. So you do not need to run the MicroDrive/Turbo Setup Utility before restoring the HDD Raw Copy Image. This could be a useful backup method should the Setup Utility backup disk you made (see [[#Support: Backing Up - Setup Utility|"Support: Backing Up - Setup Utility"]] above) ever becomes damaged, lost, or unusable.

Restoring A Backup Image To A CF Card: To restore a Volume:
*Insert the CF Card into your Reader. Allow a few seconds for it be recognized by your OS. '''DO NOT format the Card if prompted!'''
*Open CiderPress.
*Click on the "Tools" menu and select "Volume Copier (open volume).
*Select “Physical Disk X”. X is the disk number.
Note: Users with a Computer that has more than one Hard Drive or CF Reader will have to determine exactly which Drive the CF Card Reader to be used is. In most cases it will be “1”. The size of the CF Card should also be displayed in the "Remarks" column.
*Uncheck the "Open as read-only" option above the "OK" button.
WARNING: Data on your Volumes can now be over-written. Be careful, and make sure to select the correct Volume!
*Click the "OK" button to continue.
*All Volumes will now be listed. Select the volume you wish to restore an image to and click the "Load from file" button.
*Select the image file and click the "Open" button.
*CiderPress will prompt you to make sure you want to overwrite a Volume if there is data there, and you need to confirm "OK" to continue. If it is blank it will start loading the image.
**You can load multiple images if you wish.
*Done!

== Support: CiderPress - Copying Files ==
Copy A File TO The CF Card:
*Insert the CF Card into your Reader. Allow a few seconds for it be recognized by your OS. '''DO NOT format the Card if prompted!'''
*Open CiderPress.
*Click on the "File" menu and select "Open Volume...".
*Select “Physical Disk X”. X is the disk number. Click the "OK" button to continue.
Note: Users with a Computer that has more than one Hard Drive or CF Reader will have to determine exactly which Drive the CF Card Reader to be used is. In most cases it will be “1”. The size of the CF Card should also be displayed in the "Remarks" column.
*Uncheck "Open as read only" and click the "OK" button.
*All Volumes and folders will now be listed. Locate the volume, and folder if desired, in which you wish to place the copied file.
**Roots of Volumes can be identified by the double name such as "MDVOL1::MDVOL1" for example.
**Folder and files can be identified by the name AFTER the ":" and the info listed in the "TYPE" column.
*Right click on the location, then select "Add Files...".
*Browse to the file's location, select any desired options, then click the "OK" button.
*You will now see the file located on the CF Card.
*Repeat as desired to add more files.
*Done!

Copy A File FROM The CF Card:

*Insert the CF Card in to your Reader. Allow a few seconds for it be recognized by your OS. '''DO NOT format the Card if prompted!'''
*Open CiderPress.
*Click on the "File" menu and select "Open Volume...".
*Select “Physical Disk X”. X is the disk number. Click the "OK" button to continue.
Note: Users with a Computer that has more than one Hard Drive or CF Reader will have to determine exactly which Drive the CF Card Reader to be used is. In most cases it will be “1”. The size of the CF Card should also be displayed in the "Remarks" column.
*All Volumes and folders will now be listed. Locate the volume, and folder if needed, in which the file wish to copy is located.
**Roots of Volumes can be identified by the double name such as "MDVOL1::MDVOL1" for example.
**Folder and files can be identified by the name AFTER the ":" and the info listed in the "TYPE" column.
*Right click on the location, then select "Extract...".
*Browse to the location you wish to copy the file to, select any desired options, then click the "OK" button.
*You will now see the file located where you selected.
*Repeat as desired to copy more files.
*Done!

== Support: Command line tool on Mac OS to manipulate a MicroDrive/Turbo disk or image ==

For a long time now Mac OS users have struggled in dealing with ProDOS formatted CF Card. CiderPress is a native Windows program and requires a full emulator like Parallels Desktop or VMWare Fusion.

Jon Lasser contacted Henry and started to discuss the issues with CiderPress on the MAC and how he might be able to create a simple but powerful program. It would allow access to the ProDOS formatted CF Card, as CiderPress does. However it will run natively on the MAC platform. We are more than glad to help Jon with his efforts in any way we can.

You can read more about Jon’s project here at his own blog:
https://twoideas.org/2020/01/02/the-joys-of-retrocomputing-also-announcing-a-microdrive-turbo-image-tool/

As of the time of this writing (end of 2020), Jon Lasser's tool is a solid option for backing up and restoring CF cards formatted with ProDOS and for copying images. Use of the Terminal is required and some familiarity with using Mac OS in this way is important. This is a great step forward.

== Support: Using Mechanical Hard Drives ==
It is possible to use old mechanical Hard Drives on the MicroDrive/Turbo however Compact Flash is a much better solution. As noted in "[[#Features|Features]]" above: "[Compact Flash is] readily available, inexpensive, low power, noiseless, shock proof, removable, and last almost forever - things that can't be said about mechanical Hard Drives."

Steps to install and use a mechanical Hard Drive:
*First, remove the IDE to CF Adapter. The unit should just slide off when pulled. Be careful to not bend any pins on the IDE male header.
*Next, install a 40-pin IDE Cable.
*Next, if needed set your IDE Hard Drive to the correct "Primary" or "Secondary" setting.
*Finally, install the Hard Drive onto the IDE Cable.

'''Note:''' If the Hard Drive is powered from a secondary Power Supply you need to adhere to the following in order for all to work correctly:
*The GS has to be turned on '''first'''. The Power Supply to the Hard Drive is then turned on '''second'''. Wrong order and the drive may not spin up.
*The two Power Supplies must have a common ground. Without this the MicroDrive/Turbo may not see the Hard Drive.
*Be warned that most newer MicroDrive/Turbo boards have +5v connected to pin Pin 20 of the IDE Connector. Be sure to use a cable which DOES NOT have a cable pin connected, or you cut the cable pin.

== Support: Using ADTPro, Uthernet, and MicroDrive/Turbo Together ==
An incompatibility exists in ADTPro versions 2.0.2 and earlier where ADTPro's Uthernet initialization interferes with the operation of the MicroDrive/Turbo running IIGS firmware. To be specific, if the MicroDrive/Turbo is in a slot number '''lower''' than the Uthernet or Uthernet II, ADTPro will not start . Even if you create and save an ADTPro Uthernet configuration to specify an Uthernet slot using a different computer, it still won't work. There are a number of solutions available:
# Use a version greater than 2.0.2 of ADTPro
# Move your MicroDrive/Turbo to a slot '''higher''' than your Uthernet or Uthernet II card (typical slots are 3 for Uthernet, and 7 for MicroDrive/Turbo)
# Use the //e version of firmware in your MicroDrive/Turbo.

== Support: Running The Preinstalled Games ==
With the CF Card that comes with the MicroDrive/Turbo you will find a "IIE GAMES" and a "GS GAMES" folder, which is part of the "[https://archive.org/details/TotalReplay Total Replay]" distribution. If you try to run the games you will receive an error message of "FILETYPE MISMATCH". First, run "BOOT.SYSTEM" which is a menu system for running the games correctly. Then select and run the game of your choice.

== Self Powered IDE to CF Adapters ==
The MicroDrive/Turbo sold by ReActiveMicro comes with a self powered IDE to CF Adapter with a pre-setup CF Card. They did not sell boards with mechanical HDDs. "Self powered" refers to the IDE to CF Adapter which uses power supplied on Pin 20 of the IDE connector and does not require an external power source. This means the Apple II can supply power to the CF Card and no other power source is needed.

Boards from 2006 to mid 2008 will have +5v connected to Pin 20 of the IDE Connector in the form of a small jumper wire on the rear of the board. Later boards have a small trace added to the face, left side of the board. Over the years some users insisted on trying to install the CF Adapter backwards which would cause a short and burn the added trace from the board. So all boards from late 2017 and on have a fuse added to the small trace for added protection. The pic below on the right with the fuse is a good example of what the added trace looks like and where it is located.

<gallery class="center" widths=300px heights=200px caption="IDE Pin 20 Power Mods">
File:MicroDrive-Turbo-Back-PowerMod1.jpg|Pre-2008 MicroDrive/Turbo With Flywire Power Mod and Self Powered CF Adapter
File:MicroDrive-Turbo-Face-PowerMod2.jpg|2018 MicroDrive/Turbo With "F1" Fuse and Self Powered CF Adapter
</gallery>

== Support: Installing Firmware ==
[[Image:MicroDrive-Turbo_-_Firmware_Install.jpg|thumb|ROM Location And Where To Pry To Remove]]
The MicroDrive Turbo usually comes pre-setup for IIe or IIGS use. This is determined by the Firmware ROM which is installed on the card. The ROM is the small square IC on the upper right of the card. It is the only IC in a socket.

You can use the IIe Firmware in an IIe and IIGS, however it is quite slow in a IIGS compared to the IIgs Firmware. You cannot use the IIGS Firmware in a IIe as it will cause the IIe to crash to Monitor.

The //e Firmware ROM is usually marked with a label that has "II" written on it. This isn't the best way to check which firmware in on the MicroDrive Turbo as the label could have been removed or fallen off. If your MicroDrive/Turbo works in an IIe then the IIe Firmware is installed.

To remove the Firmware ROM you will need a "PLCC Extraction Tool". These can be found on eBay for under $5 usually. You can also use a paperclip, small wire, an awl, small screw driver, or any strong thin implement. Do not pry too hard on the ROM Socket if possible. Reference the picture for the areas on which to pry up.

The new Firmware ROM should be installed in the same orientation with the chip markings facing up. '''Installing the ROM backwards WILL damage it!''' Reference the picture and you will notice one corner of the Socket and ROM are "cut". The other corners are square. There is usually a "DOT" or mark on the case of the IC to help denote which side is which. In the case of the MicroDrive/Turbo we want to make sure the "cut corner" and the "DOT" are facing to the LEFT. The chip markings should be facing up, legible, with the gold Edge Connector (aka - Slot Edge) on the bottom of the MicroDrive Turbo.

<gallery class="center" widths=150px heights=80>
File:Floppy_Icon_514sleeve.svg|MicroDrive-Turbo II, II''plus'', IIe Unenhanced (and IIGS but slow) Firmware|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/2/25/MicroDrive-Turbo-IIe-v1.60b-ROM.bin
File:Floppy_Icon_514sleeve.svg|MicroDrive Turbo IIGS ONLY Firmware|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/3/33/MicroDrive-Turbo_-_IIgs_v1.00_ROM_-_27512.bin
</gallery>

== Downloadable Files ==
<div class="new_window">
<gallery class="center" widths=150px heights=80 caption="RM MicroDrive-Turbo">
File:PDF_ICON.svg|2024 Manual |link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/4/4a/MicroDrive_Manual_2024.pdf
<gallery class="center" widths=150px heights=80 caption="MicroDrive-Turbo">

File:4am_Gaming_Image.svg|Total Replay 32meg|link=https://archive.org/details/TotalReplay

File:RM_Icon_File_Server.svg|Software|link=http://downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/MicroDrive-Turbo/Software/
File:RM_Icon_File_Server.svg|CF Images|link=http://downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/MicroDrive-Turbo/CF_Volume_Images/
File:RM_Icon_File_Server.svg|Assorted Files|link=http://downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/MicroDrive-Turbo/
</gallery>
</div>

[[Category:Hardware]]
[[Category:Apple]]
[[Category:ReActiveMicro Projects]]

File:Title Micro Drive Turbo.svg

2024-09-20T16:52:04Z

Khaibitgfx: Khaibitgfx reverted File:Title Micro Drive Turbo.svg to an old version

Mockingboard

2024-09-20T16:51:13Z

Khaibitgfx:

[[Image:Title_Mockingboard.svg|512px|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/c/cb/Title_Mockingboard.svg]]

[[Image:2018-03-28-ReActiveMicro-Mockingboard-v2.2-Assembled-Wiki.png|thumb|Mockingboard v2.2 Current version from ReActiveMicro|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/5/5e/2018-03-28-ReActiveMicro-Mockingboard-v2.2-Assembled-Wiki.png]]

The Mockingboard is a 6 voice sound card for the Apple II/II ''plus'', IIe, IIGS family of computers. The sound card was originally designed by Sweet Micro Systems. In 2005 [[ReActiveMicro]] (then called GSE-Reactive) was the first company to reproduce a clone of the board called "Mockingboard v1.0". Since then ReActiveMicro has released several versions of the Mockingboard in both assembled and kit forms.

Product Status: Actively sold by ReActiveMicro.

Support: Post on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME}}|Discussion]] page (link above) or email [https://www.reactivemicro.com/contact-us/ ReActiveMicro Support].

Sales: Visit the [https://www.reactivemicro.com/shop/ ReActiveMicro Store].

==Installation==
Thanks for your support by purchasing your Mockingboard from ReActiveMicro! To install your Mockingboard reference the [[#Documentation, Files, and Software|User's Manual links]] at the bottom of the page. Generally the board is installed in Slot 4. The 2 Pin Audio Cable can be connected to your Apple II motherboard and to the 2 pin header on the lower left of the Mockingboard labeled "MB Speaker". When you reboot or power on the Apple II you should hear the "beep" over your speakers. If you do not, reverse the 2 pin cable and try again. The sound is only able to transfer with the cable connected one way.

For the Apple IIGS be sure to set your system on "Normal" speed in the Control Panel or the board will not work correctly.

Speech Chip option: The top socket is the primary socket when installing the chip. It is generally labeled SC-02, Arctic-02, SSI-263P, SSI-263AP, or 78A263A-P. The jumper on the "Stereo Speech" 2 pin header allows speech output to both speakers if a Speech Chip is installed. Removing the jumper sends speech only to one speaker.

==Kit Assembly==
The parts included with your v2.2 kit and the PCB have basic labels. There are 315 pads which need to be soldered. Those with intermediate knowledge should have little trouble assembling the kit from just these labels. The images of the Mockingboard can also be used for reference or determine orientation, such as the diodes.

<gallery class="center" widths=400px heights=260px>
File:2018-01-31-ReActiveMicro-Mockingboard-v2.1-Kit-Wiki.jpg|v2.1 of The Mockingboard Kit.
</gallery>

'''Note:''' Some care needs to be taken when installing capacitors and diodes.

If your kit includes Aluminum or Tantalum capacitors, or "caps" for short, then be sure to install them in the correct orientation. The PCB will be clearly marked with "+" signs for all cap locations when the orientation of the part matters, or a polarized part is normally used. Sometimes a non-polarized part is used in place of a polarized one and then its orientation does not matter. However install a polarized cap backwards and you will damage it. An Aluminum Electrolytic will have a strip pointing to the NEGATIVE end lead. A Tantalum Electrolytic will generally have a marking or stripe to denote (not always pointing to) the POSITIVE lead.

All caps will have value markings on them. "106" is 10uF, and "104" is .1uF. 10uF is also physically a lot larger than .1uF. This should help identify the two ceramic caps in the kit. They along with the Electrolytic caps can also clearly be seen in the assembled pic above.

A diode also has a marking on it, and needs to be installed correctly as it only allows current to flow in one direction. Install it backwards and you won't usually damage it, however the circuit will no longer operate as intended. They can also clearly be seen in the assembled pic above.

'''Show below are example illustrations of different caps, a diode, and their related markings.'''

<gallery class="center" widths=400px heights=250px>
File:Caps_Chart.svg|Caps Markings|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/d/d1/Caps_Chart.svg
File:Diode_Anatomy.svg|Diode Markings|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/e/e9/Diode_Anatomy.svg
</gallery>

Your kit may include resistors. If so they could be the less precise "4 band" style which are typically 5% tolerance. Or the more precise "4 band" style which are typically 1% tolerance. Here are some charts on how to read them to help make matching locations on your PCB more easy.

<gallery class="center" widths=400px heights=400px>
File:4_Band_Resistor_Chart.svg|4-band Resistor Markings
File:5_Band_Resistor_Chart.svg|5-band Resistor Markings
</gallery>

The "MB Sound" connection on the card can be connected with a 2 pin cable to the Apple II motherboard. Disconnect the II's speaker and connect the 2 pin cable to the motherboard and Mockingboard. Turn on the Apple II and if you hear the system beep through your speakers then the cable is connected correctly. If no sound is heard then reverse one of the cable connections and reconnect. If still no sound is heard then there is an issue with the cable or Mockingboard.

Here are the assembly instructions for your reference. These are good to use if you want something local or to print out while soldering.

<div class="new_window">
<gallery class="center" widths=80px heights=80>
File:PDF_ICON.svg|Mockingboard Assembly Guide PDF 2019|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/2/24/Mockingboard_Assembly_Guide_2019.pdf
</gallery>
</div>

{{#ev:youtube|watch?v=rbI527j5LV4&feature=youtu.be&t=1m40s|600|center|Joe Strosnider Livestream Assembly Of The Mockingboard v2.1 And Review|frame}}
On February 8th, 2018 Joe Strosnider made an assembly and review of the Mockingboard v2.1 Kit. He gives some very good feedback and shows his own assembly of the project. The kit is so simple to assemble with some basic knowledge that as Joe states at 59:46 he just dives in without reading this wiki page or the assembly instructions and has little issue completing his work.

{{#ev:youtube|WgBCwFeyD7g|600|center|Chris Torrence's Assembly And Overview Of The Mockingboard v2.1|frame}}
On February 20th, 2018 Chris Torrence's Assembly Lines #62 video podcast did a review of the Mockingboard v2.1. He doesn't show full assembly like Joe Strosnider does, but it's still a good video to learn more in depth about the project and parts as well as mods, pics, and testing.

== Software Titles That Support Sound and Speech ==
We will likely add a table here to better outline all the known titles. However, for now it is best to reference this site:
http://www.applevault.com/hardware/sweet_micro_systems/mockingboard/

== History ==
The Mockingboard v1 was the first project ReActiveMicro started with in September 2005. After a bit of market research there seemed be enough demand to warrant this project. The board itself also seemed like a good candidate since it was a simple design, 2 layer PCB, and used standard parts which were still easily sourceable.

Henry disassembled the originally produced Mockingboard and noted what all the parts were. Bill was involved with starting the CAD layout, however he wasn't able to finish, so Henry took over and completed the project. Bill also helped with updating the design from an RCA Audio Cable to a 3.5mm Jack. He is also credited with the concept to add the 3.5mm Jack to the rear side of the IIe, which allows a more simple and shorter cable connection. Henry is credited with adding the II speaker input jack circuit to the board.

==Notable Mentions==
Henry's work on the Mockingboard project is mentioned in "Sophistication and Simplicity. The Life and Times of the Apple II Computer” by Steven Weyhrich. On page 171 Steven writes "In 2005, Henry Courbis of ReactiveMicro.com produced a fully functioning modern clone of the Mockingboard C, called the Mockingboard v1, selling it for $60. Since he was not equipped for large-scale production and had delays in meeting demand for it, another enterprising hacker, Tom Arnold, produced a clone of the clone in 2010, and sold it through the ReactiveMicro website as the Mockingboard v1a."

Steven however got most of this wrong. For starters there is no "large-scale" anything in the Apple II Community anymore, and this includes demand. Henry had 50 PCBs of the Mockingboard v1 produced, assembled most by hand, and sold the rest as kits. They took almost a year to complete selling. Selling 3-4 boards a month was about the average. Henry wanted to start the [[Phasor]] clone project after but was delayed due to other business opportunities. Demand started to grow again and in 2010 is when Tom Arnold said he would be making some more boards to help fill the need in the Community.

==Versions==
[[Image:MB v1 GSE.jpg|thumb|Mockingboard v1 from GSE-Reactive]]
In late 2005 ReActiveMicro (then called GSE-Reactive) produced a clone of the board called "Mockingboard v1". ReActiveMicro sold the Mockingboard v1 in fully assembled, or in user-assemblable "kit" form. There were about 50 units produced and sold. The silkscreen shows "GSE-Reactive.com" on the lower front.

<gallery class="center" widths=300px caption="More Pics Of The Mockingboard Project">
File:Mockingboard_v1_Proto.png|The First Mockingboard v1 Proto
File:Mockingboard_v1_Kit1.JPG|The Mockingboard v1 in Kit form. From about early 2006.
File:Mockingboard_v1_Kit2.JPG|The Mockingboard v1 in Kit form. From about early 2006.
</gallery>

[[Image:MBv1a-1.jpg|thumb|Mockingboard v1a from ReActiveMicro]]
In late 2010 Tom Arnold of philosophyofsound.com approached Henry about making a new run of boards. Tom used the ReActiveMicro design but relabeled it as "Mockingboard v1a". About 40 units were produced. The silkscreen shows "ReactiveMicro.com" on the lower front. Ulitmate-Micro helped distribute these boards via the UltimateApple2.com Store. Tom also sold some units himself.

[[Image:IMG_20160108_124830_1-Fixed.jpg|thumb|Mockingboard v1a from Ultimate-Micro]]
Although still called "Mockingboard v1", in 2015 Tom had another batch of boards made, but this later run has the "UM" logo on it and shows "UltimateApple2.com" and "ReActiveMicro.com" on the lower front. About 30 units were produced.

On October 9th, 2017 Henry relayedout the Mockingboard and incremented the version to v2.1. He also made some mods which is a jumper to allow stereo speech output from a single speech chip. No programs ever used the second speech chip option, so the mod allows better speech output sound. Henry also fixed the reversed channel issue on all previous Mockingboard clones. This version of the board was released for sale as assembled units and kits on January 31st, 2018. v2.0 was released as GERBER files to several people in the Community, however no one ever used the files to make more boards, which prompted the v2.1 "official" ReActiveMicro release.
<gallery class="center" widths=300px>
File:2018-03-10-ReActiveMicro-Slider-Mockingboard1.jpg|The Mockingboard v2.1 in Assembled form.|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/c/cc/2018-03-10-ReActiveMicro-Slider-Mockingboard1.jpg
File:2018-01-31-ReActiveMicro-Mockingboard-v2.1-Kit-Wiki.jpg|The Mockingboard v2.1 in Kit form.
</gallery>

On February 28th, 2018 Henry relayedout the Mockingboard and incoremented the version to v2.2. The only change was removal of the stereo speech output jumper. The connection is now defaulted on and made using a trace which can be cut by the user and the header pins and jumper can be added if they wish to reconnect the circuit.
<gallery class="center" widths=300px>
File:2018-03-28-ReActiveMicro-Mockingboard-v2.2-Assembled-Wiki.png|The Mockingboard v2.2 in Assembled form.
</gallery>

== Known Design Issues ==
A few design issues have been discovered over the years in the ReActiveMicro Mockingboards.

On [https://www.facebook.com/groups/5251478676/permalink/10157620999923677/ June 15th, 2018 a user reported] they receive no sound output from their II motherboard. It seems II, II ''plus'' and the Europlus systems are affected. When the sound circuit was being designed no one from the Community was willing to help advise or assist with testing. So there does seem to be an issue affecting some early II systems as noted. This will be addressed in future versions of the design.

In 2016 Chris Torrence discovered that the 3.5mm Audio Jack was wired backwards. This is evident all the way back to the GarberStreet schematic (upper right schematic area, linked below) of the Mockingboard from 2004. v2.1 fixed this issue. Tom Arnold has since devised a work-around mod that Chris demonstrates in a video. In all the years of the Mockingboard being sold no one noticed this issue until Chris did.

All ReActiveMicro Mockingboards up to v2.1 have a cross-channel audio issue as part of the Apple II speaker input circuit Henry designed in 2005. The issue is left and right Mockingboard audio channels get mixed together and can not be distinguished very clearly. Chris also demonstrates this fix in a video. Again, in all the years of the Mockingboard being sold no one noticed this issue until Chris did. v2.2 has this fix standard.

Chris Torrence has a few Assembly Lines videos that can be found on YouTube addressing the different issues listed above. He has been a big help in improving the Mockingboard design and helping the Community, and ReActiveMicro for one thanks him for his time and efforts.

<center>
{{#ev:youtube|ZJcy34_rT70|400|inline|Assembly Lines #22: Mockingboard v1a from Ultimate-Micro|frame}}{{#ev:youtube|Ermg5BLPfj8|400|inline|Assembly Lines #23: Mockingboard v1a Mods #1|frame}}{{#ev:youtube|HnG0ovQa-nk|400|inline|Assembly Lines #24: Mockingboard v1a Mods #2|frame}}
</center>

Also noteworthy, but which does not affect ReActiveMicro designs, is a known "Reset Bug" with some early slot-based Mockingboard designs as originally documented by Michael J. Mahon in CALL-A.P.P.L.E. (12/1983). There is a chance the AY Sound Generators will be "stuck" on and producing sound when a program crashes or the Apple II is reset. This is due to no Apple II system /RESET signal being sent to the AY Sound Generators. To resolve this issue two diodes need to be installed, one on each of the AY Sound Generator's Pin 21, to the Apple II's /RESET line. The diodes will allow reset of the AY Sound Generators without running a special program to do so. The Diodes are of course necessary to prevent a system reset from occurring when software wants to reset just the AY Sound Generators through the VIA's PB2 line. All ReActiveMicro Mockingboards have this fix standard, as does the original Mockingboard C from which the clone design and schematic originates.

== Downloadable Files ==

<center>[[Image:SubTitle_Mockingboard.svg|340px|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/0/08/SubTitle_Mockingboard.svg ]]</center>

<gallery class="center" widths=150px heights=80>
File:PDF_ICON.svg|Manual|link=http://www.downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/Mockingboard_v1/Mockingboard-v1a-Docs.pdf
File:Floppy_Icon_514bare.svg|v1 Test Disk 1/2|link=http://www.downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/Mockingboard_A/Software/mockingboard1.dsk
File:Floppy_Icon_514bare.svg|v1 Test Disk 2/2|link=http://www.downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/Mockingboard_A/Software/mockingboard2.dsk
File:Mockingboard_Schematic-Garber.gif|Schematic by Bill Garber
File:Mockingboard_Schematic_Arnold.pdf|Schematic by Tom Arnold

File:PNG_ICON.svg|Desktop Wallpaper 4096*2304|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/d/d5/Mockingboard_4096x2304K.png

<gallery class="center" widths=150px heights=80 caption="More Pics, Docs, Software, and Info>
File:RM_Icon_File_Server.svg|A Folder|link=http://www.downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/Mockingboard_A/
File:RM_Icon_File_Server.svg|D Folder|link=http://www.downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/Mockingboard_D/
File:RM_Icon_File_Server.svg|M Folder|link=http://www.downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/Mockingboard_M/
File:RM_Icon_File_Server.svg|Sound & Speech I Folder|link=http://www.downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/Mockingboard_Sound-Speech_I/
File:RM_Icon_File_Server.svg|v1 Folder|link=http://www.downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/Mockingboard_v1/
</gallery>
</div>

[[Category:Hardware]]
[[Category:Apple]]
[[Category:ReActiveMicro Projects]]

Tom Charlesworth's MB-Audit project: https://github.com/tomcw/mb-audit

This project (released as an Apple II disk image) includes a suit of diagnostic tests that exercise real Mockingboard (and Phasor) hardware to identify any faults in all components on the card: 6522s, AY-3-8913s, SC-01 & SSI263s.

It is regularly updated, and the AppleWin emulator is kept in lock-step with these tests too.

Mockingboard

2024-09-20T16:50:37Z

Khaibitgfx:

[[Image:Title_Mockingboard.svg|512px|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/c/cb/Title_Mockingboard.svg]]

[[Image:2018-03-28-ReActiveMicro-Mockingboard-v2.2-Assembled-Wiki.png|thumb|Mockingboard v2.2 Current version from ReActiveMicro|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/5/5e/2018-03-28-ReActiveMicro-Mockingboard-v2.2-Assembled-Wiki.png]]

The[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mockingboard Mockingboard]is a 6 voice sound card for the Apple II/II ''plus'', IIe, IIGS family of computers. The sound card was originally designed by Sweet Micro Systems. In 2005 [[ReActiveMicro]] (then called GSE-Reactive) was the first company to reproduce a clone of the board called "Mockingboard v1.0". Since then ReActiveMicro has released several versions of the Mockingboard in both assembled and kit forms.

Product Status: Actively sold by ReActiveMicro.

Support: Post on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME}}|Discussion]] page (link above) or email [https://www.reactivemicro.com/contact-us/ ReActiveMicro Support].

Sales: Visit the [https://www.reactivemicro.com/shop/ ReActiveMicro Store].

==Installation==
Thanks for your support by purchasing your Mockingboard from ReActiveMicro! To install your Mockingboard reference the [[#Documentation, Files, and Software|User's Manual links]] at the bottom of the page. Generally the board is installed in Slot 4. The 2 Pin Audio Cable can be connected to your Apple II motherboard and to the 2 pin header on the lower left of the Mockingboard labeled "MB Speaker". When you reboot or power on the Apple II you should hear the "beep" over your speakers. If you do not, reverse the 2 pin cable and try again. The sound is only able to transfer with the cable connected one way.

For the Apple IIGS be sure to set your system on "Normal" speed in the Control Panel or the board will not work correctly.

Speech Chip option: The top socket is the primary socket when installing the chip. It is generally labeled SC-02, Arctic-02, SSI-263P, SSI-263AP, or 78A263A-P. The jumper on the "Stereo Speech" 2 pin header allows speech output to both speakers if a Speech Chip is installed. Removing the jumper sends speech only to one speaker.

==Kit Assembly==
The parts included with your v2.2 kit and the PCB have basic labels. There are 315 pads which need to be soldered. Those with intermediate knowledge should have little trouble assembling the kit from just these labels. The images of the Mockingboard can also be used for reference or determine orientation, such as the diodes.

<gallery class="center" widths=400px heights=260px>
File:2018-01-31-ReActiveMicro-Mockingboard-v2.1-Kit-Wiki.jpg|v2.1 of The Mockingboard Kit.
</gallery>

'''Note:''' Some care needs to be taken when installing capacitors and diodes.

If your kit includes Aluminum or Tantalum capacitors, or "caps" for short, then be sure to install them in the correct orientation. The PCB will be clearly marked with "+" signs for all cap locations when the orientation of the part matters, or a polarized part is normally used. Sometimes a non-polarized part is used in place of a polarized one and then its orientation does not matter. However install a polarized cap backwards and you will damage it. An Aluminum Electrolytic will have a strip pointing to the NEGATIVE end lead. A Tantalum Electrolytic will generally have a marking or stripe to denote (not always pointing to) the POSITIVE lead.

All caps will have value markings on them. "106" is 10uF, and "104" is .1uF. 10uF is also physically a lot larger than .1uF. This should help identify the two ceramic caps in the kit. They along with the Electrolytic caps can also clearly be seen in the assembled pic above.

A diode also has a marking on it, and needs to be installed correctly as it only allows current to flow in one direction. Install it backwards and you won't usually damage it, however the circuit will no longer operate as intended. They can also clearly be seen in the assembled pic above.

'''Show below are example illustrations of different caps, a diode, and their related markings.'''

<gallery class="center" widths=400px heights=250px>
File:Caps_Chart.svg|Caps Markings|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/d/d1/Caps_Chart.svg
File:Diode_Anatomy.svg|Diode Markings|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/e/e9/Diode_Anatomy.svg
</gallery>

Your kit may include resistors. If so they could be the less precise "4 band" style which are typically 5% tolerance. Or the more precise "4 band" style which are typically 1% tolerance. Here are some charts on how to read them to help make matching locations on your PCB more easy.

<gallery class="center" widths=400px heights=400px>
File:4_Band_Resistor_Chart.svg|4-band Resistor Markings
File:5_Band_Resistor_Chart.svg|5-band Resistor Markings
</gallery>

The "MB Sound" connection on the card can be connected with a 2 pin cable to the Apple II motherboard. Disconnect the II's speaker and connect the 2 pin cable to the motherboard and Mockingboard. Turn on the Apple II and if you hear the system beep through your speakers then the cable is connected correctly. If no sound is heard then reverse one of the cable connections and reconnect. If still no sound is heard then there is an issue with the cable or Mockingboard.

Here are the assembly instructions for your reference. These are good to use if you want something local or to print out while soldering.

<div class="new_window">
<gallery class="center" widths=80px heights=80>
File:PDF_ICON.svg|Mockingboard Assembly Guide PDF 2019|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/2/24/Mockingboard_Assembly_Guide_2019.pdf
</gallery>
</div>

{{#ev:youtube|watch?v=rbI527j5LV4&feature=youtu.be&t=1m40s|600|center|Joe Strosnider Livestream Assembly Of The Mockingboard v2.1 And Review|frame}}
On February 8th, 2018 Joe Strosnider made an assembly and review of the Mockingboard v2.1 Kit. He gives some very good feedback and shows his own assembly of the project. The kit is so simple to assemble with some basic knowledge that as Joe states at 59:46 he just dives in without reading this wiki page or the assembly instructions and has little issue completing his work.

{{#ev:youtube|WgBCwFeyD7g|600|center|Chris Torrence's Assembly And Overview Of The Mockingboard v2.1|frame}}
On February 20th, 2018 Chris Torrence's Assembly Lines #62 video podcast did a review of the Mockingboard v2.1. He doesn't show full assembly like Joe Strosnider does, but it's still a good video to learn more in depth about the project and parts as well as mods, pics, and testing.

== Software Titles That Support Sound and Speech ==
We will likely add a table here to better outline all the known titles. However, for now it is best to reference this site:
http://www.applevault.com/hardware/sweet_micro_systems/mockingboard/

== History ==
The Mockingboard v1 was the first project ReActiveMicro started with in September 2005. After a bit of market research there seemed be enough demand to warrant this project. The board itself also seemed like a good candidate since it was a simple design, 2 layer PCB, and used standard parts which were still easily sourceable.

Henry disassembled the originally produced Mockingboard and noted what all the parts were. Bill was involved with starting the CAD layout, however he wasn't able to finish, so Henry took over and completed the project. Bill also helped with updating the design from an RCA Audio Cable to a 3.5mm Jack. He is also credited with the concept to add the 3.5mm Jack to the rear side of the IIe, which allows a more simple and shorter cable connection. Henry is credited with adding the II speaker input jack circuit to the board.

==Notable Mentions==
Henry's work on the Mockingboard project is mentioned in "Sophistication and Simplicity. The Life and Times of the Apple II Computer” by Steven Weyhrich. On page 171 Steven writes "In 2005, Henry Courbis of ReactiveMicro.com produced a fully functioning modern clone of the Mockingboard C, called the Mockingboard v1, selling it for $60. Since he was not equipped for large-scale production and had delays in meeting demand for it, another enterprising hacker, Tom Arnold, produced a clone of the clone in 2010, and sold it through the ReactiveMicro website as the Mockingboard v1a."

Steven however got most of this wrong. For starters there is no "large-scale" anything in the Apple II Community anymore, and this includes demand. Henry had 50 PCBs of the Mockingboard v1 produced, assembled most by hand, and sold the rest as kits. They took almost a year to complete selling. Selling 3-4 boards a month was about the average. Henry wanted to start the [[Phasor]] clone project after but was delayed due to other business opportunities. Demand started to grow again and in 2010 is when Tom Arnold said he would be making some more boards to help fill the need in the Community.

==Versions==
[[Image:MB v1 GSE.jpg|thumb|Mockingboard v1 from GSE-Reactive]]
In late 2005 ReActiveMicro (then called GSE-Reactive) produced a clone of the board called "Mockingboard v1". ReActiveMicro sold the Mockingboard v1 in fully assembled, or in user-assemblable "kit" form. There were about 50 units produced and sold. The silkscreen shows "GSE-Reactive.com" on the lower front.

<gallery class="center" widths=300px caption="More Pics Of The Mockingboard Project">
File:Mockingboard_v1_Proto.png|The First Mockingboard v1 Proto
File:Mockingboard_v1_Kit1.JPG|The Mockingboard v1 in Kit form. From about early 2006.
File:Mockingboard_v1_Kit2.JPG|The Mockingboard v1 in Kit form. From about early 2006.
</gallery>

[[Image:MBv1a-1.jpg|thumb|Mockingboard v1a from ReActiveMicro]]
In late 2010 Tom Arnold of philosophyofsound.com approached Henry about making a new run of boards. Tom used the ReActiveMicro design but relabeled it as "Mockingboard v1a". About 40 units were produced. The silkscreen shows "ReactiveMicro.com" on the lower front. Ulitmate-Micro helped distribute these boards via the UltimateApple2.com Store. Tom also sold some units himself.

[[Image:IMG_20160108_124830_1-Fixed.jpg|thumb|Mockingboard v1a from Ultimate-Micro]]
Although still called "Mockingboard v1", in 2015 Tom had another batch of boards made, but this later run has the "UM" logo on it and shows "UltimateApple2.com" and "ReActiveMicro.com" on the lower front. About 30 units were produced.

On October 9th, 2017 Henry relayedout the Mockingboard and incremented the version to v2.1. He also made some mods which is a jumper to allow stereo speech output from a single speech chip. No programs ever used the second speech chip option, so the mod allows better speech output sound. Henry also fixed the reversed channel issue on all previous Mockingboard clones. This version of the board was released for sale as assembled units and kits on January 31st, 2018. v2.0 was released as GERBER files to several people in the Community, however no one ever used the files to make more boards, which prompted the v2.1 "official" ReActiveMicro release.
<gallery class="center" widths=300px>
File:2018-03-10-ReActiveMicro-Slider-Mockingboard1.jpg|The Mockingboard v2.1 in Assembled form.|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/c/cc/2018-03-10-ReActiveMicro-Slider-Mockingboard1.jpg
File:2018-01-31-ReActiveMicro-Mockingboard-v2.1-Kit-Wiki.jpg|The Mockingboard v2.1 in Kit form.
</gallery>

On February 28th, 2018 Henry relayedout the Mockingboard and incoremented the version to v2.2. The only change was removal of the stereo speech output jumper. The connection is now defaulted on and made using a trace which can be cut by the user and the header pins and jumper can be added if they wish to reconnect the circuit.
<gallery class="center" widths=300px>
File:2018-03-28-ReActiveMicro-Mockingboard-v2.2-Assembled-Wiki.png|The Mockingboard v2.2 in Assembled form.
</gallery>

== Known Design Issues ==
A few design issues have been discovered over the years in the ReActiveMicro Mockingboards.

On [https://www.facebook.com/groups/5251478676/permalink/10157620999923677/ June 15th, 2018 a user reported] they receive no sound output from their II motherboard. It seems II, II ''plus'' and the Europlus systems are affected. When the sound circuit was being designed no one from the Community was willing to help advise or assist with testing. So there does seem to be an issue affecting some early II systems as noted. This will be addressed in future versions of the design.

In 2016 Chris Torrence discovered that the 3.5mm Audio Jack was wired backwards. This is evident all the way back to the GarberStreet schematic (upper right schematic area, linked below) of the Mockingboard from 2004. v2.1 fixed this issue. Tom Arnold has since devised a work-around mod that Chris demonstrates in a video. In all the years of the Mockingboard being sold no one noticed this issue until Chris did.

All ReActiveMicro Mockingboards up to v2.1 have a cross-channel audio issue as part of the Apple II speaker input circuit Henry designed in 2005. The issue is left and right Mockingboard audio channels get mixed together and can not be distinguished very clearly. Chris also demonstrates this fix in a video. Again, in all the years of the Mockingboard being sold no one noticed this issue until Chris did. v2.2 has this fix standard.

Chris Torrence has a few Assembly Lines videos that can be found on YouTube addressing the different issues listed above. He has been a big help in improving the Mockingboard design and helping the Community, and ReActiveMicro for one thanks him for his time and efforts.

<center>
{{#ev:youtube|ZJcy34_rT70|400|inline|Assembly Lines #22: Mockingboard v1a from Ultimate-Micro|frame}}{{#ev:youtube|Ermg5BLPfj8|400|inline|Assembly Lines #23: Mockingboard v1a Mods #1|frame}}{{#ev:youtube|HnG0ovQa-nk|400|inline|Assembly Lines #24: Mockingboard v1a Mods #2|frame}}
</center>

Also noteworthy, but which does not affect ReActiveMicro designs, is a known "Reset Bug" with some early slot-based Mockingboard designs as originally documented by Michael J. Mahon in CALL-A.P.P.L.E. (12/1983). There is a chance the AY Sound Generators will be "stuck" on and producing sound when a program crashes or the Apple II is reset. This is due to no Apple II system /RESET signal being sent to the AY Sound Generators. To resolve this issue two diodes need to be installed, one on each of the AY Sound Generator's Pin 21, to the Apple II's /RESET line. The diodes will allow reset of the AY Sound Generators without running a special program to do so. The Diodes are of course necessary to prevent a system reset from occurring when software wants to reset just the AY Sound Generators through the VIA's PB2 line. All ReActiveMicro Mockingboards have this fix standard, as does the original Mockingboard C from which the clone design and schematic originates.

== Downloadable Files ==

<center>[[Image:SubTitle_Mockingboard.svg|340px|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/0/08/SubTitle_Mockingboard.svg ]]</center>

<gallery class="center" widths=150px heights=80>
File:PDF_ICON.svg|Manual|link=http://www.downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/Mockingboard_v1/Mockingboard-v1a-Docs.pdf
File:Floppy_Icon_514bare.svg|v1 Test Disk 1/2|link=http://www.downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/Mockingboard_A/Software/mockingboard1.dsk
File:Floppy_Icon_514bare.svg|v1 Test Disk 2/2|link=http://www.downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/Mockingboard_A/Software/mockingboard2.dsk
File:Mockingboard_Schematic-Garber.gif|Schematic by Bill Garber
File:Mockingboard_Schematic_Arnold.pdf|Schematic by Tom Arnold

File:PNG_ICON.svg|Desktop Wallpaper 4096*2304|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/d/d5/Mockingboard_4096x2304K.png

<gallery class="center" widths=150px heights=80 caption="More Pics, Docs, Software, and Info>
File:RM_Icon_File_Server.svg|A Folder|link=http://www.downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/Mockingboard_A/
File:RM_Icon_File_Server.svg|D Folder|link=http://www.downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/Mockingboard_D/
File:RM_Icon_File_Server.svg|M Folder|link=http://www.downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/Mockingboard_M/
File:RM_Icon_File_Server.svg|Sound & Speech I Folder|link=http://www.downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/Mockingboard_Sound-Speech_I/
File:RM_Icon_File_Server.svg|v1 Folder|link=http://www.downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/Mockingboard_v1/
</gallery>
</div>

[[Category:Hardware]]
[[Category:Apple]]
[[Category:ReActiveMicro Projects]]

Tom Charlesworth's MB-Audit project: https://github.com/tomcw/mb-audit

This project (released as an Apple II disk image) includes a suit of diagnostic tests that exercise real Mockingboard (and Phasor) hardware to identify any faults in all components on the card: 6522s, AY-3-8913s, SC-01 & SSI263s.

It is regularly updated, and the AppleWin emulator is kept in lock-step with these tests too.

Mockingboard

2024-09-20T16:50:10Z

Khaibitgfx:

[[Image:Title_Mockingboard.svg|512px|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/c/cb/Title_Mockingboard.svg]]

[[Image:2018-03-28-ReActiveMicro-Mockingboard-v2.2-Assembled-Wiki.png|thumb|Mockingboard v2.2 Current version from ReActiveMicro|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/5/5e/2018-03-28-ReActiveMicro-Mockingboard-v2.2-Assembled-Wiki.png]]

The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mockingboard Mockingboard]is a 6 voice sound card for the Apple II/II ''plus'', IIe, IIGS family of computers. The sound card was originally designed by Sweet Micro Systems. In 2005 [[ReActiveMicro]] (then called GSE-Reactive) was the first company to reproduce a clone of the board called "Mockingboard v1.0". Since then ReActiveMicro has released several versions of the Mockingboard in both assembled and kit forms.

Product Status: Actively sold by ReActiveMicro.

Support: Post on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME}}|Discussion]] page (link above) or email [https://www.reactivemicro.com/contact-us/ ReActiveMicro Support].

Sales: Visit the [https://www.reactivemicro.com/shop/ ReActiveMicro Store].

==Installation==
Thanks for your support by purchasing your Mockingboard from ReActiveMicro! To install your Mockingboard reference the [[#Documentation, Files, and Software|User's Manual links]] at the bottom of the page. Generally the board is installed in Slot 4. The 2 Pin Audio Cable can be connected to your Apple II motherboard and to the 2 pin header on the lower left of the Mockingboard labeled "MB Speaker". When you reboot or power on the Apple II you should hear the "beep" over your speakers. If you do not, reverse the 2 pin cable and try again. The sound is only able to transfer with the cable connected one way.

For the Apple IIGS be sure to set your system on "Normal" speed in the Control Panel or the board will not work correctly.

Speech Chip option: The top socket is the primary socket when installing the chip. It is generally labeled SC-02, Arctic-02, SSI-263P, SSI-263AP, or 78A263A-P. The jumper on the "Stereo Speech" 2 pin header allows speech output to both speakers if a Speech Chip is installed. Removing the jumper sends speech only to one speaker.

==Kit Assembly==
The parts included with your v2.2 kit and the PCB have basic labels. There are 315 pads which need to be soldered. Those with intermediate knowledge should have little trouble assembling the kit from just these labels. The images of the Mockingboard can also be used for reference or determine orientation, such as the diodes.

<gallery class="center" widths=400px heights=260px>
File:2018-01-31-ReActiveMicro-Mockingboard-v2.1-Kit-Wiki.jpg|v2.1 of The Mockingboard Kit.
</gallery>

'''Note:''' Some care needs to be taken when installing capacitors and diodes.

If your kit includes Aluminum or Tantalum capacitors, or "caps" for short, then be sure to install them in the correct orientation. The PCB will be clearly marked with "+" signs for all cap locations when the orientation of the part matters, or a polarized part is normally used. Sometimes a non-polarized part is used in place of a polarized one and then its orientation does not matter. However install a polarized cap backwards and you will damage it. An Aluminum Electrolytic will have a strip pointing to the NEGATIVE end lead. A Tantalum Electrolytic will generally have a marking or stripe to denote (not always pointing to) the POSITIVE lead.

All caps will have value markings on them. "106" is 10uF, and "104" is .1uF. 10uF is also physically a lot larger than .1uF. This should help identify the two ceramic caps in the kit. They along with the Electrolytic caps can also clearly be seen in the assembled pic above.

A diode also has a marking on it, and needs to be installed correctly as it only allows current to flow in one direction. Install it backwards and you won't usually damage it, however the circuit will no longer operate as intended. They can also clearly be seen in the assembled pic above.

'''Show below are example illustrations of different caps, a diode, and their related markings.'''

<gallery class="center" widths=400px heights=250px>
File:Caps_Chart.svg|Caps Markings|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/d/d1/Caps_Chart.svg
File:Diode_Anatomy.svg|Diode Markings|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/e/e9/Diode_Anatomy.svg
</gallery>

Your kit may include resistors. If so they could be the less precise "4 band" style which are typically 5% tolerance. Or the more precise "4 band" style which are typically 1% tolerance. Here are some charts on how to read them to help make matching locations on your PCB more easy.

<gallery class="center" widths=400px heights=400px>
File:4_Band_Resistor_Chart.svg|4-band Resistor Markings
File:5_Band_Resistor_Chart.svg|5-band Resistor Markings
</gallery>

The "MB Sound" connection on the card can be connected with a 2 pin cable to the Apple II motherboard. Disconnect the II's speaker and connect the 2 pin cable to the motherboard and Mockingboard. Turn on the Apple II and if you hear the system beep through your speakers then the cable is connected correctly. If no sound is heard then reverse one of the cable connections and reconnect. If still no sound is heard then there is an issue with the cable or Mockingboard.

Here are the assembly instructions for your reference. These are good to use if you want something local or to print out while soldering.

<div class="new_window">
<gallery class="center" widths=80px heights=80>
File:PDF_ICON.svg|Mockingboard Assembly Guide PDF 2019|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/2/24/Mockingboard_Assembly_Guide_2019.pdf
</gallery>
</div>

{{#ev:youtube|watch?v=rbI527j5LV4&feature=youtu.be&t=1m40s|600|center|Joe Strosnider Livestream Assembly Of The Mockingboard v2.1 And Review|frame}}
On February 8th, 2018 Joe Strosnider made an assembly and review of the Mockingboard v2.1 Kit. He gives some very good feedback and shows his own assembly of the project. The kit is so simple to assemble with some basic knowledge that as Joe states at 59:46 he just dives in without reading this wiki page or the assembly instructions and has little issue completing his work.

{{#ev:youtube|WgBCwFeyD7g|600|center|Chris Torrence's Assembly And Overview Of The Mockingboard v2.1|frame}}
On February 20th, 2018 Chris Torrence's Assembly Lines #62 video podcast did a review of the Mockingboard v2.1. He doesn't show full assembly like Joe Strosnider does, but it's still a good video to learn more in depth about the project and parts as well as mods, pics, and testing.

== Software Titles That Support Sound and Speech ==
We will likely add a table here to better outline all the known titles. However, for now it is best to reference this site:
http://www.applevault.com/hardware/sweet_micro_systems/mockingboard/

== History ==
The Mockingboard v1 was the first project ReActiveMicro started with in September 2005. After a bit of market research there seemed be enough demand to warrant this project. The board itself also seemed like a good candidate since it was a simple design, 2 layer PCB, and used standard parts which were still easily sourceable.

Henry disassembled the originally produced Mockingboard and noted what all the parts were. Bill was involved with starting the CAD layout, however he wasn't able to finish, so Henry took over and completed the project. Bill also helped with updating the design from an RCA Audio Cable to a 3.5mm Jack. He is also credited with the concept to add the 3.5mm Jack to the rear side of the IIe, which allows a more simple and shorter cable connection. Henry is credited with adding the II speaker input jack circuit to the board.

==Notable Mentions==
Henry's work on the Mockingboard project is mentioned in "Sophistication and Simplicity. The Life and Times of the Apple II Computer” by Steven Weyhrich. On page 171 Steven writes "In 2005, Henry Courbis of ReactiveMicro.com produced a fully functioning modern clone of the Mockingboard C, called the Mockingboard v1, selling it for $60. Since he was not equipped for large-scale production and had delays in meeting demand for it, another enterprising hacker, Tom Arnold, produced a clone of the clone in 2010, and sold it through the ReactiveMicro website as the Mockingboard v1a."

Steven however got most of this wrong. For starters there is no "large-scale" anything in the Apple II Community anymore, and this includes demand. Henry had 50 PCBs of the Mockingboard v1 produced, assembled most by hand, and sold the rest as kits. They took almost a year to complete selling. Selling 3-4 boards a month was about the average. Henry wanted to start the [[Phasor]] clone project after but was delayed due to other business opportunities. Demand started to grow again and in 2010 is when Tom Arnold said he would be making some more boards to help fill the need in the Community.

==Versions==
[[Image:MB v1 GSE.jpg|thumb|Mockingboard v1 from GSE-Reactive]]
In late 2005 ReActiveMicro (then called GSE-Reactive) produced a clone of the board called "Mockingboard v1". ReActiveMicro sold the Mockingboard v1 in fully assembled, or in user-assemblable "kit" form. There were about 50 units produced and sold. The silkscreen shows "GSE-Reactive.com" on the lower front.

<gallery class="center" widths=300px caption="More Pics Of The Mockingboard Project">
File:Mockingboard_v1_Proto.png|The First Mockingboard v1 Proto
File:Mockingboard_v1_Kit1.JPG|The Mockingboard v1 in Kit form. From about early 2006.
File:Mockingboard_v1_Kit2.JPG|The Mockingboard v1 in Kit form. From about early 2006.
</gallery>

[[Image:MBv1a-1.jpg|thumb|Mockingboard v1a from ReActiveMicro]]
In late 2010 Tom Arnold of philosophyofsound.com approached Henry about making a new run of boards. Tom used the ReActiveMicro design but relabeled it as "Mockingboard v1a". About 40 units were produced. The silkscreen shows "ReactiveMicro.com" on the lower front. Ulitmate-Micro helped distribute these boards via the UltimateApple2.com Store. Tom also sold some units himself.

[[Image:IMG_20160108_124830_1-Fixed.jpg|thumb|Mockingboard v1a from Ultimate-Micro]]
Although still called "Mockingboard v1", in 2015 Tom had another batch of boards made, but this later run has the "UM" logo on it and shows "UltimateApple2.com" and "ReActiveMicro.com" on the lower front. About 30 units were produced.

On October 9th, 2017 Henry relayedout the Mockingboard and incremented the version to v2.1. He also made some mods which is a jumper to allow stereo speech output from a single speech chip. No programs ever used the second speech chip option, so the mod allows better speech output sound. Henry also fixed the reversed channel issue on all previous Mockingboard clones. This version of the board was released for sale as assembled units and kits on January 31st, 2018. v2.0 was released as GERBER files to several people in the Community, however no one ever used the files to make more boards, which prompted the v2.1 "official" ReActiveMicro release.
<gallery class="center" widths=300px>
File:2018-03-10-ReActiveMicro-Slider-Mockingboard1.jpg|The Mockingboard v2.1 in Assembled form.|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/c/cc/2018-03-10-ReActiveMicro-Slider-Mockingboard1.jpg
File:2018-01-31-ReActiveMicro-Mockingboard-v2.1-Kit-Wiki.jpg|The Mockingboard v2.1 in Kit form.
</gallery>

On February 28th, 2018 Henry relayedout the Mockingboard and incoremented the version to v2.2. The only change was removal of the stereo speech output jumper. The connection is now defaulted on and made using a trace which can be cut by the user and the header pins and jumper can be added if they wish to reconnect the circuit.
<gallery class="center" widths=300px>
File:2018-03-28-ReActiveMicro-Mockingboard-v2.2-Assembled-Wiki.png|The Mockingboard v2.2 in Assembled form.
</gallery>

== Known Design Issues ==
A few design issues have been discovered over the years in the ReActiveMicro Mockingboards.

On [https://www.facebook.com/groups/5251478676/permalink/10157620999923677/ June 15th, 2018 a user reported] they receive no sound output from their II motherboard. It seems II, II ''plus'' and the Europlus systems are affected. When the sound circuit was being designed no one from the Community was willing to help advise or assist with testing. So there does seem to be an issue affecting some early II systems as noted. This will be addressed in future versions of the design.

In 2016 Chris Torrence discovered that the 3.5mm Audio Jack was wired backwards. This is evident all the way back to the GarberStreet schematic (upper right schematic area, linked below) of the Mockingboard from 2004. v2.1 fixed this issue. Tom Arnold has since devised a work-around mod that Chris demonstrates in a video. In all the years of the Mockingboard being sold no one noticed this issue until Chris did.

All ReActiveMicro Mockingboards up to v2.1 have a cross-channel audio issue as part of the Apple II speaker input circuit Henry designed in 2005. The issue is left and right Mockingboard audio channels get mixed together and can not be distinguished very clearly. Chris also demonstrates this fix in a video. Again, in all the years of the Mockingboard being sold no one noticed this issue until Chris did. v2.2 has this fix standard.

Chris Torrence has a few Assembly Lines videos that can be found on YouTube addressing the different issues listed above. He has been a big help in improving the Mockingboard design and helping the Community, and ReActiveMicro for one thanks him for his time and efforts.

<center>
{{#ev:youtube|ZJcy34_rT70|400|inline|Assembly Lines #22: Mockingboard v1a from Ultimate-Micro|frame}}{{#ev:youtube|Ermg5BLPfj8|400|inline|Assembly Lines #23: Mockingboard v1a Mods #1|frame}}{{#ev:youtube|HnG0ovQa-nk|400|inline|Assembly Lines #24: Mockingboard v1a Mods #2|frame}}
</center>

Also noteworthy, but which does not affect ReActiveMicro designs, is a known "Reset Bug" with some early slot-based Mockingboard designs as originally documented by Michael J. Mahon in CALL-A.P.P.L.E. (12/1983). There is a chance the AY Sound Generators will be "stuck" on and producing sound when a program crashes or the Apple II is reset. This is due to no Apple II system /RESET signal being sent to the AY Sound Generators. To resolve this issue two diodes need to be installed, one on each of the AY Sound Generator's Pin 21, to the Apple II's /RESET line. The diodes will allow reset of the AY Sound Generators without running a special program to do so. The Diodes are of course necessary to prevent a system reset from occurring when software wants to reset just the AY Sound Generators through the VIA's PB2 line. All ReActiveMicro Mockingboards have this fix standard, as does the original Mockingboard C from which the clone design and schematic originates.

== Downloadable Files ==

<center>[[Image:SubTitle_Mockingboard.svg|340px|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/0/08/SubTitle_Mockingboard.svg ]]</center>

<gallery class="center" widths=150px heights=80>
File:PDF_ICON.svg|Manual|link=http://www.downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/Mockingboard_v1/Mockingboard-v1a-Docs.pdf
File:Floppy_Icon_514bare.svg|v1 Test Disk 1/2|link=http://www.downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/Mockingboard_A/Software/mockingboard1.dsk
File:Floppy_Icon_514bare.svg|v1 Test Disk 2/2|link=http://www.downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/Mockingboard_A/Software/mockingboard2.dsk
File:Mockingboard_Schematic-Garber.gif|Schematic by Bill Garber
File:Mockingboard_Schematic_Arnold.pdf|Schematic by Tom Arnold

File:PNG_ICON.svg|Desktop Wallpaper 4096*2304|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/d/d5/Mockingboard_4096x2304K.png

<gallery class="center" widths=150px heights=80 caption="More Pics, Docs, Software, and Info>
File:RM_Icon_File_Server.svg|A Folder|link=http://www.downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/Mockingboard_A/
File:RM_Icon_File_Server.svg|D Folder|link=http://www.downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/Mockingboard_D/
File:RM_Icon_File_Server.svg|M Folder|link=http://www.downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/Mockingboard_M/
File:RM_Icon_File_Server.svg|Sound & Speech I Folder|link=http://www.downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/Mockingboard_Sound-Speech_I/
File:RM_Icon_File_Server.svg|v1 Folder|link=http://www.downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/Mockingboard_v1/
</gallery>
</div>

[[Category:Hardware]]
[[Category:Apple]]
[[Category:ReActiveMicro Projects]]

Tom Charlesworth's MB-Audit project: https://github.com/tomcw/mb-audit

This project (released as an Apple II disk image) includes a suit of diagnostic tests that exercise real Mockingboard (and Phasor) hardware to identify any faults in all components on the card: 6522s, AY-3-8913s, SC-01 & SSI263s.

It is regularly updated, and the AppleWin emulator is kept in lock-step with these tests too.

Mockingboard

2024-09-20T16:49:37Z

Khaibitgfx:

[[Image:Title_Mockingboard.svg|512px|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/c/cb/Title_Mockingboard.svg]]

[[Image:2018-03-28-ReActiveMicro-Mockingboard-v2.2-Assembled-Wiki.png|thumb|Mockingboard v2.2 Current version from ReActiveMicro|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/5/5e/2018-03-28-ReActiveMicro-Mockingboard-v2.2-Assembled-Wiki.png]]

The[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mockingboard Mockingboard]is a 6 voice sound card for the Apple II/II ''plus'', IIe, IIGS family of computers. The sound card was originally designed by Sweet Micro Systems. In 2005 [[ReActiveMicro]] (then called GSE-Reactive) was the first company to reproduce a clone of the board called "Mockingboard v1.0". Since then ReActiveMicro has released several versions of the Mockingboard in both assembled and kit forms.

Product Status: Actively sold by ReActiveMicro.

Support: Post on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME}}|Discussion]] page (link above) or email [https://www.reactivemicro.com/contact-us/ ReActiveMicro Support].

Sales: Visit the [https://www.reactivemicro.com/shop/ ReActiveMicro Store].

==Installation==
Thanks for your support by purchasing your Mockingboard from ReActiveMicro! To install your Mockingboard reference the [[#Documentation, Files, and Software|User's Manual links]] at the bottom of the page. Generally the board is installed in Slot 4. The 2 Pin Audio Cable can be connected to your Apple II motherboard and to the 2 pin header on the lower left of the Mockingboard labeled "MB Speaker". When you reboot or power on the Apple II you should hear the "beep" over your speakers. If you do not, reverse the 2 pin cable and try again. The sound is only able to transfer with the cable connected one way.

For the Apple IIGS be sure to set your system on "Normal" speed in the Control Panel or the board will not work correctly.

Speech Chip option: The top socket is the primary socket when installing the chip. It is generally labeled SC-02, Arctic-02, SSI-263P, SSI-263AP, or 78A263A-P. The jumper on the "Stereo Speech" 2 pin header allows speech output to both speakers if a Speech Chip is installed. Removing the jumper sends speech only to one speaker.

==Kit Assembly==
The parts included with your v2.2 kit and the PCB have basic labels. There are 315 pads which need to be soldered. Those with intermediate knowledge should have little trouble assembling the kit from just these labels. The images of the Mockingboard can also be used for reference or determine orientation, such as the diodes.

<gallery class="center" widths=400px heights=260px>
File:2018-01-31-ReActiveMicro-Mockingboard-v2.1-Kit-Wiki.jpg|v2.1 of The Mockingboard Kit.
</gallery>

'''Note:''' Some care needs to be taken when installing capacitors and diodes.

If your kit includes Aluminum or Tantalum capacitors, or "caps" for short, then be sure to install them in the correct orientation. The PCB will be clearly marked with "+" signs for all cap locations when the orientation of the part matters, or a polarized part is normally used. Sometimes a non-polarized part is used in place of a polarized one and then its orientation does not matter. However install a polarized cap backwards and you will damage it. An Aluminum Electrolytic will have a strip pointing to the NEGATIVE end lead. A Tantalum Electrolytic will generally have a marking or stripe to denote (not always pointing to) the POSITIVE lead.

All caps will have value markings on them. "106" is 10uF, and "104" is .1uF. 10uF is also physically a lot larger than .1uF. This should help identify the two ceramic caps in the kit. They along with the Electrolytic caps can also clearly be seen in the assembled pic above.

A diode also has a marking on it, and needs to be installed correctly as it only allows current to flow in one direction. Install it backwards and you won't usually damage it, however the circuit will no longer operate as intended. They can also clearly be seen in the assembled pic above.

'''Show below are example illustrations of different caps, a diode, and their related markings.'''

<gallery class="center" widths=400px heights=250px>
File:Caps_Chart.svg|Caps Markings|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/d/d1/Caps_Chart.svg
File:Diode_Anatomy.svg|Diode Markings|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/e/e9/Diode_Anatomy.svg
</gallery>

Your kit may include resistors. If so they could be the less precise "4 band" style which are typically 5% tolerance. Or the more precise "4 band" style which are typically 1% tolerance. Here are some charts on how to read them to help make matching locations on your PCB more easy.

<gallery class="center" widths=400px heights=400px>
File:4_Band_Resistor_Chart.svg|4-band Resistor Markings
File:5_Band_Resistor_Chart.svg|5-band Resistor Markings
</gallery>

The "MB Sound" connection on the card can be connected with a 2 pin cable to the Apple II motherboard. Disconnect the II's speaker and connect the 2 pin cable to the motherboard and Mockingboard. Turn on the Apple II and if you hear the system beep through your speakers then the cable is connected correctly. If no sound is heard then reverse one of the cable connections and reconnect. If still no sound is heard then there is an issue with the cable or Mockingboard.

Here are the assembly instructions for your reference. These are good to use if you want something local or to print out while soldering.

<div class="new_window">
<gallery class="center" widths=80px heights=80>
File:PDF_ICON.svg|Mockingboard Assembly Guide PDF 2019|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/2/24/Mockingboard_Assembly_Guide_2019.pdf
</gallery>
</div>

{{#ev:youtube|watch?v=rbI527j5LV4&feature=youtu.be&t=1m40s|600|center|Joe Strosnider Livestream Assembly Of The Mockingboard v2.1 And Review|frame}}
On February 8th, 2018 Joe Strosnider made an assembly and review of the Mockingboard v2.1 Kit. He gives some very good feedback and shows his own assembly of the project. The kit is so simple to assemble with some basic knowledge that as Joe states at 59:46 he just dives in without reading this wiki page or the assembly instructions and has little issue completing his work.

{{#ev:youtube|WgBCwFeyD7g|600|center|Chris Torrence's Assembly And Overview Of The Mockingboard v2.1|frame}}
On February 20th, 2018 Chris Torrence's Assembly Lines #62 video podcast did a review of the Mockingboard v2.1. He doesn't show full assembly like Joe Strosnider does, but it's still a good video to learn more in depth about the project and parts as well as mods, pics, and testing.

== Software Titles That Support Sound and Speech ==
We will likely add a table here to better outline all the known titles. However, for now it is best to reference this site:
http://www.applevault.com/hardware/sweet_micro_systems/mockingboard/

== History ==
The Mockingboard v1 was the first project ReActiveMicro started with in September 2005. After a bit of market research there seemed be enough demand to warrant this project. The board itself also seemed like a good candidate since it was a simple design, 2 layer PCB, and used standard parts which were still easily sourceable.

Henry disassembled the originally produced Mockingboard and noted what all the parts were. Bill was involved with starting the CAD layout, however he wasn't able to finish, so Henry took over and completed the project. Bill also helped with updating the design from an RCA Audio Cable to a 3.5mm Jack. He is also credited with the concept to add the 3.5mm Jack to the rear side of the IIe, which allows a more simple and shorter cable connection. Henry is credited with adding the II speaker input jack circuit to the board.

==Notable Mentions==
Henry's work on the Mockingboard project is mentioned in "Sophistication and Simplicity. The Life and Times of the Apple II Computer” by Steven Weyhrich. On page 171 Steven writes "In 2005, Henry Courbis of ReactiveMicro.com produced a fully functioning modern clone of the Mockingboard C, called the Mockingboard v1, selling it for $60. Since he was not equipped for large-scale production and had delays in meeting demand for it, another enterprising hacker, Tom Arnold, produced a clone of the clone in 2010, and sold it through the ReactiveMicro website as the Mockingboard v1a."

Steven however got most of this wrong. For starters there is no "large-scale" anything in the Apple II Community anymore, and this includes demand. Henry had 50 PCBs of the Mockingboard v1 produced, assembled most by hand, and sold the rest as kits. They took almost a year to complete selling. Selling 3-4 boards a month was about the average. Henry wanted to start the [[Phasor]] clone project after but was delayed due to other business opportunities. Demand started to grow again and in 2010 is when Tom Arnold said he would be making some more boards to help fill the need in the Community.

==Versions==
[[Image:MB v1 GSE.jpg|thumb|Mockingboard v1 from GSE-Reactive]]
In late 2005 ReActiveMicro (then called GSE-Reactive) produced a clone of the board called "Mockingboard v1". ReActiveMicro sold the Mockingboard v1 in fully assembled, or in user-assemblable "kit" form. There were about 50 units produced and sold. The silkscreen shows "GSE-Reactive.com" on the lower front.

<gallery class="center" widths=300px caption="More Pics Of The Mockingboard Project">
File:Mockingboard_v1_Proto.png|The First Mockingboard v1 Proto
File:Mockingboard_v1_Kit1.JPG|The Mockingboard v1 in Kit form. From about early 2006.
File:Mockingboard_v1_Kit2.JPG|The Mockingboard v1 in Kit form. From about early 2006.
</gallery>

[[Image:MBv1a-1.jpg|thumb|Mockingboard v1a from ReActiveMicro]]
In late 2010 Tom Arnold of philosophyofsound.com approached Henry about making a new run of boards. Tom used the ReActiveMicro design but relabeled it as "Mockingboard v1a". About 40 units were produced. The silkscreen shows "ReactiveMicro.com" on the lower front. Ulitmate-Micro helped distribute these boards via the UltimateApple2.com Store. Tom also sold some units himself.

[[Image:IMG_20160108_124830_1-Fixed.jpg|thumb|Mockingboard v1a from Ultimate-Micro]]
Although still called "Mockingboard v1", in 2015 Tom had another batch of boards made, but this later run has the "UM" logo on it and shows "UltimateApple2.com" and "ReActiveMicro.com" on the lower front. About 30 units were produced.

On October 9th, 2017 Henry relayedout the Mockingboard and incremented the version to v2.1. He also made some mods which is a jumper to allow stereo speech output from a single speech chip. No programs ever used the second speech chip option, so the mod allows better speech output sound. Henry also fixed the reversed channel issue on all previous Mockingboard clones. This version of the board was released for sale as assembled units and kits on January 31st, 2018. v2.0 was released as GERBER files to several people in the Community, however no one ever used the files to make more boards, which prompted the v2.1 "official" ReActiveMicro release.
<gallery class="center" widths=300px>
File:2018-03-10-ReActiveMicro-Slider-Mockingboard1.jpg|The Mockingboard v2.1 in Assembled form.|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/c/cc/2018-03-10-ReActiveMicro-Slider-Mockingboard1.jpg
File:2018-01-31-ReActiveMicro-Mockingboard-v2.1-Kit-Wiki.jpg|The Mockingboard v2.1 in Kit form.
</gallery>

On February 28th, 2018 Henry relayedout the Mockingboard and incoremented the version to v2.2. The only change was removal of the stereo speech output jumper. The connection is now defaulted on and made using a trace which can be cut by the user and the header pins and jumper can be added if they wish to reconnect the circuit.
<gallery class="center" widths=300px>
File:2018-03-28-ReActiveMicro-Mockingboard-v2.2-Assembled-Wiki.png|The Mockingboard v2.2 in Assembled form.
</gallery>

== Known Design Issues ==
A few design issues have been discovered over the years in the ReActiveMicro Mockingboards.

On [https://www.facebook.com/groups/5251478676/permalink/10157620999923677/ June 15th, 2018 a user reported] they receive no sound output from their II motherboard. It seems II, II ''plus'' and the Europlus systems are affected. When the sound circuit was being designed no one from the Community was willing to help advise or assist with testing. So there does seem to be an issue affecting some early II systems as noted. This will be addressed in future versions of the design.

In 2016 Chris Torrence discovered that the 3.5mm Audio Jack was wired backwards. This is evident all the way back to the GarberStreet schematic (upper right schematic area, linked below) of the Mockingboard from 2004. v2.1 fixed this issue. Tom Arnold has since devised a work-around mod that Chris demonstrates in a video. In all the years of the Mockingboard being sold no one noticed this issue until Chris did.

All ReActiveMicro Mockingboards up to v2.1 have a cross-channel audio issue as part of the Apple II speaker input circuit Henry designed in 2005. The issue is left and right Mockingboard audio channels get mixed together and can not be distinguished very clearly. Chris also demonstrates this fix in a video. Again, in all the years of the Mockingboard being sold no one noticed this issue until Chris did. v2.2 has this fix standard.

Chris Torrence has a few Assembly Lines videos that can be found on YouTube addressing the different issues listed above. He has been a big help in improving the Mockingboard design and helping the Community, and ReActiveMicro for one thanks him for his time and efforts.

<center>
{{#ev:youtube|ZJcy34_rT70|400|inline|Assembly Lines #22: Mockingboard v1a from Ultimate-Micro|frame}}{{#ev:youtube|Ermg5BLPfj8|400|inline|Assembly Lines #23: Mockingboard v1a Mods #1|frame}}{{#ev:youtube|HnG0ovQa-nk|400|inline|Assembly Lines #24: Mockingboard v1a Mods #2|frame}}
</center>

Also noteworthy, but which does not affect ReActiveMicro designs, is a known "Reset Bug" with some early slot-based Mockingboard designs as originally documented by Michael J. Mahon in CALL-A.P.P.L.E. (12/1983). There is a chance the AY Sound Generators will be "stuck" on and producing sound when a program crashes or the Apple II is reset. This is due to no Apple II system /RESET signal being sent to the AY Sound Generators. To resolve this issue two diodes need to be installed, one on each of the AY Sound Generator's Pin 21, to the Apple II's /RESET line. The diodes will allow reset of the AY Sound Generators without running a special program to do so. The Diodes are of course necessary to prevent a system reset from occurring when software wants to reset just the AY Sound Generators through the VIA's PB2 line. All ReActiveMicro Mockingboards have this fix standard, as does the original Mockingboard C from which the clone design and schematic originates.

== Downloadable Files ==

<center>[[Image:SubTitle_Mockingboard.svg|340px|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/0/08/SubTitle_Mockingboard.svg ]]</center>

<gallery class="center" widths=150px heights=80>
File:PDF_ICON.svg|Manual|link=http://www.downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/Mockingboard_v1/Mockingboard-v1a-Docs.pdf
File:Floppy_Icon_514bare.svg|v1 Test Disk 1/2|link=http://www.downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/Mockingboard_A/Software/mockingboard1.dsk
File:Floppy_Icon_514bare.svg|v1 Test Disk 2/2|link=http://www.downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/Mockingboard_A/Software/mockingboard2.dsk
File:Mockingboard_Schematic-Garber.gif|Schematic by Bill Garber
File:Mockingboard_Schematic_Arnold.pdf|Schematic by Tom Arnold

File:PNG_ICON.svg|Desktop Wallpaper 4096*2304|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/d/d5/Mockingboard_4096x2304K.png

<gallery class="center" widths=150px heights=80 caption="More Pics, Docs, Software, and Info>
File:RM_Icon_File_Server.svg|A Folder|link=http://www.downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/Mockingboard_A/
File:RM_Icon_File_Server.svg|D Folder|link=http://www.downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/Mockingboard_D/
File:RM_Icon_File_Server.svg|M Folder|link=http://www.downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/Mockingboard_M/
File:RM_Icon_File_Server.svg|Sound & Speech I Folder|link=http://www.downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/Mockingboard_Sound-Speech_I/
File:RM_Icon_File_Server.svg|v1 Folder|link=http://www.downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/Mockingboard_v1/
</gallery>
</div>

[[Category:Hardware]]
[[Category:Apple]]
[[Category:ReActiveMicro Projects]]

Tom Charlesworth's MB-Audit project: https://github.com/tomcw/mb-audit

This project (released as an Apple II disk image) includes a suit of diagnostic tests that exercise real Mockingboard (and Phasor) hardware to identify any faults in all components on the card: 6522s, AY-3-8913s, SC-01 & SSI263s.

It is regularly updated, and the AppleWin emulator is kept in lock-step with these tests too.

File:Title Mockingboard.svg

2024-09-20T16:49:09Z

Khaibitgfx: Khaibitgfx reverted File:Title Mockingboard.svg to an old version

Mockingboard

2024-09-20T16:48:25Z

Khaibitgfx:

[[Image:Title_Mockingboard.svg|700px|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/c/cb/Title_Mockingboard.svg]]

[[Image:2018-03-28-ReActiveMicro-Mockingboard-v2.2-Assembled-Wiki.png|thumb|Mockingboard v2.2 Current version from ReActiveMicro|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/5/5e/2018-03-28-ReActiveMicro-Mockingboard-v2.2-Assembled-Wiki.png]]

The[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mockingboard Mockingboard]is a 6 voice sound card for the Apple II/II ''plus'', IIe, IIGS family of computers. The sound card was originally designed by Sweet Micro Systems. In 2005 [[ReActiveMicro]] (then called GSE-Reactive) was the first company to reproduce a clone of the board called "Mockingboard v1.0". Since then ReActiveMicro has released several versions of the Mockingboard in both assembled and kit forms.

Product Status: Actively sold by ReActiveMicro.

Support: Post on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME}}|Discussion]] page (link above) or email [https://www.reactivemicro.com/contact-us/ ReActiveMicro Support].

Sales: Visit the [https://www.reactivemicro.com/shop/ ReActiveMicro Store].

==Installation==
Thanks for your support by purchasing your Mockingboard from ReActiveMicro! To install your Mockingboard reference the [[#Documentation, Files, and Software|User's Manual links]] at the bottom of the page. Generally the board is installed in Slot 4. The 2 Pin Audio Cable can be connected to your Apple II motherboard and to the 2 pin header on the lower left of the Mockingboard labeled "MB Speaker". When you reboot or power on the Apple II you should hear the "beep" over your speakers. If you do not, reverse the 2 pin cable and try again. The sound is only able to transfer with the cable connected one way.

For the Apple IIGS be sure to set your system on "Normal" speed in the Control Panel or the board will not work correctly.

Speech Chip option: The top socket is the primary socket when installing the chip. It is generally labeled SC-02, Arctic-02, SSI-263P, SSI-263AP, or 78A263A-P. The jumper on the "Stereo Speech" 2 pin header allows speech output to both speakers if a Speech Chip is installed. Removing the jumper sends speech only to one speaker.

==Kit Assembly==
The parts included with your v2.2 kit and the PCB have basic labels. There are 315 pads which need to be soldered. Those with intermediate knowledge should have little trouble assembling the kit from just these labels. The images of the Mockingboard can also be used for reference or determine orientation, such as the diodes.

<gallery class="center" widths=400px heights=260px>
File:2018-01-31-ReActiveMicro-Mockingboard-v2.1-Kit-Wiki.jpg|v2.1 of The Mockingboard Kit.
</gallery>

'''Note:''' Some care needs to be taken when installing capacitors and diodes.

If your kit includes Aluminum or Tantalum capacitors, or "caps" for short, then be sure to install them in the correct orientation. The PCB will be clearly marked with "+" signs for all cap locations when the orientation of the part matters, or a polarized part is normally used. Sometimes a non-polarized part is used in place of a polarized one and then its orientation does not matter. However install a polarized cap backwards and you will damage it. An Aluminum Electrolytic will have a strip pointing to the NEGATIVE end lead. A Tantalum Electrolytic will generally have a marking or stripe to denote (not always pointing to) the POSITIVE lead.

All caps will have value markings on them. "106" is 10uF, and "104" is .1uF. 10uF is also physically a lot larger than .1uF. This should help identify the two ceramic caps in the kit. They along with the Electrolytic caps can also clearly be seen in the assembled pic above.

A diode also has a marking on it, and needs to be installed correctly as it only allows current to flow in one direction. Install it backwards and you won't usually damage it, however the circuit will no longer operate as intended. They can also clearly be seen in the assembled pic above.

'''Show below are example illustrations of different caps, a diode, and their related markings.'''

<gallery class="center" widths=400px heights=250px>
File:Caps_Chart.svg|Caps Markings|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/d/d1/Caps_Chart.svg
File:Diode_Anatomy.svg|Diode Markings|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/e/e9/Diode_Anatomy.svg
</gallery>

Your kit may include resistors. If so they could be the less precise "4 band" style which are typically 5% tolerance. Or the more precise "4 band" style which are typically 1% tolerance. Here are some charts on how to read them to help make matching locations on your PCB more easy.

<gallery class="center" widths=400px heights=400px>
File:4_Band_Resistor_Chart.svg|4-band Resistor Markings
File:5_Band_Resistor_Chart.svg|5-band Resistor Markings
</gallery>

The "MB Sound" connection on the card can be connected with a 2 pin cable to the Apple II motherboard. Disconnect the II's speaker and connect the 2 pin cable to the motherboard and Mockingboard. Turn on the Apple II and if you hear the system beep through your speakers then the cable is connected correctly. If no sound is heard then reverse one of the cable connections and reconnect. If still no sound is heard then there is an issue with the cable or Mockingboard.

Here are the assembly instructions for your reference. These are good to use if you want something local or to print out while soldering.

<div class="new_window">
<gallery class="center" widths=80px heights=80>
File:PDF_ICON.svg|Mockingboard Assembly Guide PDF 2019|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/2/24/Mockingboard_Assembly_Guide_2019.pdf
</gallery>
</div>

{{#ev:youtube|watch?v=rbI527j5LV4&feature=youtu.be&t=1m40s|600|center|Joe Strosnider Livestream Assembly Of The Mockingboard v2.1 And Review|frame}}
On February 8th, 2018 Joe Strosnider made an assembly and review of the Mockingboard v2.1 Kit. He gives some very good feedback and shows his own assembly of the project. The kit is so simple to assemble with some basic knowledge that as Joe states at 59:46 he just dives in without reading this wiki page or the assembly instructions and has little issue completing his work.

{{#ev:youtube|WgBCwFeyD7g|600|center|Chris Torrence's Assembly And Overview Of The Mockingboard v2.1|frame}}
On February 20th, 2018 Chris Torrence's Assembly Lines #62 video podcast did a review of the Mockingboard v2.1. He doesn't show full assembly like Joe Strosnider does, but it's still a good video to learn more in depth about the project and parts as well as mods, pics, and testing.

== Software Titles That Support Sound and Speech ==
We will likely add a table here to better outline all the known titles. However, for now it is best to reference this site:
http://www.applevault.com/hardware/sweet_micro_systems/mockingboard/

== History ==
The Mockingboard v1 was the first project ReActiveMicro started with in September 2005. After a bit of market research there seemed be enough demand to warrant this project. The board itself also seemed like a good candidate since it was a simple design, 2 layer PCB, and used standard parts which were still easily sourceable.

Henry disassembled the originally produced Mockingboard and noted what all the parts were. Bill was involved with starting the CAD layout, however he wasn't able to finish, so Henry took over and completed the project. Bill also helped with updating the design from an RCA Audio Cable to a 3.5mm Jack. He is also credited with the concept to add the 3.5mm Jack to the rear side of the IIe, which allows a more simple and shorter cable connection. Henry is credited with adding the II speaker input jack circuit to the board.

==Notable Mentions==
Henry's work on the Mockingboard project is mentioned in "Sophistication and Simplicity. The Life and Times of the Apple II Computer” by Steven Weyhrich. On page 171 Steven writes "In 2005, Henry Courbis of ReactiveMicro.com produced a fully functioning modern clone of the Mockingboard C, called the Mockingboard v1, selling it for $60. Since he was not equipped for large-scale production and had delays in meeting demand for it, another enterprising hacker, Tom Arnold, produced a clone of the clone in 2010, and sold it through the ReactiveMicro website as the Mockingboard v1a."

Steven however got most of this wrong. For starters there is no "large-scale" anything in the Apple II Community anymore, and this includes demand. Henry had 50 PCBs of the Mockingboard v1 produced, assembled most by hand, and sold the rest as kits. They took almost a year to complete selling. Selling 3-4 boards a month was about the average. Henry wanted to start the [[Phasor]] clone project after but was delayed due to other business opportunities. Demand started to grow again and in 2010 is when Tom Arnold said he would be making some more boards to help fill the need in the Community.

==Versions==
[[Image:MB v1 GSE.jpg|thumb|Mockingboard v1 from GSE-Reactive]]
In late 2005 ReActiveMicro (then called GSE-Reactive) produced a clone of the board called "Mockingboard v1". ReActiveMicro sold the Mockingboard v1 in fully assembled, or in user-assemblable "kit" form. There were about 50 units produced and sold. The silkscreen shows "GSE-Reactive.com" on the lower front.

<gallery class="center" widths=300px caption="More Pics Of The Mockingboard Project">
File:Mockingboard_v1_Proto.png|The First Mockingboard v1 Proto
File:Mockingboard_v1_Kit1.JPG|The Mockingboard v1 in Kit form. From about early 2006.
File:Mockingboard_v1_Kit2.JPG|The Mockingboard v1 in Kit form. From about early 2006.
</gallery>

[[Image:MBv1a-1.jpg|thumb|Mockingboard v1a from ReActiveMicro]]
In late 2010 Tom Arnold of philosophyofsound.com approached Henry about making a new run of boards. Tom used the ReActiveMicro design but relabeled it as "Mockingboard v1a". About 40 units were produced. The silkscreen shows "ReactiveMicro.com" on the lower front. Ulitmate-Micro helped distribute these boards via the UltimateApple2.com Store. Tom also sold some units himself.

[[Image:IMG_20160108_124830_1-Fixed.jpg|thumb|Mockingboard v1a from Ultimate-Micro]]
Although still called "Mockingboard v1", in 2015 Tom had another batch of boards made, but this later run has the "UM" logo on it and shows "UltimateApple2.com" and "ReActiveMicro.com" on the lower front. About 30 units were produced.

On October 9th, 2017 Henry relayedout the Mockingboard and incremented the version to v2.1. He also made some mods which is a jumper to allow stereo speech output from a single speech chip. No programs ever used the second speech chip option, so the mod allows better speech output sound. Henry also fixed the reversed channel issue on all previous Mockingboard clones. This version of the board was released for sale as assembled units and kits on January 31st, 2018. v2.0 was released as GERBER files to several people in the Community, however no one ever used the files to make more boards, which prompted the v2.1 "official" ReActiveMicro release.
<gallery class="center" widths=300px>
File:2018-03-10-ReActiveMicro-Slider-Mockingboard1.jpg|The Mockingboard v2.1 in Assembled form.|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/c/cc/2018-03-10-ReActiveMicro-Slider-Mockingboard1.jpg
File:2018-01-31-ReActiveMicro-Mockingboard-v2.1-Kit-Wiki.jpg|The Mockingboard v2.1 in Kit form.
</gallery>

On February 28th, 2018 Henry relayedout the Mockingboard and incoremented the version to v2.2. The only change was removal of the stereo speech output jumper. The connection is now defaulted on and made using a trace which can be cut by the user and the header pins and jumper can be added if they wish to reconnect the circuit.
<gallery class="center" widths=300px>
File:2018-03-28-ReActiveMicro-Mockingboard-v2.2-Assembled-Wiki.png|The Mockingboard v2.2 in Assembled form.
</gallery>

== Known Design Issues ==
A few design issues have been discovered over the years in the ReActiveMicro Mockingboards.

On [https://www.facebook.com/groups/5251478676/permalink/10157620999923677/ June 15th, 2018 a user reported] they receive no sound output from their II motherboard. It seems II, II ''plus'' and the Europlus systems are affected. When the sound circuit was being designed no one from the Community was willing to help advise or assist with testing. So there does seem to be an issue affecting some early II systems as noted. This will be addressed in future versions of the design.

In 2016 Chris Torrence discovered that the 3.5mm Audio Jack was wired backwards. This is evident all the way back to the GarberStreet schematic (upper right schematic area, linked below) of the Mockingboard from 2004. v2.1 fixed this issue. Tom Arnold has since devised a work-around mod that Chris demonstrates in a video. In all the years of the Mockingboard being sold no one noticed this issue until Chris did.

All ReActiveMicro Mockingboards up to v2.1 have a cross-channel audio issue as part of the Apple II speaker input circuit Henry designed in 2005. The issue is left and right Mockingboard audio channels get mixed together and can not be distinguished very clearly. Chris also demonstrates this fix in a video. Again, in all the years of the Mockingboard being sold no one noticed this issue until Chris did. v2.2 has this fix standard.

Chris Torrence has a few Assembly Lines videos that can be found on YouTube addressing the different issues listed above. He has been a big help in improving the Mockingboard design and helping the Community, and ReActiveMicro for one thanks him for his time and efforts.

<center>
{{#ev:youtube|ZJcy34_rT70|400|inline|Assembly Lines #22: Mockingboard v1a from Ultimate-Micro|frame}}{{#ev:youtube|Ermg5BLPfj8|400|inline|Assembly Lines #23: Mockingboard v1a Mods #1|frame}}{{#ev:youtube|HnG0ovQa-nk|400|inline|Assembly Lines #24: Mockingboard v1a Mods #2|frame}}
</center>

Also noteworthy, but which does not affect ReActiveMicro designs, is a known "Reset Bug" with some early slot-based Mockingboard designs as originally documented by Michael J. Mahon in CALL-A.P.P.L.E. (12/1983). There is a chance the AY Sound Generators will be "stuck" on and producing sound when a program crashes or the Apple II is reset. This is due to no Apple II system /RESET signal being sent to the AY Sound Generators. To resolve this issue two diodes need to be installed, one on each of the AY Sound Generator's Pin 21, to the Apple II's /RESET line. The diodes will allow reset of the AY Sound Generators without running a special program to do so. The Diodes are of course necessary to prevent a system reset from occurring when software wants to reset just the AY Sound Generators through the VIA's PB2 line. All ReActiveMicro Mockingboards have this fix standard, as does the original Mockingboard C from which the clone design and schematic originates.

== Downloadable Files ==

<center>[[Image:SubTitle_Mockingboard.svg|340px|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/0/08/SubTitle_Mockingboard.svg ]]</center>

<gallery class="center" widths=150px heights=80>
File:PDF_ICON.svg|Manual|link=http://www.downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/Mockingboard_v1/Mockingboard-v1a-Docs.pdf
File:Floppy_Icon_514bare.svg|v1 Test Disk 1/2|link=http://www.downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/Mockingboard_A/Software/mockingboard1.dsk
File:Floppy_Icon_514bare.svg|v1 Test Disk 2/2|link=http://www.downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/Mockingboard_A/Software/mockingboard2.dsk
File:Mockingboard_Schematic-Garber.gif|Schematic by Bill Garber
File:Mockingboard_Schematic_Arnold.pdf|Schematic by Tom Arnold

File:PNG_ICON.svg|Desktop Wallpaper 4096*2304|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/d/d5/Mockingboard_4096x2304K.png

<gallery class="center" widths=150px heights=80 caption="More Pics, Docs, Software, and Info>
File:RM_Icon_File_Server.svg|A Folder|link=http://www.downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/Mockingboard_A/
File:RM_Icon_File_Server.svg|D Folder|link=http://www.downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/Mockingboard_D/
File:RM_Icon_File_Server.svg|M Folder|link=http://www.downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/Mockingboard_M/
File:RM_Icon_File_Server.svg|Sound & Speech I Folder|link=http://www.downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/Mockingboard_Sound-Speech_I/
File:RM_Icon_File_Server.svg|v1 Folder|link=http://www.downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/Mockingboard_v1/
</gallery>
</div>

[[Category:Hardware]]
[[Category:Apple]]
[[Category:ReActiveMicro Projects]]

Tom Charlesworth's MB-Audit project: https://github.com/tomcw/mb-audit

This project (released as an Apple II disk image) includes a suit of diagnostic tests that exercise real Mockingboard (and Phasor) hardware to identify any faults in all components on the card: 6522s, AY-3-8913s, SC-01 & SSI263s.

It is regularly updated, and the AppleWin emulator is kept in lock-step with these tests too.

File:Title Mockingboard.svg

2024-09-19T18:41:58Z

Khaibitgfx: Khaibitgfx uploaded a new version of File:Title Mockingboard.svg

File:Title Micro Drive Turbo.svg

2024-09-19T18:35:36Z

Khaibitgfx: Khaibitgfx uploaded a new version of File:Title Micro Drive Turbo.svg

File:Title TransWarp GS Accelerator.svg

2024-09-18T19:23:19Z

Khaibitgfx: Khaibitgfx uploaded a new version of File:Title TransWarp GS Accelerator.svg

File:Title Apple IIe Enc Kit.svg

2024-09-18T19:19:54Z

Khaibitgfx: Khaibitgfx uploaded a new version of File:Title Apple IIe Enc Kit.svg

MicroDrive/Turbo

2024-09-17T17:44:44Z

Khaibitgfx:

[[Image:Title_Micro_Drive_Turbo.svg|700px|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/8/82/Title_Micro_Drive_Turbo.svg]]

[[Image:RM_MicroDriveTurbo-Object.png|thumb|MicroDrive Turbo from ReActiveMicro|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/4/4d/RM_MicroDriveTurbo-Object.png]]

The MicroDrive Turbo is an IDE Mass Storage Device that is Apple IIGS and Apple II, II Plus, or //e compatible. It emulates a Hard Disk Drive by utilizing Solid-State Compact Flash (CF) Cards.

MicroDrive Turbo (aka - MDT) is currently sold by [[ReActiveMicro]]. They sell it with a preloaded 256 MB Compact Flash Card to enable new users to start using the MicroDrive/Turbo right out of the box. Software included is GS/OS v6.0.1, IIGS Memory Testers, ShrinkIt (8 and 16 bit), Copy II+, MicroDrive Utilities, DiskMaker8, DSK2File, DOS.MASTER and different AE Memory Testers for your //e. Everything needed to start transferring and unpacking software from the Internet, and start using your Apple II Personal Computer once again.

Product Status: Actively sold by [http://store.reactivemicro.com/product/microdriveturbo-storage-controller/ ReActiveMicro].

Support: Post on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME}}|Discussion]] page (link above) or email [http://store.reactivemicro.com/contact-us/ ReActiveMicro Support].

Sales: Visit the [http://store.reactivemicro.com/shop/ ReActiveMicro Store].

== History ==
The MicroDrive Turbo was designed by Joachim Lange of ///SHH Systeme and released in 1996. This was the first Apple II IDE Controller that used DMA.

In 2004 Gerber Street Enterprises started reselling select items from ///SHH Systeme, however the offering was only a couple of items and stock was very limited.

Mid-2006 ReActiveMicro took over reselling all ///SHH Systeme items in an effort to provide better service and a larger product variety to the Apple II Community.

==Versions==
Pre-2006 versions of the card were all hand assembled by Joachim Lange of ///SHH Systeme. After ReActiveMicro took over sales in 2006 the units were hand assembled by Henry from ReActiveMicro till mid 2015. ReActiveMicro then started their structured move to a more automated vendor and set their sights to have projects assembled on a larger scale. The MicroDrive Turbo was the first such project to be fully assembled. However due to a learning curve and testing different vendors Henry continued to hand assemble some MicroDrive Turbo units until 2016. During that year all projects moved to being fully assembled as well as offering kit versions of most projects.

From March 19th 2018 until the 25th ReActiveMicro had a sale in which they jokingly played on the fact that Henry "defaced" several cards by signing them. Thus the cards would be sold at a discount due to his signature being of negative value and actually subtracting from the total worth of the card. This was in fact a joke made from the recent CFFA3000 sales where Rich Dreher sold "limited edition" cards where he signed them and charged $200USD more. It's noteworthy that Henry was not actually thrilled with signing cards and "felt like a total ass" the entire time doing so. He's not into celebrity or thinking his signature or efforts are anything special. He's more happy being able to supply demand and knowing that products he makes are being used in the retro spirit. "Limited editions" or signed products will not be a staple in the ReActiveMicro.com future, and will always be made in a self deprecating fashion.

<gallery class="center" widths=400px heights=200px caption="Example of signed MicroDrive Turbo.">
File:MDT_Signed1.jpg|MicroDrive Turbo. March 19th-25th 2018 Sale {51 units signed total}.
</gallery>

== Features ==

[[Image:MicroDrive_DMA.svg|200px|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/4/43/MicroDrive_DMA.svg]]

DMA: Looking for the fastest storage solution available for your Apple II? The MicroDrive Turbo is faster that any other Mass Storage controller since it uses DMA for reads and writes. As the name implies, it performs Direct Memory Access which bypasses the CPU and allows for a whopping 40% faster read and write speeds when compared to conventional controllers. For example, with an accelerator installed in your IIGS you can boot GS/OS in as fast as 7 seconds! The DMA option can be disabled using the Setup utility.

[[Image:40_Pin_Connector.svg|200px|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/b/ba/40_Pin_Connector.svg]]

40 Pin IDE Interface: The 40 Pin IDE interface on the MicroDrive/Turbo IDE is a standard 16 bit IDE port. It is capable of addressing "Primary" and "Secondary" IDs on the IDE chain.

IDE to Dual CF Adapter: The MicroDrive/Turbo comes standard with a 40 Pin IDE to Dual CF Adapter. Users can control which of the two CF Slots is "Primary" and "Secondary" using a Jumper on the Adapter. The Adapter however can be removed if so desired and a standard IDE Cable and devices attached.

Note: Dual mode unavailable when using the IIe Firmware; Only available when using the IIGS Firmware.

[[Image:CF_Card.svg|200px|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/9/9e/CF_Card.svg]]

Compact Flash: Why use Compact Flash Cards? They are readily available, inexpensive, low power, noiseless, shock proof, removable, and last almost forever - things that can't be said about mechanical Hard Drives. However, it is still possible to use some older IDE Hard Drives with the MicroDrive/Turbo Controller if desired. See "[[#Support: Using Mechanical Hard Drives|Support: Using Mechanical Hard Drives]]" below. Do you download software from the Internet and wonder how to get it to your Apple II or spend lots of time doing so? With the MicroDrive/Turbo it's now super easy! Just remove the Compact Flash Card from your MicroDrive/Turbo, insert it in to your PC and using [http://a2ciderpress.com/ CiderPress] (Windows only) you can read and write directly to the Compact Flash Card. Using your PC for transferring files and backing up has never been so quick and painless!

ProDOS 8 and 16: The MicroDrive/Turbo is ProDOS compatible. It's recognized as a 'standard' Mass Storage Device just like any Hard Disk Drive on your Apple II. Large Volume DOS 3.3 support is provided through the use of a program called DOS.MASTER (preloaded on CF Card).

Boot Options: By default, Volume 1 is set to boot. However when setting up a new CF Card the user sets which Volume they desire to boot. Or on an existing CF Card the Setup utility can modify the default boot Volume. However the MicroDrive/Turbo also offers a temporary option to boot to ANY volume. When powering on the Apple II the user will press and hold the Open Apple key. This will pause the MicroDrive/Turbo's splash screen. The user then presses the corresponding Volume's number key, and the MicroDrive/Turbo will boot to that Volume.

Apple IIGS and II/Plus/e Operation: The MicroDrive/Turbo comes standard with the Apple IIGS Firmware. You can however order one with IIe Firmware, or buy an upgrade ROM to convert a IIGS MicroDrive/Turbo for use in an II/Plus/e.

== Reviews ==
{{#ev:youtube|1JLJUPMVwDE|400|right|MicroDrive/Turbo (left) VS CFFA (right)|frame}}
On October 13th, 2018 Russell McGhee did a comparison of the MicroDrive/Turbo (left) VS CFFA (right). The IIGS on the right has a TWGS installed and is part of the delay when the system is first powered on. However you can see the IIGS boot screen simply enough and can compare between the two.

{{#ev:youtube|Wjy6_qnTnv0|400|right|Apple II Mass Storage Mega Roundup|frame}}
On August 13, 2016 Joe Strosnider from the YouTube channel "[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCyfwZvTPPJV4peBHupd6Ckw Joe's Computer Museum]" posted a review of several Mass Storage options for the Apple II, and the MicroDrive/Turbo was among them. He gives some very good feedback regarding the differences between the boards, and how the MicroDrive/turbo performs under real world conditions.

== Support: Backing Up - Setup Utility ==
'''The first thing you should do before using your MicroDrive/Turbo is to make a backup of the MicroDrive/Turbo Setup Utility.''' Without this Utility you will be unable to re-setup your CF Card should it crash or you accidentally format it. It is advised to copy the Setup Utility to a backup floppy and keep it in a safe place. To backup the Utility:

* Upon booting the MicroDrive/Turbo you will be taken to Volume 1 which holds the ProDOS 8 utilities.
* You will see menu item named "COPYIIPLUS9.1". Using the arrow keys highlight the item and press Enter.
* Press the letter "C" to select "COPY", and the letter "F" for "FILES".
* Use the arrow keys to select the Slot where you installed the MicroDrive/Turbo, and "Drive 1". Press Enter.
* Use the arrow keys to select the Slot and Drive where your backup floppy is located. Press Enter.
* You will see a folder named "MICRODRIVE". Using the arrow keys highlight the folder and press Enter.
* You will see a file called "MICRODRV.SETUP". Using the arrow keys highlight the file and press Enter.
* Press the letter "G" to start the copy process.

Note: This assumes your Floppy Disk is preformatted with ProDOS. If not then you can use Copy II Plus to also format the Disk.

== Support: IIGS Installation ==
When installing the MicroDrive/Turbo in your Apple IIGS a few things need to first be taken into consideration. For example, will you want to primary boot the MicroDrive/Turbo, your Floppy Drives, or other bootable devices installed in your system? For most installations users will want to boot primary to the MicroDrive/Turbo. In this case we recommend installing the MicroDrive/Turbo in Slot 7. And when you want to boot to the Floppy Drives hold
down the "ESC" key on boot. This allows the IIGS to "skip" booting the MicroDrive/Turbo and move on to checking the Floppy Drives or other bootable devices in lower numbered Slots.

For other configurations, the good news is that the Apple IIGS allows a lot of flexibility when it comes to booting. You will need to decide however what is the best to meet your needs. If not installing the MicroDrive/Turbo in Slot 7, then we usually recommend Slot 2. However by default the IIGS is set to use Slot 2 for a Modem. Since most users no longer use a Modem, Slot 2 is a good choice. However the default setting in the IIGS will need to be changed in order for the MicroDrive/Turbo to work.

To edit the settings or change the way your IIGS boots you will need to enter the Control Panel. There are a couple of ways to do this:
* Hold down the "Option" key on the keyboard and power on the IIGS. Select "1" for the Control Panel.
* Power on the IIGS and at anytime hold down the "Open Apple" and "Control" keys, then press the "ESC" key. Press "Enter" to select Control Panel.
Once in the Control Panel use the "Arrow" keys to select the "Slots" menu and press "Enter".

Most IIGS systems will be set to the default configuration, denoted by the "check mark" on the left of the option. Use the "Up" or "Down" arrow keys to select an option, then "Left" or "Right" arrow keys to set the option. Be sure to press "Enter" when done to save any changes.

For example, there is nothing needed '''to use the MicroDrive/Turbo in Slot 7'''. It is already defaulted to "Your Card". There is also no need to change the "Startup" option if it is set to "Slot 7" or "Scan".

If however you want '''to use the MicroDrive/Turbo in Slot 2''' you will need to change the Slot setting to "Your Card". And if you would like the IIgs to boot the MicroDrive/Turbo in Slot 2 then you will also need to change the "Startup" option to "Slot 2". Be sure to press "Enter" when done to save any changes.

The "Startup" option in the Control Panel allows you to control how the IIGS checks for bootable devices when powered on. "Scan" will tell the IIGS to look from Slot 7 to Slot 1. Selecting "Slot [X]" will tell the IIGS to ONLY boot that Slot. If no bootable devices are found then the IIGS will report "Check startup device!" You can however tell the IIGS to boot from another Slot by breaking into BASIC (hold down the "Control" key and press the "Reset" key), then type "PR#X" and press the "Enter" key. "X" is the Slot number.

Note: The MicroDrive/Turbo allows the IIGS to "skip" trying to boot it by holding down the "ESC" key on boot.

== Support: //e Installation ==
When installing the MicroDrive/Turbo in your Apple //e a few things need to first be taken into consideration. For example, will you want to primary boot the MicroDrive/Turbo, your Floppy Drives, or other bootable devices installed in your system? For most installations users will want to boot primary to the MicroDrive/Turbo. In this case we recommend installing the MicroDrive/Turbo in Slot 7. And when you want to boot to the Floppy Drives hold down the "ESC" key on boot. This allows the //e to "skip" booting the MicroDrive/Turbo and move on to checking the Floppy Drives or other bootable devices in lower numbered Slots.

If however you install the MicroDrive/Turbo in another Slot then it may not boot and depends on what other bootable devices are installed in your //e. You can however tell the //e to boot to another Slot by breaking into BASIC if needed (hold the "Control" key and press the "Reset" key), then type "PR#X" and press the "Enter" key. "X" is the Slot number.

Note: The MicroDrive/Turbo allows the IIGS to "skip" trying to boot it by holding the "ESC" key on boot.

== Support: Trouble Shooting ==
Here are some tips on where to start if you experience any issues with your MicroDrive/Turbo (MDT) or any cards in your Apple II system.

First and foremost - ALWAYS always worth mentioning be sure to observe correct ESD protection when handling or touching electronics or you will damage and weaken ICs. It would be great if a damaged IC failed instantly. However that's rarely the case. ESD damage usually eats away at the gates inside an IC, can cause timing issues, and the IC to run hotter than designed for. This causes the IC to operate unreliably. And the worse kind of issue to diagnose is an inconsistent one. So please always use a grounded wrist strap and even a static mat when working on your IIgs. ReActivceMicro sees quite a few systems with weak or damaged bus transceivers (LS/HCT245) and can usually repair the motherboards, and ESD damage is the primary suspect for the ICs needing to be replaced. ALWAYS observe correct ESD protection when handling or touching electronics. However before suspecting the Apple II, let's retest the MDT in-system.

Start with cleaning the MDT's edge connector (slot connector end with the gold fingers). A pencil eraser is a good device for cleaning. You could also use some 95+ alcohol and a paper towel. When clean all the fingers should be about the same color and brightness. Any which appear to be dull or darker than the rest need to be recleaned as they could have some residue on them from manufacturing. This could cause connection issues with the slot.

Next, check your outlet power. Check to make sure the outlet is wired correctly. ReActiveMicro receives about 5 support emails a year from users with MDT issues who all swear their power is fine and there's no power or wiring issues. After much debate and discussion Support usually sends an outlet tester to which they finally check the outlet and discover there's a wiring fault and the cause of most or all of their past issues. The older original PSUs don't seem to mind a wiring issue, however the new ones ReActiveMicro sells will produce all kinds of issues if an outlet is incorrectly wired. So we ask that users check their outlets with a multimeter or outlet tester (eBay for under $10 delivered) to make sure issues are not power related. As another good way to check is to run a power cord from your bathroom or kitchen GFCI outlet and retest your II for a while, as these outlets have be to wired correctly in order to turn on. This is a simple way to help rule out a power issue and highly recommended in all testing situations where power is suspect.

Next we ask that you run the Read Write test software for the MDT. It's under the Utils folder, in the Microdrive folder, called TURBO.RW.TEST. It's a system file so you can use the ProDOS selector to run it. Let the test run for an hour or two. This should confirm the MDT is running well. If the test randomly fails or stops during this time then this might suggest an issue with Apple II. You can also try performing the 'twist test' and 'wiggle test' with the MDT during this time and see if the board fails. Tap and wiggle the IDE to CF Adapter and CF Card. See if the test stops and reports an error. If so then reseat the Adapter and CF Card several times to clean the connectors. The MDT should work well however, and you should be able to bend/stress the card slightly and press on the ICs while the test is running without any issues (assuming your slot is good). Too much pressure or shaking can cause the card to lose contact with the slot. So don't be too aggressive, but you'd be surprised at the amount of pressure and bumps you can apply without issues. Which is perfect to make sure it's no a connection issue. And 'twisting' the card helps confirm there isn't a cold solder joint. Again, don't be too aggressive, but you should be able to a decent amount of force to stress the board ends in both clockwise and counter clockwise directions. If the board fails during this test then it might suggest a cold solder joint.

Lastly, clean the card with some degreasor and an old toothbrush. Be sure to pull the firmware ROM and remove the CF to IDE Adapter before cleaning. Only clean the MDT board without the ROM installed. A good solvent like Brakleen is best. This also dries residue free. Rinse well with cleaner too. Use plenty of cleaner and mainly brush the small square IC in the middle of the board in all directions for at least 1 minute. Work the toothbrush in to the small pins with a combing action. The more brushing the better, and the more solvent used the better. Also clean inside the firmware ROM socket well. Brush around the surface mount pins where they connect to the PCB as best you can. You can also use 95+ alcohol and a toothbrush. However you'll need to rinse the card in water to fully clean it. Distilled water is best. Tap water is usually fine too. Be sure to tap the card's edges well on a hard surface to get the water out from under the ICs, and then use a hair dryer to fully dry the card for 5-10 mins. You can also leave the board out overnight to air dry, however this usually isn't needed. Canned or compressed air also works well do help get water out from under the ICs and dry the board.

If the MDT passes the twist and bump tests but fails randomly then it could be related to the IIgs. ReActiveMicro will usually send another MDT so users can retest locally to help confirm it's the II or the MDT. If the new MDT board also fails then it's your IIgs system which is the issue. Which at that point you may want to consider sending us your motherboard for additional confirmation testing and we can replace the bus transceivers if needed then send back to you for additional local testing. This kind of repair is about $100 however, and really should be a last resort effort. So let's see what the first few tests show us before pointing fingers at the IIgs motherboard.

When using the MicroDrive/Turbo with other expansion cards that utilize DMA, it may be helpful to try running the MicroDrive/Turbo with DMA disabled if your system is behaving erratically. For example, as of late 2020, several users report erratic freezes of the VidHD when it and MicroDrive/Turbo are both utilizing DMA. Hopefully, a future revision of the VidHD firmware will repair any incompatibility.

== Support: Backing Up - CF Card ==
One important feature of the MicroDrive/Turbo the ability to remove the CF Card and use CiderPress to back up the Volumes on it. To do this you will need to have installed CiderPress on your PC or Mac running a Windows emulator, and a CF Card Reader.

See [[MicroDrive/Turbo#Support:_CiderPress|"Support: CiderPress"]] below for the download link and continued instructions on how to use it to backup the CF Card.

For 32Meg volume images or whole CF Card images visit the [https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/32_Meg_Hard_Drive_Image 32 Meg Hard Drive Image page] and the [[#Documentation.2C_Files.2C_and_Software|download links]] below.

== Support: Using the Setup Utility ==
Installation: The MicroDrive/Turbo comes pre-setup. Just install in any Slot. We however recommend Slot 7 if possible since you will most likely want to boot from the MicroDrive/Turbo much more often than your Floppies. And when you want to boot to a Floppy:
* On boot, press and hold the ESC key. This will bypass the MicroDrive/Turbo on boot.

Note: IIGS users may need to make a change to Slot settings in the Control Panel. To access the Control Panel first boot the IIGS. Then press and hold down the Open Apple key, Control key, and then press the ESC key.

===Setup Utility===
Be sure to backup the MicroDrive/Turbo Setup utility to floppy! This disk will be for backup purposes or if you need to setup a new CF Card.
* Upon booting the MicroDrive/Turbo you will be taken to Volume 1 which holds the ProDOS 8 utilities.
* You will see a folder named "SHRINK.IT". Using the arrow keys to highlight the folder and press Enter.
* You will now see a file called "SHRINK.IT.V3.4". Press Enter to execute it.
* Press the letter "O" to open an archive. The "MICRODRV.IIE.S1" is for a 5.25” disk, and "MICRODRV.TURBO" is for a 3.5” disk. Select one and press Enter twice.
* Next select the Drive on which to write.
* When done be sure to boot the disk and run the Setup utility to make sure it restored correctly.
* Repeat the above process if needed.
* Done!

Note: If you require a Setup utility disk be mailed to you, there will be a charge. Please email [http://store.reactivemicro.com/contact-us/ ReActiveMicro Support] for details and pricing.

===Check The DMA Setting===
It is advised to check the DMA setting in the Setup utility to make sure it is set correctly. Usually there isn't any issue, however you can experience data corruption or loss if the setting is not correct.
* Upon booting the MicroDrive/Turbo you will be taken to Volume 1 which holds the ProDOS 8 utilities.
* You will see a folder named "MICRODRIVE". Using the arrow keys highlight the folder and press Enter.
* You will now see a file called "MICRODRV.SETUP". Press Enter to execute it.
* Press the letter "D" to select "DMA Mode". If it's set currently to your Apple II, then you are finished. If not, then continue to the next step.
* Press Enter to change the setting. For //e users select "Enable".
* Press the letter "W" to select "Write Configuration".
* Press Enter, then the letter "W" to save the new configuration.
* Done!

Note: Set DMA Mode To "Disable" to see how much slower your system would be using a non-DMA Mass Storage Device.

===The Pre-setup and Pre-loaded CF Card===
The MicroDrive/Turbo comes with a pre-setup CF Card which has 4 ProDOS Volumes on it. The CF Card comes pre-loaded the same for the IIGS or //e.
* Volume 1 has ProDOS 8 Utilities loaded on it and is bootable into ProDOS 8.
* Volume 2 has GS/OS v6.0.1 loaded on it and is bootable. You will need at least 1Meg of RAM in order to RUN GS/OS or you will be forced to exit.
* Volume 3 had DOS.MASTER loaded on it and is bootable into ProDOS 8 which loads BASIC. You will see a folder called DOS.MASTER.
* Volume 4 is formatted in ProDOS and is not bootable.

You can setup more volumes on the CF Card if you wish, however you will quickly run out of "Slots" under ProDOS 8. ProDOS maps each Volume to a Slot and Drive, the same as what is done with the Floppy Drives. So the current 4 Volumes take up 2 Slots, which have 2 Drives each. If you don't have many peripheral cards in your Apple II then adding more Volumes may not pose an issue. However users which have other devices in Slots which get a Volume mapped to them may not be able to use the card or the Volume. You have been warned.

====Boot To Other Volumes====
The MicroDrive/Turbo comes set to boot to Volume 1 by default. You can however temporary boot to other Volumes on the CF Card.
* Hold down the "Open Apple" key when powering on the Apple II. This will pause the MicroDrive/Turbo's splash screen.
* Lastly press the corresponding Volume's number key, and the MicroDrive/Turbo will boot to that Volume.

You can also use the Setup utility to make booting to another Volume the current setting.
* Upon booting the MicroDrive/Turbo you will be taken to Volume 1 which holds the ProDOS 8 utilities in a folder named "UTIL".
* You will see folder named "MICRODRIVE". Using the arrow keys highlight the folder and press Enter.
* You will now see a file called "MICRODRV.SETUP". Press Enter to execute it.
* Press the letter "B" to select "Default Boot Volume".
* Press Enter to change the setting to the desired NEW boot Volume.
* Press the letter "W" to select "Write Configuration".
* Press Enter, then the letter "W" to save the new configuration.
* Done!

====Adding Volumes To CF Card====
To add more Volumes to your CF Card.
* Upon booting the MicroDrive/Turbo you will be taken to Volume 1 which holds the ProDOS 8 utilities.
* You will see a folder named "MICRODRIVE". Using the arrow keys to highlight the folder and press Enter.
* You will now see a file called "MICRODRV.SETUP". Press Enter to execute it.
* Press the letter "E" to select "Partition Editor". You will immediately be taken to the "Partition Table" area on the right side of the screen.
* Press the letter "A" to add a new Volume. Note: Press the "?" key for available commands.
* Press and hold both "Apple" keys, then press the "Right Arrow" key. The "Blk Size" and "Dec/Hex" column values will start to change.
* Keep pressing the "Right Arrow" key till the "Blk Size" reads "$010000". Release the "Apple" keys.
* Press the "Left Arrow" key once. The "Blk Size" should now read "$00FFFF".
**Note: ProDOS can only use UP TO 32Megs of space. "$00FFFF" is 32Meg in Blocks. You can create volumes larger then 32Megs however you will may not be able to use them.
**'''Press the letter "D" to delete any volumes or to start over.'''
**Press the letter "Q" twice if you DO NOT want to save your changes and exit.
**Repeat the above steps if you want to add more Volumes.
* Press Enter, then the letter "W" which selects "Write Configuration" to save the new configuration.
* Done!

Note: Don't forget you will need to format any new Volumes before they can be used to store anything.

===Deleting Volumes From CF Card===
To add more Volumes to your CF Card.
* Upon booting the MicroDrive/Turbo you will be taken to Volume 1 which holds the ProDOS 8 utilities.
* You will see a folder named "MICRODRIVE". Using the arrow keys highlight the folder and press Enter.
* You will now see a file called "MICRODRV.SETUP". Press Enter to execute it.
* Press the letter "E" to select "Partition Editor". You will immediately be taken to the "Partition Table" area on the right side of the screen.
* Use the "Arrow" keys to select the Volume you want to delete.
* Press the letter "D" to delete the Volume.
**Press the letter "Q" twice if you DO NOT want to save your changes and exit.
**Repeat the above steps if you want to add more Volumes.
* Press the letter "W" to select "Write Configuration".
* Press Enter, then the letter "W" to save the new configuration.
* Done!

===Setting Up a New CF Card===
To use a new CF Card (or one that has been accidentally formatted on your PC) you must first partition it. However if you do not have an existing bootable CF Card or a backup of the MicroDrive/Turbo Setup Utility on Floppy Disk then you will need to contact Support (see above) in order to obtain a new CF Card which is preloaded, or a Diskette with the Setup Utility.

If you have the Setup Utility then see [[#Adding Volumes To CF Card]] above.

== Support: Need to Add/Complete ==
Format issues with C2+

Using a Second CF Card Slot:

Copy files.

== Support: CiderPress - Backing Up and Restoring ==
Please visit http://a2ciderpress.com to download and install CiderPress for Windows. CiderPress can be run on a Mac using emulation (e.g., Parallels Desktop of VMWare Fusion) or using a WINE-based emulation (e.g., http://retrocomputingaustralia.com/rca-downloads/ -- thanks to Michael Mulhern for his efforts and hosting). However, WINE-based emulators are unable to access CF Card Readers so can't be used for this utility. 
Note: There is a Mac based project being developed to allow the access of the MDT CF Card. You can find the project here: https://github.com/disappearinjon/microdrive

Your PC will also require a CF Card Reader so you can access the CF Card.

Backing Up A CF Card: To backup a Volume on a CF Card:
*Insert the CF Card into your Reader. Allow a few seconds for it to be recognized by your OS. '''DO NOT format the Card if prompted!'''
*Open CiderPress.
*Click on the "Tools" menu and select "Volume Copier (open volume).
*Select “Physical Disk X”. X is the disk number. Click the "OK" button to continue.
Note: Users with a Computer that has more than one Hard Drive or CF Reader will have to determine exactly which Drive the CF Card Reader to be used is. In most cases it will be “1”. The size of the CF Card should also be displayed in the "Remarks" column.
*All Volumes will now be listed. Select the volume you wish to backup and click the "Copy to file" button.
*You will now be asked where to save the backup file. Select a location and a name then press the "Save" button.
*CiderPress will now start to read the Volume and save it to your PC. When it is done the popup progress window will close.
**Optional: You can now select other Volumes to backup if desired.
*Done!

Note: You could also use a utility to backup the whole CF Card like [http://hddguru.com/software/HDD-Raw-Copy-Tool/ HDD Raw Copy]. CiderPress however has the advantage of being able to open and utilize the backup Images it creates. So in the future you could copy files from the Images or access data if needed. You would not need to fully restore the Image as with other backup programs. Some Emulators can also access and use the Image files too. Raw Disk Copiers like HDD Raw Copy can however be useful if you would like to quickly duplicate a CF Card as it will copy the Partition information unlike CiderPress. So you do not need to run the MicroDrive/Turbo Setup Utility before restoring the HDD Raw Copy Image. This could be a useful backup method should the Setup Utility backup disk you made (see [[#Support: Backing Up - Setup Utility|"Support: Backing Up - Setup Utility"]] above) ever becomes damaged, lost, or unusable.

Restoring A Backup Image To A CF Card: To restore a Volume:
*Insert the CF Card into your Reader. Allow a few seconds for it be recognized by your OS. '''DO NOT format the Card if prompted!'''
*Open CiderPress.
*Click on the "Tools" menu and select "Volume Copier (open volume).
*Select “Physical Disk X”. X is the disk number.
Note: Users with a Computer that has more than one Hard Drive or CF Reader will have to determine exactly which Drive the CF Card Reader to be used is. In most cases it will be “1”. The size of the CF Card should also be displayed in the "Remarks" column.
*Uncheck the "Open as read-only" option above the "OK" button.
WARNING: Data on your Volumes can now be over-written. Be careful, and make sure to select the correct Volume!
*Click the "OK" button to continue.
*All Volumes will now be listed. Select the volume you wish to restore an image to and click the "Load from file" button.
*Select the image file and click the "Open" button.
*CiderPress will prompt you to make sure you want to overwrite a Volume if there is data there, and you need to confirm "OK" to continue. If it is blank it will start loading the image.
**You can load multiple images if you wish.
*Done!

== Support: CiderPress - Copying Files ==
Copy A File TO The CF Card:
*Insert the CF Card into your Reader. Allow a few seconds for it be recognized by your OS. '''DO NOT format the Card if prompted!'''
*Open CiderPress.
*Click on the "File" menu and select "Open Volume...".
*Select “Physical Disk X”. X is the disk number. Click the "OK" button to continue.
Note: Users with a Computer that has more than one Hard Drive or CF Reader will have to determine exactly which Drive the CF Card Reader to be used is. In most cases it will be “1”. The size of the CF Card should also be displayed in the "Remarks" column.
*Uncheck "Open as read only" and click the "OK" button.
*All Volumes and folders will now be listed. Locate the volume, and folder if desired, in which you wish to place the copied file.
**Roots of Volumes can be identified by the double name such as "MDVOL1::MDVOL1" for example.
**Folder and files can be identified by the name AFTER the ":" and the info listed in the "TYPE" column.
*Right click on the location, then select "Add Files...".
*Browse to the file's location, select any desired options, then click the "OK" button.
*You will now see the file located on the CF Card.
*Repeat as desired to add more files.
*Done!

Copy A File FROM The CF Card:

*Insert the CF Card in to your Reader. Allow a few seconds for it be recognized by your OS. '''DO NOT format the Card if prompted!'''
*Open CiderPress.
*Click on the "File" menu and select "Open Volume...".
*Select “Physical Disk X”. X is the disk number. Click the "OK" button to continue.
Note: Users with a Computer that has more than one Hard Drive or CF Reader will have to determine exactly which Drive the CF Card Reader to be used is. In most cases it will be “1”. The size of the CF Card should also be displayed in the "Remarks" column.
*All Volumes and folders will now be listed. Locate the volume, and folder if needed, in which the file wish to copy is located.
**Roots of Volumes can be identified by the double name such as "MDVOL1::MDVOL1" for example.
**Folder and files can be identified by the name AFTER the ":" and the info listed in the "TYPE" column.
*Right click on the location, then select "Extract...".
*Browse to the location you wish to copy the file to, select any desired options, then click the "OK" button.
*You will now see the file located where you selected.
*Repeat as desired to copy more files.
*Done!

== Support: Command line tool on Mac OS to manipulate a MicroDrive/Turbo disk or image ==

For a long time now Mac OS users have struggled in dealing with ProDOS formatted CF Card. CiderPress is a native Windows program and requires a full emulator like Parallels Desktop or VMWare Fusion.

Jon Lasser contacted Henry and started to discuss the issues with CiderPress on the MAC and how he might be able to create a simple but powerful program. It would allow access to the ProDOS formatted CF Card, as CiderPress does. However it will run natively on the MAC platform. We are more than glad to help Jon with his efforts in any way we can.

You can read more about Jon’s project here at his own blog:
https://twoideas.org/2020/01/02/the-joys-of-retrocomputing-also-announcing-a-microdrive-turbo-image-tool/

As of the time of this writing (end of 2020), Jon Lasser's tool is a solid option for backing up and restoring CF cards formatted with ProDOS and for copying images. Use of the Terminal is required and some familiarity with using Mac OS in this way is important. This is a great step forward.

== Support: Using Mechanical Hard Drives ==
It is possible to use old mechanical Hard Drives on the MicroDrive/Turbo however Compact Flash is a much better solution. As noted in "[[#Features|Features]]" above: "[Compact Flash is] readily available, inexpensive, low power, noiseless, shock proof, removable, and last almost forever - things that can't be said about mechanical Hard Drives."

Steps to install and use a mechanical Hard Drive:
*First, remove the IDE to CF Adapter. The unit should just slide off when pulled. Be careful to not bend any pins on the IDE male header.
*Next, install a 40-pin IDE Cable.
*Next, if needed set your IDE Hard Drive to the correct "Primary" or "Secondary" setting.
*Finally, install the Hard Drive onto the IDE Cable.

'''Note:''' If the Hard Drive is powered from a secondary Power Supply you need to adhere to the following in order for all to work correctly:
*The GS has to be turned on '''first'''. The Power Supply to the Hard Drive is then turned on '''second'''. Wrong order and the drive may not spin up.
*The two Power Supplies must have a common ground. Without this the MicroDrive/Turbo may not see the Hard Drive.
*Be warned that most newer MicroDrive/Turbo boards have +5v connected to pin Pin 20 of the IDE Connector. Be sure to use a cable which DOES NOT have a cable pin connected, or you cut the cable pin.

== Support: Using ADTPro, Uthernet, and MicroDrive/Turbo Together ==
An incompatibility exists in ADTPro versions 2.0.2 and earlier where ADTPro's Uthernet initialization interferes with the operation of the MicroDrive/Turbo running IIGS firmware. To be specific, if the MicroDrive/Turbo is in a slot number '''lower''' than the Uthernet or Uthernet II, ADTPro will not start . Even if you create and save an ADTPro Uthernet configuration to specify an Uthernet slot using a different computer, it still won't work. There are a number of solutions available:
# Use a version greater than 2.0.2 of ADTPro
# Move your MicroDrive/Turbo to a slot '''higher''' than your Uthernet or Uthernet II card (typical slots are 3 for Uthernet, and 7 for MicroDrive/Turbo)
# Use the //e version of firmware in your MicroDrive/Turbo.

== Support: Running The Preinstalled Games ==
With the CF Card that comes with the MicroDrive/Turbo you will find a "IIE GAMES" and a "GS GAMES" folder, which is part of the "[https://archive.org/details/TotalReplay Total Replay]" distribution. If you try to run the games you will receive an error message of "FILETYPE MISMATCH". First, run "BOOT.SYSTEM" which is a menu system for running the games correctly. Then select and run the game of your choice.

== Self Powered IDE to CF Adapters ==
The MicroDrive/Turbo sold by ReActiveMicro comes with a self powered IDE to CF Adapter with a pre-setup CF Card. They did not sell boards with mechanical HDDs. "Self powered" refers to the IDE to CF Adapter which uses power supplied on Pin 20 of the IDE connector and does not require an external power source. This means the Apple II can supply power to the CF Card and no other power source is needed.

Boards from 2006 to mid 2008 will have +5v connected to Pin 20 of the IDE Connector in the form of a small jumper wire on the rear of the board. Later boards have a small trace added to the face, left side of the board. Over the years some users insisted on trying to install the CF Adapter backwards which would cause a short and burn the added trace from the board. So all boards from late 2017 and on have a fuse added to the small trace for added protection. The pic below on the right with the fuse is a good example of what the added trace looks like and where it is located.

<gallery class="center" widths=300px heights=200px caption="IDE Pin 20 Power Mods">
File:MicroDrive-Turbo-Back-PowerMod1.jpg|Pre-2008 MicroDrive/Turbo With Flywire Power Mod and Self Powered CF Adapter
File:MicroDrive-Turbo-Face-PowerMod2.jpg|2018 MicroDrive/Turbo With "F1" Fuse and Self Powered CF Adapter
</gallery>

== Support: Installing Firmware ==
[[Image:MicroDrive-Turbo_-_Firmware_Install.jpg|thumb|ROM Location And Where To Pry To Remove]]
The MicroDrive Turbo usually comes pre-setup for IIe or IIGS use. This is determined by the Firmware ROM which is installed on the card. The ROM is the small square IC on the upper right of the card. It is the only IC in a socket.

You can use the IIe Firmware in an IIe and IIGS, however it is quite slow in a IIGS compared to the IIgs Firmware. You cannot use the IIGS Firmware in a IIe as it will cause the IIe to crash to Monitor.

The //e Firmware ROM is usually marked with a label that has "II" written on it. This isn't the best way to check which firmware in on the MicroDrive Turbo as the label could have been removed or fallen off. If your MicroDrive/Turbo works in an IIe then the IIe Firmware is installed.

To remove the Firmware ROM you will need a "PLCC Extraction Tool". These can be found on eBay for under $5 usually. You can also use a paperclip, small wire, an awl, small screw driver, or any strong thin implement. Do not pry too hard on the ROM Socket if possible. Reference the picture for the areas on which to pry up.

The new Firmware ROM should be installed in the same orientation with the chip markings facing up. '''Installing the ROM backwards WILL damage it!''' Reference the picture and you will notice one corner of the Socket and ROM are "cut". The other corners are square. There is usually a "DOT" or mark on the case of the IC to help denote which side is which. In the case of the MicroDrive/Turbo we want to make sure the "cut corner" and the "DOT" are facing to the LEFT. The chip markings should be facing up, legible, with the gold Edge Connector (aka - Slot Edge) on the bottom of the MicroDrive Turbo.

<gallery class="center" widths=150px heights=80>
File:Floppy_Icon_514sleeve.svg|MicroDrive-Turbo II, II''plus'', IIe Unenhanced (and IIGS but slow) Firmware|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/2/25/MicroDrive-Turbo-IIe-v1.60b-ROM.bin
File:Floppy_Icon_514sleeve.svg|MicroDrive Turbo IIGS ONLY Firmware|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/3/33/MicroDrive-Turbo_-_IIgs_v1.00_ROM_-_27512.bin
</gallery>

== Downloadable Files ==
<div class="new_window">
<gallery class="center" widths=150px heights=80 caption="RM MicroDrive-Turbo">
File:PDF_ICON.svg|2024 Manual |link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/4/4a/MicroDrive_Manual_2024.pdf
<gallery class="center" widths=150px heights=80 caption="MicroDrive-Turbo">

File:4am_Gaming_Image.svg|Total Replay 32meg|link=https://archive.org/details/TotalReplay

File:RM_Icon_File_Server.svg|Software|link=http://downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/MicroDrive-Turbo/Software/
File:RM_Icon_File_Server.svg|CF Images|link=http://downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/MicroDrive-Turbo/CF_Volume_Images/
File:RM_Icon_File_Server.svg|Assorted Files|link=http://downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/MicroDrive-Turbo/
</gallery>
</div>

[[Category:Hardware]]
[[Category:Apple]]
[[Category:ReActiveMicro Projects]]

MicroDrive/Turbo

2024-09-17T17:43:15Z

Khaibitgfx:

[[Image:Title_Micro_Drive_Turbo.svg|700px|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/8/82/Title_Micro_Drive_Turbo.svg]]

[[Image:RM_MicroDriveTurbo-Object.png|thumb|MicroDrive Turbo from ReActiveMicro|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/4/4d/RM_MicroDriveTurbo-Object.png]]

The MicroDrive Turbo is an IDE Mass Storage Device that is Apple IIGS and Apple II, II Plus, or //e compatible. It emulates a Hard Disk Drive by utilizing Solid-State Compact Flash (CF) Cards.

MicroDrive Turbo (aka - MDT) is currently sold by [[ReActiveMicro]]. They sell it with a preloaded 256 MB Compact Flash Card to enable new users to start using the MicroDrive/Turbo right out of the box. Software included is GS/OS v6.0.1, IIGS Memory Testers, ShrinkIt (8 and 16 bit), Copy II+, MicroDrive Utilities, DiskMaker8, DSK2File, DOS.MASTER and different AE Memory Testers for your //e. Everything needed to start transferring and unpacking software from the Internet, and start using your Apple II Personal Computer once again.

Product Status: Actively sold by [http://store.reactivemicro.com/product/microdriveturbo-storage-controller/ ReActiveMicro].

Support: Post on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME}}|Discussion]] page (link above) or email [http://store.reactivemicro.com/contact-us/ ReActiveMicro Support].

Sales: Visit the [http://store.reactivemicro.com/shop/ ReActiveMicro Store].

== History ==
The MicroDrive Turbo was designed by Joachim Lange of ///SHH Systeme and released in 1996. This was the first Apple II IDE Controller that used DMA.

In 2004 Gerber Street Enterprises started reselling select items from ///SHH Systeme, however the offering was only a couple of items and stock was very limited.

Mid-2006 ReActiveMicro took over reselling all ///SHH Systeme items in an effort to provide better service and a larger product variety to the Apple II Community.

==Versions==
Pre-2006 versions of the card were all hand assembled by Joachim Lange of ///SHH Systeme. After ReActiveMicro took over sales in 2006 the units were hand assembled by Henry from ReActiveMicro till mid 2015. ReActiveMicro then started their structured move to a more automated vendor and set their sights to have projects assembled on a larger scale. The MicroDrive Turbo was the first such project to be fully assembled. However due to a learning curve and testing different vendors Henry continued to hand assemble some MicroDrive Turbo units until 2016. During that year all projects moved to being fully assembled as well as offering kit versions of most projects.

From March 19th 2018 until the 25th ReActiveMicro had a sale in which they jokingly played on the fact that Henry "defaced" several cards by signing them. Thus the cards would be sold at a discount due to his signature being of negative value and actually subtracting from the total worth of the card. This was in fact a joke made from the recent CFFA3000 sales where Rich Dreher sold "limited edition" cards where he signed them and charged $200USD more. It's noteworthy that Henry was not actually thrilled with signing cards and "felt like a total ass" the entire time doing so. He's not into celebrity or thinking his signature or efforts are anything special. He's more happy being able to supply demand and knowing that products he makes are being used in the retro spirit. "Limited editions" or signed products will not be a staple in the ReActiveMicro.com future, and will always be made in a self deprecating fashion.

<gallery class="center" widths=400px heights=200px caption="Example of signed MicroDrive Turbo.">
File:MDT_Signed1.jpg|MicroDrive Turbo. March 19th-25th 2018 Sale {51 units signed total}.
</gallery>

== Features ==

[[Image:MicroDrive_DMA.svg|200px|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/4/43/MicroDrive_DMA.svg]]

DMA: Looking for the fastest storage solution available for your Apple II? The MicroDrive Turbo is faster that any other Mass Storage controller since it uses DMA for reads and writes. As the name implies, it performs Direct Memory Access which bypasses the CPU and allows for a whopping 40% faster read and write speeds when compared to conventional controllers. For example, with an accelerator installed in your IIGS you can boot GS/OS in as fast as 7 seconds! The DMA option can be disabled using the Setup utility.

[[Image:40_Pin_Connector.svg|200px|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/b/ba/40_Pin_Connector.svg]]

40 Pin IDE Interface: The 40 Pin IDE interface on the MicroDrive/Turbo IDE is a standard 16 bit IDE port. It is capable of addressing "Primary" and "Secondary" IDs on the IDE chain.

IDE to Dual CF Adapter: The MicroDrive/Turbo comes standard with a 40 Pin IDE to Dual CF Adapter. Users can control which of the two CF Slots is "Primary" and "Secondary" using a Jumper on the Adapter. The Adapter however can be removed if so desired and a standard IDE Cable and devices attached.

Note: Dual mode unavailable when using the IIe Firmware; Only available when using the IIGS Firmware.

[[Image:CF_Card.svg|200px|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/9/9e/CF_Card.svg]]

Compact Flash: Why use Compact Flash Cards? They are readily available, inexpensive, low power, noiseless, shock proof, removable, and last almost forever - things that can't be said about mechanical Hard Drives. However, it is still possible to use some older IDE Hard Drives with the MicroDrive/Turbo Controller if desired. See "[[#Support: Using Mechanical Hard Drives|Support: Using Mechanical Hard Drives]]" below. Do you download software from the Internet and wonder how to get it to your Apple II or spend lots of time doing so? With the MicroDrive/Turbo it's now super easy! Just remove the Compact Flash Card from your MicroDrive/Turbo, insert it in to your PC and using [http://a2ciderpress.com/ CiderPress] (Windows only) you can read and write directly to the Compact Flash Card. Using your PC for transferring files and backing up has never been so quick and painless!

ProDOS 8 and 16: The MicroDrive/Turbo is ProDOS compatible. It's recognized as a 'standard' Mass Storage Device just like any Hard Disk Drive on your Apple II. Large Volume DOS 3.3 support is provided through the use of a program called DOS.MASTER (preloaded on CF Card).

Boot Options: By default, Volume 1 is set to boot. However when setting up a new CF Card the user sets which Volume they desire to boot. Or on an existing CF Card the Setup utility can modify the default boot Volume. However the MicroDrive/Turbo also offers a temporary option to boot to ANY volume. When powering on the Apple II the user will press and hold the Open Apple key. This will pause the MicroDrive/Turbo's splash screen. The user then presses the corresponding Volume's number key, and the MicroDrive/Turbo will boot to that Volume.

Apple IIGS and II/Plus/e Operation: The MicroDrive/Turbo comes standard with the Apple IIGS Firmware. You can however order one with IIe Firmware, or buy an upgrade ROM to convert a IIGS MicroDrive/Turbo for use in an II/Plus/e.

== Reviews ==
{{#ev:youtube|1JLJUPMVwDE|400|right|MicroDrive/Turbo (left) VS CFFA (right)|frame}}
On October 13th, 2018 Russell McGhee did a comparison of the MicroDrive/Turbo (left) VS CFFA (right). The IIGS on the right has a TWGS installed and is part of the delay when the system is first powered on. However you can see the IIGS boot screen simply enough and can compare between the two.

{{#ev:youtube|Wjy6_qnTnv0|400|right|Apple II Mass Storage Mega Roundup|frame}}
On August 13, 2016 Joe Strosnider from the YouTube channel "[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCyfwZvTPPJV4peBHupd6Ckw Joe's Computer Museum]" posted a review of several Mass Storage options for the Apple II, and the MicroDrive/Turbo was among them. He gives some very good feedback regarding the differences between the boards, and how the MicroDrive/turbo performs under real world conditions.

== Support: Backing Up - Setup Utility ==
'''The first thing you should do before using your MicroDrive/Turbo is to make a backup of the MicroDrive/Turbo Setup Utility.''' Without this Utility you will be unable to re-setup your CF Card should it crash or you accidentally format it. It is advised to copy the Setup Utility to a backup floppy and keep it in a safe place. To backup the Utility:

* Upon booting the MicroDrive/Turbo you will be taken to Volume 1 which holds the ProDOS 8 utilities.
* You will see menu item named "COPYIIPLUS9.1". Using the arrow keys highlight the item and press Enter.
* Press the letter "C" to select "COPY", and the letter "F" for "FILES".
* Use the arrow keys to select the Slot where you installed the MicroDrive/Turbo, and "Drive 1". Press Enter.
* Use the arrow keys to select the Slot and Drive where your backup floppy is located. Press Enter.
* You will see a folder named "MICRODRIVE". Using the arrow keys highlight the folder and press Enter.
* You will see a file called "MICRODRV.SETUP". Using the arrow keys highlight the file and press Enter.
* Press the letter "G" to start the copy process.

Note: This assumes your Floppy Disk is preformatted with ProDOS. If not then you can use Copy II Plus to also format the Disk.

== Support: IIGS Installation ==
When installing the MicroDrive/Turbo in your Apple IIGS a few things need to first be taken into consideration. For example, will you want to primary boot the MicroDrive/Turbo, your Floppy Drives, or other bootable devices installed in your system? For most installations users will want to boot primary to the MicroDrive/Turbo. In this case we recommend installing the MicroDrive/Turbo in Slot 7. And when you want to boot to the Floppy Drives hold
down the "ESC" key on boot. This allows the IIGS to "skip" booting the MicroDrive/Turbo and move on to checking the Floppy Drives or other bootable devices in lower numbered Slots.

For other configurations, the good news is that the Apple IIGS allows a lot of flexibility when it comes to booting. You will need to decide however what is the best to meet your needs. If not installing the MicroDrive/Turbo in Slot 7, then we usually recommend Slot 2. However by default the IIGS is set to use Slot 2 for a Modem. Since most users no longer use a Modem, Slot 2 is a good choice. However the default setting in the IIGS will need to be changed in order for the MicroDrive/Turbo to work.

To edit the settings or change the way your IIGS boots you will need to enter the Control Panel. There are a couple of ways to do this:
* Hold down the "Option" key on the keyboard and power on the IIGS. Select "1" for the Control Panel.
* Power on the IIGS and at anytime hold down the "Open Apple" and "Control" keys, then press the "ESC" key. Press "Enter" to select Control Panel.
Once in the Control Panel use the "Arrow" keys to select the "Slots" menu and press "Enter".

Most IIGS systems will be set to the default configuration, denoted by the "check mark" on the left of the option. Use the "Up" or "Down" arrow keys to select an option, then "Left" or "Right" arrow keys to set the option. Be sure to press "Enter" when done to save any changes.

For example, there is nothing needed '''to use the MicroDrive/Turbo in Slot 7'''. It is already defaulted to "Your Card". There is also no need to change the "Startup" option if it is set to "Slot 7" or "Scan".

If however you want '''to use the MicroDrive/Turbo in Slot 2''' you will need to change the Slot setting to "Your Card". And if you would like the IIgs to boot the MicroDrive/Turbo in Slot 2 then you will also need to change the "Startup" option to "Slot 2". Be sure to press "Enter" when done to save any changes.

The "Startup" option in the Control Panel allows you to control how the IIGS checks for bootable devices when powered on. "Scan" will tell the IIGS to look from Slot 7 to Slot 1. Selecting "Slot [X]" will tell the IIGS to ONLY boot that Slot. If no bootable devices are found then the IIGS will report "Check startup device!" You can however tell the IIGS to boot from another Slot by breaking into BASIC (hold down the "Control" key and press the "Reset" key), then type "PR#X" and press the "Enter" key. "X" is the Slot number.

Note: The MicroDrive/Turbo allows the IIGS to "skip" trying to boot it by holding down the "ESC" key on boot.

== Support: //e Installation ==
When installing the MicroDrive/Turbo in your Apple //e a few things need to first be taken into consideration. For example, will you want to primary boot the MicroDrive/Turbo, your Floppy Drives, or other bootable devices installed in your system? For most installations users will want to boot primary to the MicroDrive/Turbo. In this case we recommend installing the MicroDrive/Turbo in Slot 7. And when you want to boot to the Floppy Drives hold down the "ESC" key on boot. This allows the //e to "skip" booting the MicroDrive/Turbo and move on to checking the Floppy Drives or other bootable devices in lower numbered Slots.

If however you install the MicroDrive/Turbo in another Slot then it may not boot and depends on what other bootable devices are installed in your //e. You can however tell the //e to boot to another Slot by breaking into BASIC if needed (hold the "Control" key and press the "Reset" key), then type "PR#X" and press the "Enter" key. "X" is the Slot number.

Note: The MicroDrive/Turbo allows the IIGS to "skip" trying to boot it by holding the "ESC" key on boot.

== Support: Trouble Shooting ==
Here are some tips on where to start if you experience any issues with your MicroDrive/Turbo (MDT) or any cards in your Apple II system.

First and foremost - ALWAYS always worth mentioning be sure to observe correct ESD protection when handling or touching electronics or you will damage and weaken ICs. It would be great if a damaged IC failed instantly. However that's rarely the case. ESD damage usually eats away at the gates inside an IC, can cause timing issues, and the IC to run hotter than designed for. This causes the IC to operate unreliably. And the worse kind of issue to diagnose is an inconsistent one. So please always use a grounded wrist strap and even a static mat when working on your IIgs. ReActivceMicro sees quite a few systems with weak or damaged bus transceivers (LS/HCT245) and can usually repair the motherboards, and ESD damage is the primary suspect for the ICs needing to be replaced. ALWAYS observe correct ESD protection when handling or touching electronics. However before suspecting the Apple II, let's retest the MDT in-system.

Start with cleaning the MDT's edge connector (slot connector end with the gold fingers). A pencil eraser is a good device for cleaning. You could also use some 95+ alcohol and a paper towel. When clean all the fingers should be about the same color and brightness. Any which appear to be dull or darker than the rest need to be recleaned as they could have some residue on them from manufacturing. This could cause connection issues with the slot.

Next, check your outlet power. Check to make sure the outlet is wired correctly. ReActiveMicro receives about 5 support emails a year from users with MDT issues who all swear their power is fine and there's no power or wiring issues. After much debate and discussion Support usually sends an outlet tester to which they finally check the outlet and discover there's a wiring fault and the cause of most or all of their past issues. The older original PSUs don't seem to mind a wiring issue, however the new ones ReActiveMicro sells will produce all kinds of issues if an outlet is incorrectly wired. So we ask that users check their outlets with a multimeter or outlet tester (eBay for under $10 delivered) to make sure issues are not power related. As another good way to check is to run a power cord from your bathroom or kitchen GFCI outlet and retest your II for a while, as these outlets have be to wired correctly in order to turn on. This is a simple way to help rule out a power issue and highly recommended in all testing situations where power is suspect.

Next we ask that you run the Read Write test software for the MDT. It's under the Utils folder, in the Microdrive folder, called TURBO.RW.TEST. It's a system file so you can use the ProDOS selector to run it. Let the test run for an hour or two. This should confirm the MDT is running well. If the test randomly fails or stops during this time then this might suggest an issue with Apple II. You can also try performing the 'twist test' and 'wiggle test' with the MDT during this time and see if the board fails. Tap and wiggle the IDE to CF Adapter and CF Card. See if the test stops and reports an error. If so then reseat the Adapter and CF Card several times to clean the connectors. The MDT should work well however, and you should be able to bend/stress the card slightly and press on the ICs while the test is running without any issues (assuming your slot is good). Too much pressure or shaking can cause the card to lose contact with the slot. So don't be too aggressive, but you'd be surprised at the amount of pressure and bumps you can apply without issues. Which is perfect to make sure it's no a connection issue. And 'twisting' the card helps confirm there isn't a cold solder joint. Again, don't be too aggressive, but you should be able to a decent amount of force to stress the board ends in both clockwise and counter clockwise directions. If the board fails during this test then it might suggest a cold solder joint.

Lastly, clean the card with some degreasor and an old toothbrush. Be sure to pull the firmware ROM and remove the CF to IDE Adapter before cleaning. Only clean the MDT board without the ROM installed. A good solvent like Brakleen is best. This also dries residue free. Rinse well with cleaner too. Use plenty of cleaner and mainly brush the small square IC in the middle of the board in all directions for at least 1 minute. Work the toothbrush in to the small pins with a combing action. The more brushing the better, and the more solvent used the better. Also clean inside the firmware ROM socket well. Brush around the surface mount pins where they connect to the PCB as best you can. You can also use 95+ alcohol and a toothbrush. However you'll need to rinse the card in water to fully clean it. Distilled water is best. Tap water is usually fine too. Be sure to tap the card's edges well on a hard surface to get the water out from under the ICs, and then use a hair dryer to fully dry the card for 5-10 mins. You can also leave the board out overnight to air dry, however this usually isn't needed. Canned or compressed air also works well do help get water out from under the ICs and dry the board.

If the MDT passes the twist and bump tests but fails randomly then it could be related to the IIgs. ReActiveMicro will usually send another MDT so users can retest locally to help confirm it's the II or the MDT. If the new MDT board also fails then it's your IIgs system which is the issue. Which at that point you may want to consider sending us your motherboard for additional confirmation testing and we can replace the bus transceivers if needed then send back to you for additional local testing. This kind of repair is about $100 however, and really should be a last resort effort. So let's see what the first few tests show us before pointing fingers at the IIgs motherboard.

When using the MicroDrive/Turbo with other expansion cards that utilize DMA, it may be helpful to try running the MicroDrive/Turbo with DMA disabled if your system is behaving erratically. For example, as of late 2020, several users report erratic freezes of the VidHD when it and MicroDrive/Turbo are both utilizing DMA. Hopefully, a future revision of the VidHD firmware will repair any incompatibility.

== Support: Backing Up - CF Card ==
One important feature of the MicroDrive/Turbo the ability to remove the CF Card and use CiderPress to back up the Volumes on it. To do this you will need to have installed CiderPress on your PC or Mac running a Windows emulator, and a CF Card Reader.

See [[MicroDrive/Turbo#Support:_CiderPress|"Support: CiderPress"]] below for the download link and continued instructions on how to use it to backup the CF Card.

For 32Meg volume images or whole CF Card images visit the [https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/32_Meg_Hard_Drive_Image 32 Meg Hard Drive Image page] and the [[#Documentation.2C_Files.2C_and_Software|download links]] below.

== Support: Using the Setup Utility ==
Installation: The MicroDrive/Turbo comes pre-setup. Just install in any Slot. We however recommend Slot 7 if possible since you will most likely want to boot from the MicroDrive/Turbo much more often than your Floppies. And when you want to boot to a Floppy:
* On boot, press and hold the ESC key. This will bypass the MicroDrive/Turbo on boot.

Note: IIGS users may need to make a change to Slot settings in the Control Panel. To access the Control Panel first boot the IIGS. Then press and hold down the Open Apple key, Control key, and then press the ESC key.

===Setup Utility===
Be sure to backup the MicroDrive/Turbo Setup utility to floppy! This disk will be for backup purposes or if you need to setup a new CF Card.
* Upon booting the MicroDrive/Turbo you will be taken to Volume 1 which holds the ProDOS 8 utilities.
* You will see a folder named "SHRINK.IT". Using the arrow keys to highlight the folder and press Enter.
* You will now see a file called "SHRINK.IT.V3.4". Press Enter to execute it.
* Press the letter "O" to open an archive. The "MICRODRV.IIE.S1" is for a 5.25” disk, and "MICRODRV.TURBO" is for a 3.5” disk. Select one and press Enter twice.
* Next select the Drive on which to write.
* When done be sure to boot the disk and run the Setup utility to make sure it restored correctly.
* Repeat the above process if needed.
* Done!

Note: If you require a Setup utility disk be mailed to you, there will be a charge. Please email [http://store.reactivemicro.com/contact-us/ ReActiveMicro Support] for details and pricing.

===Check The DMA Setting===
It is advised to check the DMA setting in the Setup utility to make sure it is set correctly. Usually there isn't any issue, however you can experience data corruption or loss if the setting is not correct.
* Upon booting the MicroDrive/Turbo you will be taken to Volume 1 which holds the ProDOS 8 utilities.
* You will see a folder named "MICRODRIVE". Using the arrow keys highlight the folder and press Enter.
* You will now see a file called "MICRODRV.SETUP". Press Enter to execute it.
* Press the letter "D" to select "DMA Mode". If it's set currently to your Apple II, then you are finished. If not, then continue to the next step.
* Press Enter to change the setting. For //e users select "Enable".
* Press the letter "W" to select "Write Configuration".
* Press Enter, then the letter "W" to save the new configuration.
* Done!

Note: Set DMA Mode To "Disable" to see how much slower your system would be using a non-DMA Mass Storage Device.

===The Pre-setup and Pre-loaded CF Card===
The MicroDrive/Turbo comes with a pre-setup CF Card which has 4 ProDOS Volumes on it. The CF Card comes pre-loaded the same for the IIGS or //e.
* Volume 1 has ProDOS 8 Utilities loaded on it and is bootable into ProDOS 8.
* Volume 2 has GS/OS v6.0.1 loaded on it and is bootable. You will need at least 1Meg of RAM in order to RUN GS/OS or you will be forced to exit.
* Volume 3 had DOS.MASTER loaded on it and is bootable into ProDOS 8 which loads BASIC. You will see a folder called DOS.MASTER.
* Volume 4 is formatted in ProDOS and is not bootable.

You can setup more volumes on the CF Card if you wish, however you will quickly run out of "Slots" under ProDOS 8. ProDOS maps each Volume to a Slot and Drive, the same as what is done with the Floppy Drives. So the current 4 Volumes take up 2 Slots, which have 2 Drives each. If you don't have many peripheral cards in your Apple II then adding more Volumes may not pose an issue. However users which have other devices in Slots which get a Volume mapped to them may not be able to use the card or the Volume. You have been warned.

====Boot To Other Volumes====
The MicroDrive/Turbo comes set to boot to Volume 1 by default. You can however temporary boot to other Volumes on the CF Card.
* Hold down the "Open Apple" key when powering on the Apple II. This will pause the MicroDrive/Turbo's splash screen.
* Lastly press the corresponding Volume's number key, and the MicroDrive/Turbo will boot to that Volume.

You can also use the Setup utility to make booting to another Volume the current setting.
* Upon booting the MicroDrive/Turbo you will be taken to Volume 1 which holds the ProDOS 8 utilities in a folder named "UTIL".
* You will see folder named "MICRODRIVE". Using the arrow keys highlight the folder and press Enter.
* You will now see a file called "MICRODRV.SETUP". Press Enter to execute it.
* Press the letter "B" to select "Default Boot Volume".
* Press Enter to change the setting to the desired NEW boot Volume.
* Press the letter "W" to select "Write Configuration".
* Press Enter, then the letter "W" to save the new configuration.
* Done!

====Adding Volumes To CF Card====
To add more Volumes to your CF Card.
* Upon booting the MicroDrive/Turbo you will be taken to Volume 1 which holds the ProDOS 8 utilities.
* You will see a folder named "MICRODRIVE". Using the arrow keys to highlight the folder and press Enter.
* You will now see a file called "MICRODRV.SETUP". Press Enter to execute it.
* Press the letter "E" to select "Partition Editor". You will immediately be taken to the "Partition Table" area on the right side of the screen.
* Press the letter "A" to add a new Volume. Note: Press the "?" key for available commands.
* Press and hold both "Apple" keys, then press the "Right Arrow" key. The "Blk Size" and "Dec/Hex" column values will start to change.
* Keep pressing the "Right Arrow" key till the "Blk Size" reads "$010000". Release the "Apple" keys.
* Press the "Left Arrow" key once. The "Blk Size" should now read "$00FFFF".
**Note: ProDOS can only use UP TO 32Megs of space. "$00FFFF" is 32Meg in Blocks. You can create volumes larger then 32Megs however you will may not be able to use them.
**'''Press the letter "D" to delete any volumes or to start over.'''
**Press the letter "Q" twice if you DO NOT want to save your changes and exit.
**Repeat the above steps if you want to add more Volumes.
* Press Enter, then the letter "W" which selects "Write Configuration" to save the new configuration.
* Done!

Note: Don't forget you will need to format any new Volumes before they can be used to store anything.

===Deleting Volumes From CF Card===
To add more Volumes to your CF Card.
* Upon booting the MicroDrive/Turbo you will be taken to Volume 1 which holds the ProDOS 8 utilities.
* You will see a folder named "MICRODRIVE". Using the arrow keys highlight the folder and press Enter.
* You will now see a file called "MICRODRV.SETUP". Press Enter to execute it.
* Press the letter "E" to select "Partition Editor". You will immediately be taken to the "Partition Table" area on the right side of the screen.
* Use the "Arrow" keys to select the Volume you want to delete.
* Press the letter "D" to delete the Volume.
**Press the letter "Q" twice if you DO NOT want to save your changes and exit.
**Repeat the above steps if you want to add more Volumes.
* Press the letter "W" to select "Write Configuration".
* Press Enter, then the letter "W" to save the new configuration.
* Done!

===Setting Up a New CF Card===
To use a new CF Card (or one that has been accidentally formatted on your PC) you must first partition it. However if you do not have an existing bootable CF Card or a backup of the MicroDrive/Turbo Setup Utility on Floppy Disk then you will need to contact Support (see above) in order to obtain a new CF Card which is preloaded, or a Diskette with the Setup Utility.

If you have the Setup Utility then see [[#Adding Volumes To CF Card]] above.

== Support: Need to Add/Complete ==
Format issues with C2+

Using a Second CF Card Slot:

Copy files.

== Support: CiderPress - Backing Up and Restoring ==
Please visit http://a2ciderpress.com to download and install CiderPress for Windows. CiderPress can be run on a Mac using emulation (e.g., Parallels Desktop of VMWare Fusion) or using a WINE-based emulation (e.g., http://retrocomputingaustralia.com/rca-downloads/ -- thanks to Michael Mulhern for his efforts and hosting). However, WINE-based emulators are unable to access CF Card Readers so can't be used for this utility. 
Note: There is a Mac based project being developed to allow the access of the MDT CF Card. You can find the project here: https://github.com/disappearinjon/microdrive

Your PC will also require a CF Card Reader so you can access the CF Card.

Backing Up A CF Card: To backup a Volume on a CF Card:
*Insert the CF Card into your Reader. Allow a few seconds for it to be recognized by your OS. '''DO NOT format the Card if prompted!'''
*Open CiderPress.
*Click on the "Tools" menu and select "Volume Copier (open volume).
*Select “Physical Disk X”. X is the disk number. Click the "OK" button to continue.
Note: Users with a Computer that has more than one Hard Drive or CF Reader will have to determine exactly which Drive the CF Card Reader to be used is. In most cases it will be “1”. The size of the CF Card should also be displayed in the "Remarks" column.
*All Volumes will now be listed. Select the volume you wish to backup and click the "Copy to file" button.
*You will now be asked where to save the backup file. Select a location and a name then press the "Save" button.
*CiderPress will now start to read the Volume and save it to your PC. When it is done the popup progress window will close.
**Optional: You can now select other Volumes to backup if desired.
*Done!

Note: You could also use a utility to backup the whole CF Card like [http://hddguru.com/software/HDD-Raw-Copy-Tool/ HDD Raw Copy]. CiderPress however has the advantage of being able to open and utilize the backup Images it creates. So in the future you could copy files from the Images or access data if needed. You would not need to fully restore the Image as with other backup programs. Some Emulators can also access and use the Image files too. Raw Disk Copiers like HDD Raw Copy can however be useful if you would like to quickly duplicate a CF Card as it will copy the Partition information unlike CiderPress. So you do not need to run the MicroDrive/Turbo Setup Utility before restoring the HDD Raw Copy Image. This could be a useful backup method should the Setup Utility backup disk you made (see [[#Support: Backing Up - Setup Utility|"Support: Backing Up - Setup Utility"]] above) ever becomes damaged, lost, or unusable.

Restoring A Backup Image To A CF Card: To restore a Volume:
*Insert the CF Card into your Reader. Allow a few seconds for it be recognized by your OS. '''DO NOT format the Card if prompted!'''
*Open CiderPress.
*Click on the "Tools" menu and select "Volume Copier (open volume).
*Select “Physical Disk X”. X is the disk number.
Note: Users with a Computer that has more than one Hard Drive or CF Reader will have to determine exactly which Drive the CF Card Reader to be used is. In most cases it will be “1”. The size of the CF Card should also be displayed in the "Remarks" column.
*Uncheck the "Open as read-only" option above the "OK" button.
WARNING: Data on your Volumes can now be over-written. Be careful, and make sure to select the correct Volume!
*Click the "OK" button to continue.
*All Volumes will now be listed. Select the volume you wish to restore an image to and click the "Load from file" button.
*Select the image file and click the "Open" button.
*CiderPress will prompt you to make sure you want to overwrite a Volume if there is data there, and you need to confirm "OK" to continue. If it is blank it will start loading the image.
**You can load multiple images if you wish.
*Done!

== Support: CiderPress - Copying Files ==
Copy A File TO The CF Card:
*Insert the CF Card into your Reader. Allow a few seconds for it be recognized by your OS. '''DO NOT format the Card if prompted!'''
*Open CiderPress.
*Click on the "File" menu and select "Open Volume...".
*Select “Physical Disk X”. X is the disk number. Click the "OK" button to continue.
Note: Users with a Computer that has more than one Hard Drive or CF Reader will have to determine exactly which Drive the CF Card Reader to be used is. In most cases it will be “1”. The size of the CF Card should also be displayed in the "Remarks" column.
*Uncheck "Open as read only" and click the "OK" button.
*All Volumes and folders will now be listed. Locate the volume, and folder if desired, in which you wish to place the copied file.
**Roots of Volumes can be identified by the double name such as "MDVOL1::MDVOL1" for example.
**Folder and files can be identified by the name AFTER the ":" and the info listed in the "TYPE" column.
*Right click on the location, then select "Add Files...".
*Browse to the file's location, select any desired options, then click the "OK" button.
*You will now see the file located on the CF Card.
*Repeat as desired to add more files.
*Done!

Copy A File FROM The CF Card:

*Insert the CF Card in to your Reader. Allow a few seconds for it be recognized by your OS. '''DO NOT format the Card if prompted!'''
*Open CiderPress.
*Click on the "File" menu and select "Open Volume...".
*Select “Physical Disk X”. X is the disk number. Click the "OK" button to continue.
Note: Users with a Computer that has more than one Hard Drive or CF Reader will have to determine exactly which Drive the CF Card Reader to be used is. In most cases it will be “1”. The size of the CF Card should also be displayed in the "Remarks" column.
*All Volumes and folders will now be listed. Locate the volume, and folder if needed, in which the file wish to copy is located.
**Roots of Volumes can be identified by the double name such as "MDVOL1::MDVOL1" for example.
**Folder and files can be identified by the name AFTER the ":" and the info listed in the "TYPE" column.
*Right click on the location, then select "Extract...".
*Browse to the location you wish to copy the file to, select any desired options, then click the "OK" button.
*You will now see the file located where you selected.
*Repeat as desired to copy more files.
*Done!

== Support: Command line tool on Mac OS to manipulate a MicroDrive/Turbo disk or image ==

For a long time now Mac OS users have struggled in dealing with ProDOS formatted CF Card. CiderPress is a native Windows program and requires a full emulator like Parallels Desktop or VMWare Fusion.

Jon Lasser contacted Henry and started to discuss the issues with CiderPress on the MAC and how he might be able to create a simple but powerful program. It would allow access to the ProDOS formatted CF Card, as CiderPress does. However it will run natively on the MAC platform. We are more than glad to help Jon with his efforts in any way we can.

You can read more about Jon’s project here at his own blog:
https://twoideas.org/2020/01/02/the-joys-of-retrocomputing-also-announcing-a-microdrive-turbo-image-tool/

As of the time of this writing (end of 2020), Jon Lasser's tool is a solid option for backing up and restoring CF cards formatted with ProDOS and for copying images. Use of the Terminal is required and some familiarity with using Mac OS in this way is important. This is a great step forward.

== Support: Using Mechanical Hard Drives ==
It is possible to use old mechanical Hard Drives on the MicroDrive/Turbo however Compact Flash is a much better solution. As noted in "[[#Features|Features]]" above: "[Compact Flash is] readily available, inexpensive, low power, noiseless, shock proof, removable, and last almost forever - things that can't be said about mechanical Hard Drives."

Steps to install and use a mechanical Hard Drive:
*First, remove the IDE to CF Adapter. The unit should just slide off when pulled. Be careful to not bend any pins on the IDE male header.
*Next, install a 40-pin IDE Cable.
*Next, if needed set your IDE Hard Drive to the correct "Primary" or "Secondary" setting.
*Finally, install the Hard Drive onto the IDE Cable.

'''Note:''' If the Hard Drive is powered from a secondary Power Supply you need to adhere to the following in order for all to work correctly:
*The GS has to be turned on '''first'''. The Power Supply to the Hard Drive is then turned on '''second'''. Wrong order and the drive may not spin up.
*The two Power Supplies must have a common ground. Without this the MicroDrive/Turbo may not see the Hard Drive.
*Be warned that most newer MicroDrive/Turbo boards have +5v connected to pin Pin 20 of the IDE Connector. Be sure to use a cable which DOES NOT have a cable pin connected, or you cut the cable pin.

== Support: Using ADTPro, Uthernet, and MicroDrive/Turbo Together ==
An incompatibility exists in ADTPro versions 2.0.2 and earlier where ADTPro's Uthernet initialization interferes with the operation of the MicroDrive/Turbo running IIGS firmware. To be specific, if the MicroDrive/Turbo is in a slot number '''lower''' than the Uthernet or Uthernet II, ADTPro will not start . Even if you create and save an ADTPro Uthernet configuration to specify an Uthernet slot using a different computer, it still won't work. There are a number of solutions available:
# Use a version greater than 2.0.2 of ADTPro
# Move your MicroDrive/Turbo to a slot '''higher''' than your Uthernet or Uthernet II card (typical slots are 3 for Uthernet, and 7 for MicroDrive/Turbo)
# Use the //e version of firmware in your MicroDrive/Turbo.

== Support: Running The Preinstalled Games ==
With the CF Card that comes with the MicroDrive/Turbo you will find a "IIE GAMES" and a "GS GAMES" folder, which is part of the "[https://archive.org/details/TotalReplay Total Replay]" distribution. If you try to run the games you will receive an error message of "FILETYPE MISMATCH". First, run "BOOT.SYSTEM" which is a menu system for running the games correctly. Then select and run the game of your choice.

== Self Powered IDE to CF Adapters ==
The MicroDrive/Turbo sold by ReActiveMicro comes with a self powered IDE to CF Adapter with a pre-setup CF Card. They did not sell boards with mechanical HDDs. "Self powered" refers to the IDE to CF Adapter which uses power supplied on Pin 20 of the IDE connector and does not require an external power source. This means the Apple II can supply power to the CF Card and no other power source is needed.

Boards from 2006 to mid 2008 will have +5v connected to Pin 20 of the IDE Connector in the form of a small jumper wire on the rear of the board. Later boards have a small trace added to the face, left side of the board. Over the years some users insisted on trying to install the CF Adapter backwards which would cause a short and burn the added trace from the board. So all boards from late 2017 and on have a fuse added to the small trace for added protection. The pic below on the right with the fuse is a good example of what the added trace looks like and where it is located.

<gallery class="center" widths=300px heights=200px caption="IDE Pin 20 Power Mods">
File:MicroDrive-Turbo-Back-PowerMod1.jpg|Pre-2008 MicroDrive/Turbo With Flywire Power Mod and Self Powered CF Adapter
File:MicroDrive-Turbo-Face-PowerMod2.jpg|2018 MicroDrive/Turbo With "F1" Fuse and Self Powered CF Adapter
</gallery>

== Support: Installing Firmware ==
[[Image:MicroDrive-Turbo_-_Firmware_Install.jpg|thumb|ROM Location And Where To Pry To Remove]]
The MicroDrive Turbo usually comes pre-setup for IIe or IIGS use. This is determined by the Firmware ROM which is installed on the card. The ROM is the small square IC on the upper right of the card. It is the only IC in a socket.

You can use the IIe Firmware in an IIe and IIGS, however it is quite slow in a IIGS compared to the IIgs Firmware. You cannot use the IIGS Firmware in a IIe as it will cause the IIe to crash to Monitor.

The //e Firmware ROM is usually marked with a label that has "II" written on it. This isn't the best way to check which firmware in on the MicroDrive Turbo as the label could have been removed or fallen off. If your MicroDrive/Turbo works in an IIe then the IIe Firmware is installed.

To remove the Firmware ROM you will need a "PLCC Extraction Tool". These can be found on eBay for under $5 usually. You can also use a paperclip, small wire, an awl, small screw driver, or any strong thin implement. Do not pry too hard on the ROM Socket if possible. Reference the picture for the areas on which to pry up.

The new Firmware ROM should be installed in the same orientation with the chip markings facing up. '''Installing the ROM backwards WILL damage it!''' Reference the picture and you will notice one corner of the Socket and ROM are "cut". The other corners are square. There is usually a "DOT" or mark on the case of the IC to help denote which side is which. In the case of the MicroDrive/Turbo we want to make sure the "cut corner" and the "DOT" are facing to the LEFT. The chip markings should be facing up, legible, with the gold Edge Connector (aka - Slot Edge) on the bottom of the MicroDrive Turbo.

<gallery class="center" widths=150px heights=80>
File:Floppy_Icon_514sleeve.svg|MicroDrive-Turbo II, II''plus'', IIe Unenhanced (and IIGS but slow) Firmware|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/2/25/MicroDrive-Turbo-IIe-v1.60b-ROM.bin
File:Floppy_Icon_514sleeve.svg|MicroDrive Turbo IIGS ONLY Firmware|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/3/33/MicroDrive-Turbo_-_IIgs_v1.00_ROM_-_27512.bin
</gallery>

== Downloadable Files ==
<div class="new_window">
<gallery class="center" widths=150px heights=80 caption="RM MicroDrive-Turbo">
File:PDF_ICON.svg|2024 Manual |link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/4/4a/MicroDrive_Manual_2024.pdf
<gallery class="center" widths=150px heights=80 caption="MicroDrive-Turbo">

File:4am_Gaming_Image.svg|4am Gaming Image 32meg|link=https://archive.org/details/TotalReplay

File:RM_Icon_File_Server.svg|Software|link=http://downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/MicroDrive-Turbo/Software/
File:RM_Icon_File_Server.svg|CF Images|link=http://downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/MicroDrive-Turbo/CF_Volume_Images/
File:RM_Icon_File_Server.svg|Assorted Files|link=http://downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/MicroDrive-Turbo/
</gallery>
</div>

[[Category:Hardware]]
[[Category:Apple]]
[[Category:ReActiveMicro Projects]]

File:4am Gaming Image.svg

2024-09-17T17:38:49Z

Khaibitgfx:

File:MicroDrive Manual 2024.pdf

2024-09-17T17:18:33Z

Khaibitgfx: Khaibitgfx uploaded a new version of File:MicroDrive Manual 2024.pdf

MicroDrive/Turbo

2024-09-16T20:29:28Z

Khaibitgfx:

[[Image:Title_Micro_Drive_Turbo.svg|700px|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/8/82/Title_Micro_Drive_Turbo.svg]]

[[Image:RM_MicroDriveTurbo-Object.png|thumb|MicroDrive Turbo from ReActiveMicro|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/4/4d/RM_MicroDriveTurbo-Object.png]]

The MicroDrive Turbo is an IDE Mass Storage Device that is Apple IIGS and Apple II, II Plus, or //e compatible. It emulates a Hard Disk Drive by utilizing Solid-State Compact Flash (CF) Cards.

MicroDrive Turbo (aka - MDT) is currently sold by [[ReActiveMicro]]. They sell it with a preloaded 256 MB Compact Flash Card to enable new users to start using the MicroDrive/Turbo right out of the box. Software included is GS/OS v6.0.1, IIGS Memory Testers, ShrinkIt (8 and 16 bit), Copy II+, MicroDrive Utilities, DiskMaker8, DSK2File, DOS.MASTER and different AE Memory Testers for your //e. Everything needed to start transferring and unpacking software from the Internet, and start using your Apple II Personal Computer once again.

Product Status: Actively sold by [http://store.reactivemicro.com/product/microdriveturbo-storage-controller/ ReActiveMicro].

Support: Post on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME}}|Discussion]] page (link above) or email [http://store.reactivemicro.com/contact-us/ ReActiveMicro Support].

Sales: Visit the [http://store.reactivemicro.com/shop/ ReActiveMicro Store].

== History ==
The MicroDrive Turbo was designed by Joachim Lange of ///SHH Systeme and released in 1996. This was the first Apple II IDE Controller that used DMA.

In 2004 Gerber Street Enterprises started reselling select items from ///SHH Systeme, however the offering was only a couple of items and stock was very limited.

Mid-2006 ReActiveMicro took over reselling all ///SHH Systeme items in an effort to provide better service and a larger product variety to the Apple II Community.

==Versions==
Pre-2006 versions of the card were all hand assembled by Joachim Lange of ///SHH Systeme. After ReActiveMicro took over sales in 2006 the units were hand assembled by Henry from ReActiveMicro till mid 2015. ReActiveMicro then started their structured move to a more automated vendor and set their sights to have projects assembled on a larger scale. The MicroDrive Turbo was the first such project to be fully assembled. However due to a learning curve and testing different vendors Henry continued to hand assemble some MicroDrive Turbo units until 2016. During that year all projects moved to being fully assembled as well as offering kit versions of most projects.

From March 19th 2018 until the 25th ReActiveMicro had a sale in which they jokingly played on the fact that Henry "defaced" several cards by signing them. Thus the cards would be sold at a discount due to his signature being of negative value and actually subtracting from the total worth of the card. This was in fact a joke made from the recent CFFA3000 sales where Rich Dreher sold "limited edition" cards where he signed them and charged $200USD more. It's noteworthy that Henry was not actually thrilled with signing cards and "felt like a total ass" the entire time doing so. He's not into celebrity or thinking his signature or efforts are anything special. He's more happy being able to supply demand and knowing that products he makes are being used in the retro spirit. "Limited editions" or signed products will not be a staple in the ReActiveMicro.com future, and will always be made in a self deprecating fashion.

<gallery class="center" widths=400px heights=200px caption="Example of signed MicroDrive Turbo.">
File:MDT_Signed1.jpg|MicroDrive Turbo. March 19th-25th 2018 Sale {51 units signed total}.
</gallery>

== Features ==

[[Image:MicroDrive_DMA.svg|200px|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/4/43/MicroDrive_DMA.svg]]

DMA: Looking for the fastest storage solution available for your Apple II? The MicroDrive Turbo is faster that any other Mass Storage controller since it uses DMA for reads and writes. As the name implies, it performs Direct Memory Access which bypasses the CPU and allows for a whopping 40% faster read and write speeds when compared to conventional controllers. For example, with an accelerator installed in your IIGS you can boot GS/OS in as fast as 7 seconds! The DMA option can be disabled using the Setup utility.

[[Image:40_Pin_Connector.svg|200px|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/b/ba/40_Pin_Connector.svg]]

40 Pin IDE Interface: The 40 Pin IDE interface on the MicroDrive/Turbo IDE is a standard 16 bit IDE port. It is capable of addressing "Primary" and "Secondary" IDs on the IDE chain.

IDE to Dual CF Adapter: The MicroDrive/Turbo comes standard with a 40 Pin IDE to Dual CF Adapter. Users can control which of the two CF Slots is "Primary" and "Secondary" using a Jumper on the Adapter. The Adapter however can be removed if so desired and a standard IDE Cable and devices attached.

Note: Dual mode unavailable when using the IIe Firmware; Only available when using the IIGS Firmware.

[[Image:CF_Card.svg|200px|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/9/9e/CF_Card.svg]]

Compact Flash: Why use Compact Flash Cards? They are readily available, inexpensive, low power, noiseless, shock proof, removable, and last almost forever - things that can't be said about mechanical Hard Drives. However, it is still possible to use some older IDE Hard Drives with the MicroDrive/Turbo Controller if desired. See "[[#Support: Using Mechanical Hard Drives|Support: Using Mechanical Hard Drives]]" below. Do you download software from the Internet and wonder how to get it to your Apple II or spend lots of time doing so? With the MicroDrive/Turbo it's now super easy! Just remove the Compact Flash Card from your MicroDrive/Turbo, insert it in to your PC and using [http://a2ciderpress.com/ CiderPress] (Windows only) you can read and write directly to the Compact Flash Card. Using your PC for transferring files and backing up has never been so quick and painless!

ProDOS 8 and 16: The MicroDrive/Turbo is ProDOS compatible. It's recognized as a 'standard' Mass Storage Device just like any Hard Disk Drive on your Apple II. Large Volume DOS 3.3 support is provided through the use of a program called DOS.MASTER (preloaded on CF Card).

Boot Options: By default, Volume 1 is set to boot. However when setting up a new CF Card the user sets which Volume they desire to boot. Or on an existing CF Card the Setup utility can modify the default boot Volume. However the MicroDrive/Turbo also offers a temporary option to boot to ANY volume. When powering on the Apple II the user will press and hold the Open Apple key. This will pause the MicroDrive/Turbo's splash screen. The user then presses the corresponding Volume's number key, and the MicroDrive/Turbo will boot to that Volume.

Apple IIGS and II/Plus/e Operation: The MicroDrive/Turbo comes standard with the Apple IIGS Firmware. You can however order one with IIe Firmware, or buy an upgrade ROM to convert a IIGS MicroDrive/Turbo for use in an II/Plus/e.

== Reviews ==
{{#ev:youtube|1JLJUPMVwDE|400|right|MicroDrive/Turbo (left) VS CFFA (right)|frame}}
On October 13th, 2018 Russell McGhee did a comparison of the MicroDrive/Turbo (left) VS CFFA (right). The IIGS on the right has a TWGS installed and is part of the delay when the system is first powered on. However you can see the IIGS boot screen simply enough and can compare between the two.

{{#ev:youtube|Wjy6_qnTnv0|400|right|Apple II Mass Storage Mega Roundup|frame}}
On August 13, 2016 Joe Strosnider from the YouTube channel "[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCyfwZvTPPJV4peBHupd6Ckw Joe's Computer Museum]" posted a review of several Mass Storage options for the Apple II, and the MicroDrive/Turbo was among them. He gives some very good feedback regarding the differences between the boards, and how the MicroDrive/turbo performs under real world conditions.

== Support: Backing Up - Setup Utility ==
'''The first thing you should do before using your MicroDrive/Turbo is to make a backup of the MicroDrive/Turbo Setup Utility.''' Without this Utility you will be unable to re-setup your CF Card should it crash or you accidentally format it. It is advised to copy the Setup Utility to a backup floppy and keep it in a safe place. To backup the Utility:

* Upon booting the MicroDrive/Turbo you will be taken to Volume 1 which holds the ProDOS 8 utilities.
* You will see menu item named "COPYIIPLUS9.1". Using the arrow keys highlight the item and press Enter.
* Press the letter "C" to select "COPY", and the letter "F" for "FILES".
* Use the arrow keys to select the Slot where you installed the MicroDrive/Turbo, and "Drive 1". Press Enter.
* Use the arrow keys to select the Slot and Drive where your backup floppy is located. Press Enter.
* You will see a folder named "MICRODRIVE". Using the arrow keys highlight the folder and press Enter.
* You will see a file called "MICRODRV.SETUP". Using the arrow keys highlight the file and press Enter.
* Press the letter "G" to start the copy process.

Note: This assumes your Floppy Disk is preformatted with ProDOS. If not then you can use Copy II Plus to also format the Disk.

== Support: IIGS Installation ==
When installing the MicroDrive/Turbo in your Apple IIGS a few things need to first be taken into consideration. For example, will you want to primary boot the MicroDrive/Turbo, your Floppy Drives, or other bootable devices installed in your system? For most installations users will want to boot primary to the MicroDrive/Turbo. In this case we recommend installing the MicroDrive/Turbo in Slot 7. And when you want to boot to the Floppy Drives hold
down the "ESC" key on boot. This allows the IIGS to "skip" booting the MicroDrive/Turbo and move on to checking the Floppy Drives or other bootable devices in lower numbered Slots.

For other configurations, the good news is that the Apple IIGS allows a lot of flexibility when it comes to booting. You will need to decide however what is the best to meet your needs. If not installing the MicroDrive/Turbo in Slot 7, then we usually recommend Slot 2. However by default the IIGS is set to use Slot 2 for a Modem. Since most users no longer use a Modem, Slot 2 is a good choice. However the default setting in the IIGS will need to be changed in order for the MicroDrive/Turbo to work.

To edit the settings or change the way your IIGS boots you will need to enter the Control Panel. There are a couple of ways to do this:
* Hold down the "Option" key on the keyboard and power on the IIGS. Select "1" for the Control Panel.
* Power on the IIGS and at anytime hold down the "Open Apple" and "Control" keys, then press the "ESC" key. Press "Enter" to select Control Panel.
Once in the Control Panel use the "Arrow" keys to select the "Slots" menu and press "Enter".

Most IIGS systems will be set to the default configuration, denoted by the "check mark" on the left of the option. Use the "Up" or "Down" arrow keys to select an option, then "Left" or "Right" arrow keys to set the option. Be sure to press "Enter" when done to save any changes.

For example, there is nothing needed '''to use the MicroDrive/Turbo in Slot 7'''. It is already defaulted to "Your Card". There is also no need to change the "Startup" option if it is set to "Slot 7" or "Scan".

If however you want '''to use the MicroDrive/Turbo in Slot 2''' you will need to change the Slot setting to "Your Card". And if you would like the IIgs to boot the MicroDrive/Turbo in Slot 2 then you will also need to change the "Startup" option to "Slot 2". Be sure to press "Enter" when done to save any changes.

The "Startup" option in the Control Panel allows you to control how the IIGS checks for bootable devices when powered on. "Scan" will tell the IIGS to look from Slot 7 to Slot 1. Selecting "Slot [X]" will tell the IIGS to ONLY boot that Slot. If no bootable devices are found then the IIGS will report "Check startup device!" You can however tell the IIGS to boot from another Slot by breaking into BASIC (hold down the "Control" key and press the "Reset" key), then type "PR#X" and press the "Enter" key. "X" is the Slot number.

Note: The MicroDrive/Turbo allows the IIGS to "skip" trying to boot it by holding down the "ESC" key on boot.

== Support: //e Installation ==
When installing the MicroDrive/Turbo in your Apple //e a few things need to first be taken into consideration. For example, will you want to primary boot the MicroDrive/Turbo, your Floppy Drives, or other bootable devices installed in your system? For most installations users will want to boot primary to the MicroDrive/Turbo. In this case we recommend installing the MicroDrive/Turbo in Slot 7. And when you want to boot to the Floppy Drives hold down the "ESC" key on boot. This allows the //e to "skip" booting the MicroDrive/Turbo and move on to checking the Floppy Drives or other bootable devices in lower numbered Slots.

If however you install the MicroDrive/Turbo in another Slot then it may not boot and depends on what other bootable devices are installed in your //e. You can however tell the //e to boot to another Slot by breaking into BASIC if needed (hold the "Control" key and press the "Reset" key), then type "PR#X" and press the "Enter" key. "X" is the Slot number.

Note: The MicroDrive/Turbo allows the IIGS to "skip" trying to boot it by holding the "ESC" key on boot.

== Support: Trouble Shooting ==
Here are some tips on where to start if you experience any issues with your MicroDrive/Turbo (MDT) or any cards in your Apple II system.

First and foremost - ALWAYS always worth mentioning be sure to observe correct ESD protection when handling or touching electronics or you will damage and weaken ICs. It would be great if a damaged IC failed instantly. However that's rarely the case. ESD damage usually eats away at the gates inside an IC, can cause timing issues, and the IC to run hotter than designed for. This causes the IC to operate unreliably. And the worse kind of issue to diagnose is an inconsistent one. So please always use a grounded wrist strap and even a static mat when working on your IIgs. ReActivceMicro sees quite a few systems with weak or damaged bus transceivers (LS/HCT245) and can usually repair the motherboards, and ESD damage is the primary suspect for the ICs needing to be replaced. ALWAYS observe correct ESD protection when handling or touching electronics. However before suspecting the Apple II, let's retest the MDT in-system.

Start with cleaning the MDT's edge connector (slot connector end with the gold fingers). A pencil eraser is a good device for cleaning. You could also use some 95+ alcohol and a paper towel. When clean all the fingers should be about the same color and brightness. Any which appear to be dull or darker than the rest need to be recleaned as they could have some residue on them from manufacturing. This could cause connection issues with the slot.

Next, check your outlet power. Check to make sure the outlet is wired correctly. ReActiveMicro receives about 5 support emails a year from users with MDT issues who all swear their power is fine and there's no power or wiring issues. After much debate and discussion Support usually sends an outlet tester to which they finally check the outlet and discover there's a wiring fault and the cause of most or all of their past issues. The older original PSUs don't seem to mind a wiring issue, however the new ones ReActiveMicro sells will produce all kinds of issues if an outlet is incorrectly wired. So we ask that users check their outlets with a multimeter or outlet tester (eBay for under $10 delivered) to make sure issues are not power related. As another good way to check is to run a power cord from your bathroom or kitchen GFCI outlet and retest your II for a while, as these outlets have be to wired correctly in order to turn on. This is a simple way to help rule out a power issue and highly recommended in all testing situations where power is suspect.

Next we ask that you run the Read Write test software for the MDT. It's under the Utils folder, in the Microdrive folder, called TURBO.RW.TEST. It's a system file so you can use the ProDOS selector to run it. Let the test run for an hour or two. This should confirm the MDT is running well. If the test randomly fails or stops during this time then this might suggest an issue with Apple II. You can also try performing the 'twist test' and 'wiggle test' with the MDT during this time and see if the board fails. Tap and wiggle the IDE to CF Adapter and CF Card. See if the test stops and reports an error. If so then reseat the Adapter and CF Card several times to clean the connectors. The MDT should work well however, and you should be able to bend/stress the card slightly and press on the ICs while the test is running without any issues (assuming your slot is good). Too much pressure or shaking can cause the card to lose contact with the slot. So don't be too aggressive, but you'd be surprised at the amount of pressure and bumps you can apply without issues. Which is perfect to make sure it's no a connection issue. And 'twisting' the card helps confirm there isn't a cold solder joint. Again, don't be too aggressive, but you should be able to a decent amount of force to stress the board ends in both clockwise and counter clockwise directions. If the board fails during this test then it might suggest a cold solder joint.

Lastly, clean the card with some degreasor and an old toothbrush. Be sure to pull the firmware ROM and remove the CF to IDE Adapter before cleaning. Only clean the MDT board without the ROM installed. A good solvent like Brakleen is best. This also dries residue free. Rinse well with cleaner too. Use plenty of cleaner and mainly brush the small square IC in the middle of the board in all directions for at least 1 minute. Work the toothbrush in to the small pins with a combing action. The more brushing the better, and the more solvent used the better. Also clean inside the firmware ROM socket well. Brush around the surface mount pins where they connect to the PCB as best you can. You can also use 95+ alcohol and a toothbrush. However you'll need to rinse the card in water to fully clean it. Distilled water is best. Tap water is usually fine too. Be sure to tap the card's edges well on a hard surface to get the water out from under the ICs, and then use a hair dryer to fully dry the card for 5-10 mins. You can also leave the board out overnight to air dry, however this usually isn't needed. Canned or compressed air also works well do help get water out from under the ICs and dry the board.

If the MDT passes the twist and bump tests but fails randomly then it could be related to the IIgs. ReActiveMicro will usually send another MDT so users can retest locally to help confirm it's the II or the MDT. If the new MDT board also fails then it's your IIgs system which is the issue. Which at that point you may want to consider sending us your motherboard for additional confirmation testing and we can replace the bus transceivers if needed then send back to you for additional local testing. This kind of repair is about $100 however, and really should be a last resort effort. So let's see what the first few tests show us before pointing fingers at the IIgs motherboard.

When using the MicroDrive/Turbo with other expansion cards that utilize DMA, it may be helpful to try running the MicroDrive/Turbo with DMA disabled if your system is behaving erratically. For example, as of late 2020, several users report erratic freezes of the VidHD when it and MicroDrive/Turbo are both utilizing DMA. Hopefully, a future revision of the VidHD firmware will repair any incompatibility.

== Support: Backing Up - CF Card ==
One important feature of the MicroDrive/Turbo the ability to remove the CF Card and use CiderPress to back up the Volumes on it. To do this you will need to have installed CiderPress on your PC or Mac running a Windows emulator, and a CF Card Reader.

See [[MicroDrive/Turbo#Support:_CiderPress|"Support: CiderPress"]] below for the download link and continued instructions on how to use it to backup the CF Card.

For 32Meg volume images or whole CF Card images visit the [https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/32_Meg_Hard_Drive_Image 32 Meg Hard Drive Image page] and the [[#Documentation.2C_Files.2C_and_Software|download links]] below.

== Support: Using the Setup Utility ==
Installation: The MicroDrive/Turbo comes pre-setup. Just install in any Slot. We however recommend Slot 7 if possible since you will most likely want to boot from the MicroDrive/Turbo much more often than your Floppies. And when you want to boot to a Floppy:
* On boot, press and hold the ESC key. This will bypass the MicroDrive/Turbo on boot.

Note: IIGS users may need to make a change to Slot settings in the Control Panel. To access the Control Panel first boot the IIGS. Then press and hold down the Open Apple key, Control key, and then press the ESC key.

===Setup Utility===
Be sure to backup the MicroDrive/Turbo Setup utility to floppy! This disk will be for backup purposes or if you need to setup a new CF Card.
* Upon booting the MicroDrive/Turbo you will be taken to Volume 1 which holds the ProDOS 8 utilities.
* You will see a folder named "SHRINK.IT". Using the arrow keys to highlight the folder and press Enter.
* You will now see a file called "SHRINK.IT.V3.4". Press Enter to execute it.
* Press the letter "O" to open an archive. The "MICRODRV.IIE.S1" is for a 5.25” disk, and "MICRODRV.TURBO" is for a 3.5” disk. Select one and press Enter twice.
* Next select the Drive on which to write.
* When done be sure to boot the disk and run the Setup utility to make sure it restored correctly.
* Repeat the above process if needed.
* Done!

Note: If you require a Setup utility disk be mailed to you, there will be a charge. Please email [http://store.reactivemicro.com/contact-us/ ReActiveMicro Support] for details and pricing.

===Check The DMA Setting===
It is advised to check the DMA setting in the Setup utility to make sure it is set correctly. Usually there isn't any issue, however you can experience data corruption or loss if the setting is not correct.
* Upon booting the MicroDrive/Turbo you will be taken to Volume 1 which holds the ProDOS 8 utilities.
* You will see a folder named "MICRODRIVE". Using the arrow keys highlight the folder and press Enter.
* You will now see a file called "MICRODRV.SETUP". Press Enter to execute it.
* Press the letter "D" to select "DMA Mode". If it's set currently to your Apple II, then you are finished. If not, then continue to the next step.
* Press Enter to change the setting. For //e users select "Enable".
* Press the letter "W" to select "Write Configuration".
* Press Enter, then the letter "W" to save the new configuration.
* Done!

Note: Set DMA Mode To "Disable" to see how much slower your system would be using a non-DMA Mass Storage Device.

===The Pre-setup and Pre-loaded CF Card===
The MicroDrive/Turbo comes with a pre-setup CF Card which has 4 ProDOS Volumes on it. The CF Card comes pre-loaded the same for the IIGS or //e.
* Volume 1 has ProDOS 8 Utilities loaded on it and is bootable into ProDOS 8.
* Volume 2 has GS/OS v6.0.1 loaded on it and is bootable. You will need at least 1Meg of RAM in order to RUN GS/OS or you will be forced to exit.
* Volume 3 had DOS.MASTER loaded on it and is bootable into ProDOS 8 which loads BASIC. You will see a folder called DOS.MASTER.
* Volume 4 is formatted in ProDOS and is not bootable.

You can setup more volumes on the CF Card if you wish, however you will quickly run out of "Slots" under ProDOS 8. ProDOS maps each Volume to a Slot and Drive, the same as what is done with the Floppy Drives. So the current 4 Volumes take up 2 Slots, which have 2 Drives each. If you don't have many peripheral cards in your Apple II then adding more Volumes may not pose an issue. However users which have other devices in Slots which get a Volume mapped to them may not be able to use the card or the Volume. You have been warned.

====Boot To Other Volumes====
The MicroDrive/Turbo comes set to boot to Volume 1 by default. You can however temporary boot to other Volumes on the CF Card.
* Hold down the "Open Apple" key when powering on the Apple II. This will pause the MicroDrive/Turbo's splash screen.
* Lastly press the corresponding Volume's number key, and the MicroDrive/Turbo will boot to that Volume.

You can also use the Setup utility to make booting to another Volume the current setting.
* Upon booting the MicroDrive/Turbo you will be taken to Volume 1 which holds the ProDOS 8 utilities in a folder named "UTIL".
* You will see folder named "MICRODRIVE". Using the arrow keys highlight the folder and press Enter.
* You will now see a file called "MICRODRV.SETUP". Press Enter to execute it.
* Press the letter "B" to select "Default Boot Volume".
* Press Enter to change the setting to the desired NEW boot Volume.
* Press the letter "W" to select "Write Configuration".
* Press Enter, then the letter "W" to save the new configuration.
* Done!

====Adding Volumes To CF Card====
To add more Volumes to your CF Card.
* Upon booting the MicroDrive/Turbo you will be taken to Volume 1 which holds the ProDOS 8 utilities.
* You will see a folder named "MICRODRIVE". Using the arrow keys to highlight the folder and press Enter.
* You will now see a file called "MICRODRV.SETUP". Press Enter to execute it.
* Press the letter "E" to select "Partition Editor". You will immediately be taken to the "Partition Table" area on the right side of the screen.
* Press the letter "A" to add a new Volume. Note: Press the "?" key for available commands.
* Press and hold both "Apple" keys, then press the "Right Arrow" key. The "Blk Size" and "Dec/Hex" column values will start to change.
* Keep pressing the "Right Arrow" key till the "Blk Size" reads "$010000". Release the "Apple" keys.
* Press the "Left Arrow" key once. The "Blk Size" should now read "$00FFFF".
**Note: ProDOS can only use UP TO 32Megs of space. "$00FFFF" is 32Meg in Blocks. You can create volumes larger then 32Megs however you will may not be able to use them.
**'''Press the letter "D" to delete any volumes or to start over.'''
**Press the letter "Q" twice if you DO NOT want to save your changes and exit.
**Repeat the above steps if you want to add more Volumes.
* Press Enter, then the letter "W" which selects "Write Configuration" to save the new configuration.
* Done!

Note: Don't forget you will need to format any new Volumes before they can be used to store anything.

===Deleting Volumes From CF Card===
To add more Volumes to your CF Card.
* Upon booting the MicroDrive/Turbo you will be taken to Volume 1 which holds the ProDOS 8 utilities.
* You will see a folder named "MICRODRIVE". Using the arrow keys highlight the folder and press Enter.
* You will now see a file called "MICRODRV.SETUP". Press Enter to execute it.
* Press the letter "E" to select "Partition Editor". You will immediately be taken to the "Partition Table" area on the right side of the screen.
* Use the "Arrow" keys to select the Volume you want to delete.
* Press the letter "D" to delete the Volume.
**Press the letter "Q" twice if you DO NOT want to save your changes and exit.
**Repeat the above steps if you want to add more Volumes.
* Press the letter "W" to select "Write Configuration".
* Press Enter, then the letter "W" to save the new configuration.
* Done!

===Setting Up a New CF Card===
To use a new CF Card (or one that has been accidentally formatted on your PC) you must first partition it. However if you do not have an existing bootable CF Card or a backup of the MicroDrive/Turbo Setup Utility on Floppy Disk then you will need to contact Support (see above) in order to obtain a new CF Card which is preloaded, or a Diskette with the Setup Utility.

If you have the Setup Utility then see [[#Adding Volumes To CF Card]] above.

== Support: Need to Add/Complete ==
Format issues with C2+

Using a Second CF Card Slot:

Copy files.

== Support: CiderPress - Backing Up and Restoring ==
Please visit http://a2ciderpress.com to download and install CiderPress for Windows. CiderPress can be run on a Mac using emulation (e.g., Parallels Desktop of VMWare Fusion) or using a WINE-based emulation (e.g., http://retrocomputingaustralia.com/rca-downloads/ -- thanks to Michael Mulhern for his efforts and hosting). However, WINE-based emulators are unable to access CF Card Readers so can't be used for this utility. 
Note: There is a Mac based project being developed to allow the access of the MDT CF Card. You can find the project here: https://github.com/disappearinjon/microdrive

Your PC will also require a CF Card Reader so you can access the CF Card.

Backing Up A CF Card: To backup a Volume on a CF Card:
*Insert the CF Card into your Reader. Allow a few seconds for it to be recognized by your OS. '''DO NOT format the Card if prompted!'''
*Open CiderPress.
*Click on the "Tools" menu and select "Volume Copier (open volume).
*Select “Physical Disk X”. X is the disk number. Click the "OK" button to continue.
Note: Users with a Computer that has more than one Hard Drive or CF Reader will have to determine exactly which Drive the CF Card Reader to be used is. In most cases it will be “1”. The size of the CF Card should also be displayed in the "Remarks" column.
*All Volumes will now be listed. Select the volume you wish to backup and click the "Copy to file" button.
*You will now be asked where to save the backup file. Select a location and a name then press the "Save" button.
*CiderPress will now start to read the Volume and save it to your PC. When it is done the popup progress window will close.
**Optional: You can now select other Volumes to backup if desired.
*Done!

Note: You could also use a utility to backup the whole CF Card like [http://hddguru.com/software/HDD-Raw-Copy-Tool/ HDD Raw Copy]. CiderPress however has the advantage of being able to open and utilize the backup Images it creates. So in the future you could copy files from the Images or access data if needed. You would not need to fully restore the Image as with other backup programs. Some Emulators can also access and use the Image files too. Raw Disk Copiers like HDD Raw Copy can however be useful if you would like to quickly duplicate a CF Card as it will copy the Partition information unlike CiderPress. So you do not need to run the MicroDrive/Turbo Setup Utility before restoring the HDD Raw Copy Image. This could be a useful backup method should the Setup Utility backup disk you made (see [[#Support: Backing Up - Setup Utility|"Support: Backing Up - Setup Utility"]] above) ever becomes damaged, lost, or unusable.

Restoring A Backup Image To A CF Card: To restore a Volume:
*Insert the CF Card into your Reader. Allow a few seconds for it be recognized by your OS. '''DO NOT format the Card if prompted!'''
*Open CiderPress.
*Click on the "Tools" menu and select "Volume Copier (open volume).
*Select “Physical Disk X”. X is the disk number.
Note: Users with a Computer that has more than one Hard Drive or CF Reader will have to determine exactly which Drive the CF Card Reader to be used is. In most cases it will be “1”. The size of the CF Card should also be displayed in the "Remarks" column.
*Uncheck the "Open as read-only" option above the "OK" button.
WARNING: Data on your Volumes can now be over-written. Be careful, and make sure to select the correct Volume!
*Click the "OK" button to continue.
*All Volumes will now be listed. Select the volume you wish to restore an image to and click the "Load from file" button.
*Select the image file and click the "Open" button.
*CiderPress will prompt you to make sure you want to overwrite a Volume if there is data there, and you need to confirm "OK" to continue. If it is blank it will start loading the image.
**You can load multiple images if you wish.
*Done!

== Support: CiderPress - Copying Files ==
Copy A File TO The CF Card:
*Insert the CF Card into your Reader. Allow a few seconds for it be recognized by your OS. '''DO NOT format the Card if prompted!'''
*Open CiderPress.
*Click on the "File" menu and select "Open Volume...".
*Select “Physical Disk X”. X is the disk number. Click the "OK" button to continue.
Note: Users with a Computer that has more than one Hard Drive or CF Reader will have to determine exactly which Drive the CF Card Reader to be used is. In most cases it will be “1”. The size of the CF Card should also be displayed in the "Remarks" column.
*Uncheck "Open as read only" and click the "OK" button.
*All Volumes and folders will now be listed. Locate the volume, and folder if desired, in which you wish to place the copied file.
**Roots of Volumes can be identified by the double name such as "MDVOL1::MDVOL1" for example.
**Folder and files can be identified by the name AFTER the ":" and the info listed in the "TYPE" column.
*Right click on the location, then select "Add Files...".
*Browse to the file's location, select any desired options, then click the "OK" button.
*You will now see the file located on the CF Card.
*Repeat as desired to add more files.
*Done!

Copy A File FROM The CF Card:

*Insert the CF Card in to your Reader. Allow a few seconds for it be recognized by your OS. '''DO NOT format the Card if prompted!'''
*Open CiderPress.
*Click on the "File" menu and select "Open Volume...".
*Select “Physical Disk X”. X is the disk number. Click the "OK" button to continue.
Note: Users with a Computer that has more than one Hard Drive or CF Reader will have to determine exactly which Drive the CF Card Reader to be used is. In most cases it will be “1”. The size of the CF Card should also be displayed in the "Remarks" column.
*All Volumes and folders will now be listed. Locate the volume, and folder if needed, in which the file wish to copy is located.
**Roots of Volumes can be identified by the double name such as "MDVOL1::MDVOL1" for example.
**Folder and files can be identified by the name AFTER the ":" and the info listed in the "TYPE" column.
*Right click on the location, then select "Extract...".
*Browse to the location you wish to copy the file to, select any desired options, then click the "OK" button.
*You will now see the file located where you selected.
*Repeat as desired to copy more files.
*Done!

== Support: Command line tool on Mac OS to manipulate a MicroDrive/Turbo disk or image ==

For a long time now Mac OS users have struggled in dealing with ProDOS formatted CF Card. CiderPress is a native Windows program and requires a full emulator like Parallels Desktop or VMWare Fusion.

Jon Lasser contacted Henry and started to discuss the issues with CiderPress on the MAC and how he might be able to create a simple but powerful program. It would allow access to the ProDOS formatted CF Card, as CiderPress does. However it will run natively on the MAC platform. We are more than glad to help Jon with his efforts in any way we can.

You can read more about Jon’s project here at his own blog:
https://twoideas.org/2020/01/02/the-joys-of-retrocomputing-also-announcing-a-microdrive-turbo-image-tool/

As of the time of this writing (end of 2020), Jon Lasser's tool is a solid option for backing up and restoring CF cards formatted with ProDOS and for copying images. Use of the Terminal is required and some familiarity with using Mac OS in this way is important. This is a great step forward.

== Support: Using Mechanical Hard Drives ==
It is possible to use old mechanical Hard Drives on the MicroDrive/Turbo however Compact Flash is a much better solution. As noted in "[[#Features|Features]]" above: "[Compact Flash is] readily available, inexpensive, low power, noiseless, shock proof, removable, and last almost forever - things that can't be said about mechanical Hard Drives."

Steps to install and use a mechanical Hard Drive:
*First, remove the IDE to CF Adapter. The unit should just slide off when pulled. Be careful to not bend any pins on the IDE male header.
*Next, install a 40-pin IDE Cable.
*Next, if needed set your IDE Hard Drive to the correct "Primary" or "Secondary" setting.
*Finally, install the Hard Drive onto the IDE Cable.

'''Note:''' If the Hard Drive is powered from a secondary Power Supply you need to adhere to the following in order for all to work correctly:
*The GS has to be turned on '''first'''. The Power Supply to the Hard Drive is then turned on '''second'''. Wrong order and the drive may not spin up.
*The two Power Supplies must have a common ground. Without this the MicroDrive/Turbo may not see the Hard Drive.
*Be warned that most newer MicroDrive/Turbo boards have +5v connected to pin Pin 20 of the IDE Connector. Be sure to use a cable which DOES NOT have a cable pin connected, or you cut the cable pin.

== Support: Using ADTPro, Uthernet, and MicroDrive/Turbo Together ==
An incompatibility exists in ADTPro versions 2.0.2 and earlier where ADTPro's Uthernet initialization interferes with the operation of the MicroDrive/Turbo running IIGS firmware. To be specific, if the MicroDrive/Turbo is in a slot number '''lower''' than the Uthernet or Uthernet II, ADTPro will not start . Even if you create and save an ADTPro Uthernet configuration to specify an Uthernet slot using a different computer, it still won't work. There are a number of solutions available:
# Use a version greater than 2.0.2 of ADTPro
# Move your MicroDrive/Turbo to a slot '''higher''' than your Uthernet or Uthernet II card (typical slots are 3 for Uthernet, and 7 for MicroDrive/Turbo)
# Use the //e version of firmware in your MicroDrive/Turbo.

== Support: Running The Preinstalled Games ==
With the CF Card that comes with the MicroDrive/Turbo you will find a "IIE GAMES" and a "GS GAMES" folder, which is part of the "[https://archive.org/details/TotalReplay Total Replay]" distribution. If you try to run the games you will receive an error message of "FILETYPE MISMATCH". First, run "BOOT.SYSTEM" which is a menu system for running the games correctly. Then select and run the game of your choice.

== Self Powered IDE to CF Adapters ==
The MicroDrive/Turbo sold by ReActiveMicro comes with a self powered IDE to CF Adapter with a pre-setup CF Card. They did not sell boards with mechanical HDDs. "Self powered" refers to the IDE to CF Adapter which uses power supplied on Pin 20 of the IDE connector and does not require an external power source. This means the Apple II can supply power to the CF Card and no other power source is needed.

Boards from 2006 to mid 2008 will have +5v connected to Pin 20 of the IDE Connector in the form of a small jumper wire on the rear of the board. Later boards have a small trace added to the face, left side of the board. Over the years some users insisted on trying to install the CF Adapter backwards which would cause a short and burn the added trace from the board. So all boards from late 2017 and on have a fuse added to the small trace for added protection. The pic below on the right with the fuse is a good example of what the added trace looks like and where it is located.

<gallery class="center" widths=300px heights=200px caption="IDE Pin 20 Power Mods">
File:MicroDrive-Turbo-Back-PowerMod1.jpg|Pre-2008 MicroDrive/Turbo With Flywire Power Mod and Self Powered CF Adapter
File:MicroDrive-Turbo-Face-PowerMod2.jpg|2018 MicroDrive/Turbo With "F1" Fuse and Self Powered CF Adapter
</gallery>

== Support: Installing Firmware ==
[[Image:MicroDrive-Turbo_-_Firmware_Install.jpg|thumb|ROM Location And Where To Pry To Remove]]
The MicroDrive Turbo usually comes pre-setup for IIe or IIGS use. This is determined by the Firmware ROM which is installed on the card. The ROM is the small square IC on the upper right of the card. It is the only IC in a socket.

You can use the IIe Firmware in an IIe and IIGS, however it is quite slow in a IIGS compared to the IIgs Firmware. You cannot use the IIGS Firmware in a IIe as it will cause the IIe to crash to Monitor.

The //e Firmware ROM is usually marked with a label that has "II" written on it. This isn't the best way to check which firmware in on the MicroDrive Turbo as the label could have been removed or fallen off. If your MicroDrive/Turbo works in an IIe then the IIe Firmware is installed.

To remove the Firmware ROM you will need a "PLCC Extraction Tool". These can be found on eBay for under $5 usually. You can also use a paperclip, small wire, an awl, small screw driver, or any strong thin implement. Do not pry too hard on the ROM Socket if possible. Reference the picture for the areas on which to pry up.

The new Firmware ROM should be installed in the same orientation with the chip markings facing up. '''Installing the ROM backwards WILL damage it!''' Reference the picture and you will notice one corner of the Socket and ROM are "cut". The other corners are square. There is usually a "DOT" or mark on the case of the IC to help denote which side is which. In the case of the MicroDrive/Turbo we want to make sure the "cut corner" and the "DOT" are facing to the LEFT. The chip markings should be facing up, legible, with the gold Edge Connector (aka - Slot Edge) on the bottom of the MicroDrive Turbo.

<gallery class="center" widths=150px heights=80>
File:Floppy_Icon_514sleeve.svg|MicroDrive-Turbo II, II''plus'', IIe Unenhanced (and IIGS but slow) Firmware|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/2/25/MicroDrive-Turbo-IIe-v1.60b-ROM.bin
File:Floppy_Icon_514sleeve.svg|MicroDrive Turbo IIGS ONLY Firmware|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/3/33/MicroDrive-Turbo_-_IIgs_v1.00_ROM_-_27512.bin
</gallery>

== Downloadable Files ==
<div class="new_window">
<gallery class="center" widths=150px heights=80 caption="RM MicroDrive-Turbo">
File:PDF_ICON.svg|2024 Manual |link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/4/4a/MicroDrive_Manual_2024.pdf
<gallery class="center" widths=150px heights=80 caption="MicroDrive-Turbo">

File:RM_Icon_File_Server.svg|4am Gaming Image 32meg|link=https://archive.org/details/TotalReplay

File:RM_Icon_File_Server.svg|Software|link=http://downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/MicroDrive-Turbo/Software/
File:RM_Icon_File_Server.svg|CF Images|link=http://downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/MicroDrive-Turbo/CF_Volume_Images/
File:RM_Icon_File_Server.svg|Assorted Files|link=http://downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/MicroDrive-Turbo/
</gallery>
</div>

[[Category:Hardware]]
[[Category:Apple]]
[[Category:ReActiveMicro Projects]]

File:MicroDrive Manual 2024.pdf

2024-09-16T20:08:42Z

Khaibitgfx: Khaibitgfx uploaded a new version of File:MicroDrive Manual 2024.pdf

File:MicroDrive Manual 2024.pdf

2024-09-12T18:24:06Z

Khaibitgfx: Khaibitgfx uploaded a new version of File:MicroDrive Manual 2024.pdf

MicroDrive/Turbo

2024-09-11T19:41:22Z

Khaibitgfx:

[[Image:Title_Micro_Drive_Turbo.svg|700px|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/8/82/Title_Micro_Drive_Turbo.svg]]

[[Image:RM_MicroDriveTurbo-Object.png|thumb|MicroDrive Turbo from ReActiveMicro|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/4/4d/RM_MicroDriveTurbo-Object.png]]

The MicroDrive Turbo is an IDE Mass Storage Device that is Apple IIGS and Apple II, II Plus, or //e compatible. It emulates a Hard Disk Drive by utilizing Solid-State Compact Flash (CF) Cards.

MicroDrive Turbo (aka - MDT) is currently sold by [[ReActiveMicro]]. They sell it with a preloaded 256 MB Compact Flash Card to enable new users to start using the MicroDrive/Turbo right out of the box. Software included is GS/OS v6.0.1, IIGS Memory Testers, ShrinkIt (8 and 16 bit), Copy II+, MicroDrive Utilities, DiskMaker8, DSK2File, DOS.MASTER and different AE Memory Testers for your //e. Everything needed to start transferring and unpacking software from the Internet, and start using your Apple II Personal Computer once again.

Product Status: Actively sold by [http://store.reactivemicro.com/product/microdriveturbo-storage-controller/ ReActiveMicro].

Support: Post on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME}}|Discussion]] page (link above) or email [http://store.reactivemicro.com/contact-us/ ReActiveMicro Support].

Sales: Visit the [http://store.reactivemicro.com/shop/ ReActiveMicro Store].

== History ==
The MicroDrive Turbo was designed by Joachim Lange of ///SHH Systeme and released in 1996. This was the first Apple II IDE Controller that used DMA.

In 2004 Gerber Street Enterprises started reselling select items from ///SHH Systeme, however the offering was only a couple of items and stock was very limited.

Mid-2006 ReActiveMicro took over reselling all ///SHH Systeme items in an effort to provide better service and a larger product variety to the Apple II Community.

==Versions==
Pre-2006 versions of the card were all hand assembled by Joachim Lange of ///SHH Systeme. After ReActiveMicro took over sales in 2006 the units were hand assembled by Henry from ReActiveMicro till mid 2015. ReActiveMicro then started their structured move to a more automated vendor and set their sights to have projects assembled on a larger scale. The MicroDrive Turbo was the first such project to be fully assembled. However due to a learning curve and testing different vendors Henry continued to hand assemble some MicroDrive Turbo units until 2016. During that year all projects moved to being fully assembled as well as offering kit versions of most projects.

From March 19th 2018 until the 25th ReActiveMicro had a sale in which they jokingly played on the fact that Henry "defaced" several cards by signing them. Thus the cards would be sold at a discount due to his signature being of negative value and actually subtracting from the total worth of the card. This was in fact a joke made from the recent CFFA3000 sales where Rich Dreher sold "limited edition" cards where he signed them and charged $200USD more. It's noteworthy that Henry was not actually thrilled with signing cards and "felt like a total ass" the entire time doing so. He's not into celebrity or thinking his signature or efforts are anything special. He's more happy being able to supply demand and knowing that products he makes are being used in the retro spirit. "Limited editions" or signed products will not be a staple in the ReActiveMicro.com future, and will always be made in a self deprecating fashion.

<gallery class="center" widths=400px heights=200px caption="Example of signed MicroDrive Turbo.">
File:MDT_Signed1.jpg|MicroDrive Turbo. March 19th-25th 2018 Sale {51 units signed total}.
</gallery>

== Features ==

[[Image:MicroDrive_DMA.svg|200px|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/4/43/MicroDrive_DMA.svg]]

DMA: Looking for the fastest storage solution available for your Apple II? The MicroDrive Turbo is faster that any other Mass Storage controller since it uses DMA for reads and writes. As the name implies, it performs Direct Memory Access which bypasses the CPU and allows for a whopping 40% faster read and write speeds when compared to conventional controllers. For example, with an accelerator installed in your IIGS you can boot GS/OS in as fast as 7 seconds! The DMA option can be disabled using the Setup utility.

[[Image:40_Pin_Connector.svg|200px|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/b/ba/40_Pin_Connector.svg]]

40 Pin IDE Interface: The 40 Pin IDE interface on the MicroDrive/Turbo IDE is a standard 16 bit IDE port. It is capable of addressing "Primary" and "Secondary" IDs on the IDE chain.

IDE to Dual CF Adapter: The MicroDrive/Turbo comes standard with a 40 Pin IDE to Dual CF Adapter. Users can control which of the two CF Slots is "Primary" and "Secondary" using a Jumper on the Adapter. The Adapter however can be removed if so desired and a standard IDE Cable and devices attached.

Note: Dual mode unavailable when using the IIe Firmware; Only available when using the IIGS Firmware.

[[Image:CF_Card.svg|200px|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/9/9e/CF_Card.svg]]

Compact Flash: Why use Compact Flash Cards? They are readily available, inexpensive, low power, noiseless, shock proof, removable, and last almost forever - things that can't be said about mechanical Hard Drives. However, it is still possible to use some older IDE Hard Drives with the MicroDrive/Turbo Controller if desired. See "[[#Support: Using Mechanical Hard Drives|Support: Using Mechanical Hard Drives]]" below. Do you download software from the Internet and wonder how to get it to your Apple II or spend lots of time doing so? With the MicroDrive/Turbo it's now super easy! Just remove the Compact Flash Card from your MicroDrive/Turbo, insert it in to your PC and using [http://a2ciderpress.com/ CiderPress] (Windows only) you can read and write directly to the Compact Flash Card. Using your PC for transferring files and backing up has never been so quick and painless!

ProDOS 8 and 16: The MicroDrive/Turbo is ProDOS compatible. It's recognized as a 'standard' Mass Storage Device just like any Hard Disk Drive on your Apple II. Large Volume DOS 3.3 support is provided through the use of a program called DOS.MASTER (preloaded on CF Card).

Boot Options: By default, Volume 1 is set to boot. However when setting up a new CF Card the user sets which Volume they desire to boot. Or on an existing CF Card the Setup utility can modify the default boot Volume. However the MicroDrive/Turbo also offers a temporary option to boot to ANY volume. When powering on the Apple II the user will press and hold the Open Apple key. This will pause the MicroDrive/Turbo's splash screen. The user then presses the corresponding Volume's number key, and the MicroDrive/Turbo will boot to that Volume.

Apple IIGS and II/Plus/e Operation: The MicroDrive/Turbo comes standard with the Apple IIGS Firmware. You can however order one with IIe Firmware, or buy an upgrade ROM to convert a IIGS MicroDrive/Turbo for use in an II/Plus/e.

== Reviews ==
{{#ev:youtube|1JLJUPMVwDE|400|right|MicroDrive/Turbo (left) VS CFFA (right)|frame}}
On October 13th, 2018 Russell McGhee did a comparison of the MicroDrive/Turbo (left) VS CFFA (right). The IIGS on the right has a TWGS installed and is part of the delay when the system is first powered on. However you can see the IIGS boot screen simply enough and can compare between the two.

{{#ev:youtube|Wjy6_qnTnv0|400|right|Apple II Mass Storage Mega Roundup|frame}}
On August 13, 2016 Joe Strosnider from the YouTube channel "[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCyfwZvTPPJV4peBHupd6Ckw Joe's Computer Museum]" posted a review of several Mass Storage options for the Apple II, and the MicroDrive/Turbo was among them. He gives some very good feedback regarding the differences between the boards, and how the MicroDrive/turbo performs under real world conditions.

== Support: Backing Up - Setup Utility ==
'''The first thing you should do before using your MicroDrive/Turbo is to make a backup of the MicroDrive/Turbo Setup Utility.''' Without this Utility you will be unable to re-setup your CF Card should it crash or you accidentally format it. It is advised to copy the Setup Utility to a backup floppy and keep it in a safe place. To backup the Utility:

* Upon booting the MicroDrive/Turbo you will be taken to Volume 1 which holds the ProDOS 8 utilities.
* You will see menu item named "COPYIIPLUS9.1". Using the arrow keys highlight the item and press Enter.
* Press the letter "C" to select "COPY", and the letter "F" for "FILES".
* Use the arrow keys to select the Slot where you installed the MicroDrive/Turbo, and "Drive 1". Press Enter.
* Use the arrow keys to select the Slot and Drive where your backup floppy is located. Press Enter.
* You will see a folder named "MICRODRIVE". Using the arrow keys highlight the folder and press Enter.
* You will see a file called "MICRODRV.SETUP". Using the arrow keys highlight the file and press Enter.
* Press the letter "G" to start the copy process.

Note: This assumes your Floppy Disk is preformatted with ProDOS. If not then you can use Copy II Plus to also format the Disk.

== Support: IIGS Installation ==
When installing the MicroDrive/Turbo in your Apple IIGS a few things need to first be taken into consideration. For example, will you want to primary boot the MicroDrive/Turbo, your Floppy Drives, or other bootable devices installed in your system? For most installations users will want to boot primary to the MicroDrive/Turbo. In this case we recommend installing the MicroDrive/Turbo in Slot 7. And when you want to boot to the Floppy Drives hold
down the "ESC" key on boot. This allows the IIGS to "skip" booting the MicroDrive/Turbo and move on to checking the Floppy Drives or other bootable devices in lower numbered Slots.

For other configurations, the good news is that the Apple IIGS allows a lot of flexibility when it comes to booting. You will need to decide however what is the best to meet your needs. If not installing the MicroDrive/Turbo in Slot 7, then we usually recommend Slot 2. However by default the IIGS is set to use Slot 2 for a Modem. Since most users no longer use a Modem, Slot 2 is a good choice. However the default setting in the IIGS will need to be changed in order for the MicroDrive/Turbo to work.

To edit the settings or change the way your IIGS boots you will need to enter the Control Panel. There are a couple of ways to do this:
* Hold down the "Option" key on the keyboard and power on the IIGS. Select "1" for the Control Panel.
* Power on the IIGS and at anytime hold down the "Open Apple" and "Control" keys, then press the "ESC" key. Press "Enter" to select Control Panel.
Once in the Control Panel use the "Arrow" keys to select the "Slots" menu and press "Enter".

Most IIGS systems will be set to the default configuration, denoted by the "check mark" on the left of the option. Use the "Up" or "Down" arrow keys to select an option, then "Left" or "Right" arrow keys to set the option. Be sure to press "Enter" when done to save any changes.

For example, there is nothing needed '''to use the MicroDrive/Turbo in Slot 7'''. It is already defaulted to "Your Card". There is also no need to change the "Startup" option if it is set to "Slot 7" or "Scan".

If however you want '''to use the MicroDrive/Turbo in Slot 2''' you will need to change the Slot setting to "Your Card". And if you would like the IIgs to boot the MicroDrive/Turbo in Slot 2 then you will also need to change the "Startup" option to "Slot 2". Be sure to press "Enter" when done to save any changes.

The "Startup" option in the Control Panel allows you to control how the IIGS checks for bootable devices when powered on. "Scan" will tell the IIGS to look from Slot 7 to Slot 1. Selecting "Slot [X]" will tell the IIGS to ONLY boot that Slot. If no bootable devices are found then the IIGS will report "Check startup device!" You can however tell the IIGS to boot from another Slot by breaking into BASIC (hold down the "Control" key and press the "Reset" key), then type "PR#X" and press the "Enter" key. "X" is the Slot number.

Note: The MicroDrive/Turbo allows the IIGS to "skip" trying to boot it by holding down the "ESC" key on boot.

== Support: //e Installation ==
When installing the MicroDrive/Turbo in your Apple //e a few things need to first be taken into consideration. For example, will you want to primary boot the MicroDrive/Turbo, your Floppy Drives, or other bootable devices installed in your system? For most installations users will want to boot primary to the MicroDrive/Turbo. In this case we recommend installing the MicroDrive/Turbo in Slot 7. And when you want to boot to the Floppy Drives hold down the "ESC" key on boot. This allows the //e to "skip" booting the MicroDrive/Turbo and move on to checking the Floppy Drives or other bootable devices in lower numbered Slots.

If however you install the MicroDrive/Turbo in another Slot then it may not boot and depends on what other bootable devices are installed in your //e. You can however tell the //e to boot to another Slot by breaking into BASIC if needed (hold the "Control" key and press the "Reset" key), then type "PR#X" and press the "Enter" key. "X" is the Slot number.

Note: The MicroDrive/Turbo allows the IIGS to "skip" trying to boot it by holding the "ESC" key on boot.

== Support: Trouble Shooting ==
Here are some tips on where to start if you experience any issues with your MicroDrive/Turbo (MDT) or any cards in your Apple II system.

First and foremost - ALWAYS always worth mentioning be sure to observe correct ESD protection when handling or touching electronics or you will damage and weaken ICs. It would be great if a damaged IC failed instantly. However that's rarely the case. ESD damage usually eats away at the gates inside an IC, can cause timing issues, and the IC to run hotter than designed for. This causes the IC to operate unreliably. And the worse kind of issue to diagnose is an inconsistent one. So please always use a grounded wrist strap and even a static mat when working on your IIgs. ReActivceMicro sees quite a few systems with weak or damaged bus transceivers (LS/HCT245) and can usually repair the motherboards, and ESD damage is the primary suspect for the ICs needing to be replaced. ALWAYS observe correct ESD protection when handling or touching electronics. However before suspecting the Apple II, let's retest the MDT in-system.

Start with cleaning the MDT's edge connector (slot connector end with the gold fingers). A pencil eraser is a good device for cleaning. You could also use some 95+ alcohol and a paper towel. When clean all the fingers should be about the same color and brightness. Any which appear to be dull or darker than the rest need to be recleaned as they could have some residue on them from manufacturing. This could cause connection issues with the slot.

Next, check your outlet power. Check to make sure the outlet is wired correctly. ReActiveMicro receives about 5 support emails a year from users with MDT issues who all swear their power is fine and there's no power or wiring issues. After much debate and discussion Support usually sends an outlet tester to which they finally check the outlet and discover there's a wiring fault and the cause of most or all of their past issues. The older original PSUs don't seem to mind a wiring issue, however the new ones ReActiveMicro sells will produce all kinds of issues if an outlet is incorrectly wired. So we ask that users check their outlets with a multimeter or outlet tester (eBay for under $10 delivered) to make sure issues are not power related. As another good way to check is to run a power cord from your bathroom or kitchen GFCI outlet and retest your II for a while, as these outlets have be to wired correctly in order to turn on. This is a simple way to help rule out a power issue and highly recommended in all testing situations where power is suspect.

Next we ask that you run the Read Write test software for the MDT. It's under the Utils folder, in the Microdrive folder, called TURBO.RW.TEST. It's a system file so you can use the ProDOS selector to run it. Let the test run for an hour or two. This should confirm the MDT is running well. If the test randomly fails or stops during this time then this might suggest an issue with Apple II. You can also try performing the 'twist test' and 'wiggle test' with the MDT during this time and see if the board fails. Tap and wiggle the IDE to CF Adapter and CF Card. See if the test stops and reports an error. If so then reseat the Adapter and CF Card several times to clean the connectors. The MDT should work well however, and you should be able to bend/stress the card slightly and press on the ICs while the test is running without any issues (assuming your slot is good). Too much pressure or shaking can cause the card to lose contact with the slot. So don't be too aggressive, but you'd be surprised at the amount of pressure and bumps you can apply without issues. Which is perfect to make sure it's no a connection issue. And 'twisting' the card helps confirm there isn't a cold solder joint. Again, don't be too aggressive, but you should be able to a decent amount of force to stress the board ends in both clockwise and counter clockwise directions. If the board fails during this test then it might suggest a cold solder joint.

Lastly, clean the card with some degreasor and an old toothbrush. Be sure to pull the firmware ROM and remove the CF to IDE Adapter before cleaning. Only clean the MDT board without the ROM installed. A good solvent like Brakleen is best. This also dries residue free. Rinse well with cleaner too. Use plenty of cleaner and mainly brush the small square IC in the middle of the board in all directions for at least 1 minute. Work the toothbrush in to the small pins with a combing action. The more brushing the better, and the more solvent used the better. Also clean inside the firmware ROM socket well. Brush around the surface mount pins where they connect to the PCB as best you can. You can also use 95+ alcohol and a toothbrush. However you'll need to rinse the card in water to fully clean it. Distilled water is best. Tap water is usually fine too. Be sure to tap the card's edges well on a hard surface to get the water out from under the ICs, and then use a hair dryer to fully dry the card for 5-10 mins. You can also leave the board out overnight to air dry, however this usually isn't needed. Canned or compressed air also works well do help get water out from under the ICs and dry the board.

If the MDT passes the twist and bump tests but fails randomly then it could be related to the IIgs. ReActiveMicro will usually send another MDT so users can retest locally to help confirm it's the II or the MDT. If the new MDT board also fails then it's your IIgs system which is the issue. Which at that point you may want to consider sending us your motherboard for additional confirmation testing and we can replace the bus transceivers if needed then send back to you for additional local testing. This kind of repair is about $100 however, and really should be a last resort effort. So let's see what the first few tests show us before pointing fingers at the IIgs motherboard.

When using the MicroDrive/Turbo with other expansion cards that utilize DMA, it may be helpful to try running the MicroDrive/Turbo with DMA disabled if your system is behaving erratically. For example, as of late 2020, several users report erratic freezes of the VidHD when it and MicroDrive/Turbo are both utilizing DMA. Hopefully, a future revision of the VidHD firmware will repair any incompatibility.

== Support: Backing Up - CF Card ==
One important feature of the MicroDrive/Turbo the ability to remove the CF Card and use CiderPress to back up the Volumes on it. To do this you will need to have installed CiderPress on your PC or Mac running a Windows emulator, and a CF Card Reader.

See [[MicroDrive/Turbo#Support:_CiderPress|"Support: CiderPress"]] below for the download link and continued instructions on how to use it to backup the CF Card.

For 32Meg volume images or whole CF Card images visit the [https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/32_Meg_Hard_Drive_Image 32 Meg Hard Drive Image page] and the [[#Documentation.2C_Files.2C_and_Software|download links]] below.

== Support: Using the Setup Utility ==
Installation: The MicroDrive/Turbo comes pre-setup. Just install in any Slot. We however recommend Slot 7 if possible since you will most likely want to boot from the MicroDrive/Turbo much more often than your Floppies. And when you want to boot to a Floppy:
* On boot, press and hold the ESC key. This will bypass the MicroDrive/Turbo on boot.

Note: IIGS users may need to make a change to Slot settings in the Control Panel. To access the Control Panel first boot the IIGS. Then press and hold down the Open Apple key, Control key, and then press the ESC key.

===Setup Utility===
Be sure to backup the MicroDrive/Turbo Setup utility to floppy! This disk will be for backup purposes or if you need to setup a new CF Card.
* Upon booting the MicroDrive/Turbo you will be taken to Volume 1 which holds the ProDOS 8 utilities.
* You will see a folder named "SHRINK.IT". Using the arrow keys to highlight the folder and press Enter.
* You will now see a file called "SHRINK.IT.V3.4". Press Enter to execute it.
* Press the letter "O" to open an archive. The "MICRODRV.IIE.S1" is for a 5.25” disk, and "MICRODRV.TURBO" is for a 3.5” disk. Select one and press Enter twice.
* Next select the Drive on which to write.
* When done be sure to boot the disk and run the Setup utility to make sure it restored correctly.
* Repeat the above process if needed.
* Done!

Note: If you require a Setup utility disk be mailed to you, there will be a charge. Please email [http://store.reactivemicro.com/contact-us/ ReActiveMicro Support] for details and pricing.

===Check The DMA Setting===
It is advised to check the DMA setting in the Setup utility to make sure it is set correctly. Usually there isn't any issue, however you can experience data corruption or loss if the setting is not correct.
* Upon booting the MicroDrive/Turbo you will be taken to Volume 1 which holds the ProDOS 8 utilities.
* You will see a folder named "MICRODRIVE". Using the arrow keys highlight the folder and press Enter.
* You will now see a file called "MICRODRV.SETUP". Press Enter to execute it.
* Press the letter "D" to select "DMA Mode". If it's set currently to your Apple II, then you are finished. If not, then continue to the next step.
* Press Enter to change the setting. For //e users select "Enable".
* Press the letter "W" to select "Write Configuration".
* Press Enter, then the letter "W" to save the new configuration.
* Done!

Note: Set DMA Mode To "Disable" to see how much slower your system would be using a non-DMA Mass Storage Device.

===The Pre-setup and Pre-loaded CF Card===
The MicroDrive/Turbo comes with a pre-setup CF Card which has 4 ProDOS Volumes on it. The CF Card comes pre-loaded the same for the IIGS or //e.
* Volume 1 has ProDOS 8 Utilities loaded on it and is bootable into ProDOS 8.
* Volume 2 has GS/OS v6.0.1 loaded on it and is bootable. You will need at least 1Meg of RAM in order to RUN GS/OS or you will be forced to exit.
* Volume 3 had DOS.MASTER loaded on it and is bootable into ProDOS 8 which loads BASIC. You will see a folder called DOS.MASTER.
* Volume 4 is formatted in ProDOS and is not bootable.

You can setup more volumes on the CF Card if you wish, however you will quickly run out of "Slots" under ProDOS 8. ProDOS maps each Volume to a Slot and Drive, the same as what is done with the Floppy Drives. So the current 4 Volumes take up 2 Slots, which have 2 Drives each. If you don't have many peripheral cards in your Apple II then adding more Volumes may not pose an issue. However users which have other devices in Slots which get a Volume mapped to them may not be able to use the card or the Volume. You have been warned.

====Boot To Other Volumes====
The MicroDrive/Turbo comes set to boot to Volume 1 by default. You can however temporary boot to other Volumes on the CF Card.
* Hold down the "Open Apple" key when powering on the Apple II. This will pause the MicroDrive/Turbo's splash screen.
* Lastly press the corresponding Volume's number key, and the MicroDrive/Turbo will boot to that Volume.

You can also use the Setup utility to make booting to another Volume the current setting.
* Upon booting the MicroDrive/Turbo you will be taken to Volume 1 which holds the ProDOS 8 utilities in a folder named "UTIL".
* You will see folder named "MICRODRIVE". Using the arrow keys highlight the folder and press Enter.
* You will now see a file called "MICRODRV.SETUP". Press Enter to execute it.
* Press the letter "B" to select "Default Boot Volume".
* Press Enter to change the setting to the desired NEW boot Volume.
* Press the letter "W" to select "Write Configuration".
* Press Enter, then the letter "W" to save the new configuration.
* Done!

====Adding Volumes To CF Card====
To add more Volumes to your CF Card.
* Upon booting the MicroDrive/Turbo you will be taken to Volume 1 which holds the ProDOS 8 utilities.
* You will see a folder named "MICRODRIVE". Using the arrow keys to highlight the folder and press Enter.
* You will now see a file called "MICRODRV.SETUP". Press Enter to execute it.
* Press the letter "E" to select "Partition Editor". You will immediately be taken to the "Partition Table" area on the right side of the screen.
* Press the letter "A" to add a new Volume. Note: Press the "?" key for available commands.
* Press and hold both "Apple" keys, then press the "Right Arrow" key. The "Blk Size" and "Dec/Hex" column values will start to change.
* Keep pressing the "Right Arrow" key till the "Blk Size" reads "$010000". Release the "Apple" keys.
* Press the "Left Arrow" key once. The "Blk Size" should now read "$00FFFF".
**Note: ProDOS can only use UP TO 32Megs of space. "$00FFFF" is 32Meg in Blocks. You can create volumes larger then 32Megs however you will may not be able to use them.
**'''Press the letter "D" to delete any volumes or to start over.'''
**Press the letter "Q" twice if you DO NOT want to save your changes and exit.
**Repeat the above steps if you want to add more Volumes.
* Press Enter, then the letter "W" which selects "Write Configuration" to save the new configuration.
* Done!

Note: Don't forget you will need to format any new Volumes before they can be used to store anything.

===Deleting Volumes From CF Card===
To add more Volumes to your CF Card.
* Upon booting the MicroDrive/Turbo you will be taken to Volume 1 which holds the ProDOS 8 utilities.
* You will see a folder named "MICRODRIVE". Using the arrow keys highlight the folder and press Enter.
* You will now see a file called "MICRODRV.SETUP". Press Enter to execute it.
* Press the letter "E" to select "Partition Editor". You will immediately be taken to the "Partition Table" area on the right side of the screen.
* Use the "Arrow" keys to select the Volume you want to delete.
* Press the letter "D" to delete the Volume.
**Press the letter "Q" twice if you DO NOT want to save your changes and exit.
**Repeat the above steps if you want to add more Volumes.
* Press the letter "W" to select "Write Configuration".
* Press Enter, then the letter "W" to save the new configuration.
* Done!

===Setting Up a New CF Card===
To use a new CF Card (or one that has been accidentally formatted on your PC) you must first partition it. However if you do not have an existing bootable CF Card or a backup of the MicroDrive/Turbo Setup Utility on Floppy Disk then you will need to contact Support (see above) in order to obtain a new CF Card which is preloaded, or a Diskette with the Setup Utility.

If you have the Setup Utility then see [[#Adding Volumes To CF Card]] above.

== Support: Need to Add/Complete ==
Format issues with C2+

Using a Second CF Card Slot:

Copy files.

== Support: CiderPress - Backing Up and Restoring ==
Please visit http://a2ciderpress.com to download and install CiderPress for Windows. CiderPress can be run on a Mac using emulation (e.g., Parallels Desktop of VMWare Fusion) or using a WINE-based emulation (e.g., http://retrocomputingaustralia.com/rca-downloads/ -- thanks to Michael Mulhern for his efforts and hosting). However, WINE-based emulators are unable to access CF Card Readers so can't be used for this utility. 
Note: There is a Mac based project being developed to allow the access of the MDT CF Card. You can find the project here: https://github.com/disappearinjon/microdrive

Your PC will also require a CF Card Reader so you can access the CF Card.

Backing Up A CF Card: To backup a Volume on a CF Card:
*Insert the CF Card into your Reader. Allow a few seconds for it to be recognized by your OS. '''DO NOT format the Card if prompted!'''
*Open CiderPress.
*Click on the "Tools" menu and select "Volume Copier (open volume).
*Select “Physical Disk X”. X is the disk number. Click the "OK" button to continue.
Note: Users with a Computer that has more than one Hard Drive or CF Reader will have to determine exactly which Drive the CF Card Reader to be used is. In most cases it will be “1”. The size of the CF Card should also be displayed in the "Remarks" column.
*All Volumes will now be listed. Select the volume you wish to backup and click the "Copy to file" button.
*You will now be asked where to save the backup file. Select a location and a name then press the "Save" button.
*CiderPress will now start to read the Volume and save it to your PC. When it is done the popup progress window will close.
**Optional: You can now select other Volumes to backup if desired.
*Done!

Note: You could also use a utility to backup the whole CF Card like [http://hddguru.com/software/HDD-Raw-Copy-Tool/ HDD Raw Copy]. CiderPress however has the advantage of being able to open and utilize the backup Images it creates. So in the future you could copy files from the Images or access data if needed. You would not need to fully restore the Image as with other backup programs. Some Emulators can also access and use the Image files too. Raw Disk Copiers like HDD Raw Copy can however be useful if you would like to quickly duplicate a CF Card as it will copy the Partition information unlike CiderPress. So you do not need to run the MicroDrive/Turbo Setup Utility before restoring the HDD Raw Copy Image. This could be a useful backup method should the Setup Utility backup disk you made (see [[#Support: Backing Up - Setup Utility|"Support: Backing Up - Setup Utility"]] above) ever becomes damaged, lost, or unusable.

Restoring A Backup Image To A CF Card: To restore a Volume:
*Insert the CF Card into your Reader. Allow a few seconds for it be recognized by your OS. '''DO NOT format the Card if prompted!'''
*Open CiderPress.
*Click on the "Tools" menu and select "Volume Copier (open volume).
*Select “Physical Disk X”. X is the disk number.
Note: Users with a Computer that has more than one Hard Drive or CF Reader will have to determine exactly which Drive the CF Card Reader to be used is. In most cases it will be “1”. The size of the CF Card should also be displayed in the "Remarks" column.
*Uncheck the "Open as read-only" option above the "OK" button.
WARNING: Data on your Volumes can now be over-written. Be careful, and make sure to select the correct Volume!
*Click the "OK" button to continue.
*All Volumes will now be listed. Select the volume you wish to restore an image to and click the "Load from file" button.
*Select the image file and click the "Open" button.
*CiderPress will prompt you to make sure you want to overwrite a Volume if there is data there, and you need to confirm "OK" to continue. If it is blank it will start loading the image.
**You can load multiple images if you wish.
*Done!

== Support: CiderPress - Copying Files ==
Copy A File TO The CF Card:
*Insert the CF Card into your Reader. Allow a few seconds for it be recognized by your OS. '''DO NOT format the Card if prompted!'''
*Open CiderPress.
*Click on the "File" menu and select "Open Volume...".
*Select “Physical Disk X”. X is the disk number. Click the "OK" button to continue.
Note: Users with a Computer that has more than one Hard Drive or CF Reader will have to determine exactly which Drive the CF Card Reader to be used is. In most cases it will be “1”. The size of the CF Card should also be displayed in the "Remarks" column.
*Uncheck "Open as read only" and click the "OK" button.
*All Volumes and folders will now be listed. Locate the volume, and folder if desired, in which you wish to place the copied file.
**Roots of Volumes can be identified by the double name such as "MDVOL1::MDVOL1" for example.
**Folder and files can be identified by the name AFTER the ":" and the info listed in the "TYPE" column.
*Right click on the location, then select "Add Files...".
*Browse to the file's location, select any desired options, then click the "OK" button.
*You will now see the file located on the CF Card.
*Repeat as desired to add more files.
*Done!

Copy A File FROM The CF Card:

*Insert the CF Card in to your Reader. Allow a few seconds for it be recognized by your OS. '''DO NOT format the Card if prompted!'''
*Open CiderPress.
*Click on the "File" menu and select "Open Volume...".
*Select “Physical Disk X”. X is the disk number. Click the "OK" button to continue.
Note: Users with a Computer that has more than one Hard Drive or CF Reader will have to determine exactly which Drive the CF Card Reader to be used is. In most cases it will be “1”. The size of the CF Card should also be displayed in the "Remarks" column.
*All Volumes and folders will now be listed. Locate the volume, and folder if needed, in which the file wish to copy is located.
**Roots of Volumes can be identified by the double name such as "MDVOL1::MDVOL1" for example.
**Folder and files can be identified by the name AFTER the ":" and the info listed in the "TYPE" column.
*Right click on the location, then select "Extract...".
*Browse to the location you wish to copy the file to, select any desired options, then click the "OK" button.
*You will now see the file located where you selected.
*Repeat as desired to copy more files.
*Done!

== Support: Command line tool on Mac OS to manipulate a MicroDrive/Turbo disk or image ==

For a long time now Mac OS users have struggled in dealing with ProDOS formatted CF Card. CiderPress is a native Windows program and requires a full emulator like Parallels Desktop or VMWare Fusion.

Jon Lasser contacted Henry and started to discuss the issues with CiderPress on the MAC and how he might be able to create a simple but powerful program. It would allow access to the ProDOS formatted CF Card, as CiderPress does. However it will run natively on the MAC platform. We are more than glad to help Jon with his efforts in any way we can.

You can read more about Jon’s project here at his own blog:
https://twoideas.org/2020/01/02/the-joys-of-retrocomputing-also-announcing-a-microdrive-turbo-image-tool/

As of the time of this writing (end of 2020), Jon Lasser's tool is a solid option for backing up and restoring CF cards formatted with ProDOS and for copying images. Use of the Terminal is required and some familiarity with using Mac OS in this way is important. This is a great step forward.

== Support: Using Mechanical Hard Drives ==
It is possible to use old mechanical Hard Drives on the MicroDrive/Turbo however Compact Flash is a much better solution. As noted in "[[#Features|Features]]" above: "[Compact Flash is] readily available, inexpensive, low power, noiseless, shock proof, removable, and last almost forever - things that can't be said about mechanical Hard Drives."

Steps to install and use a mechanical Hard Drive:
*First, remove the IDE to CF Adapter. The unit should just slide off when pulled. Be careful to not bend any pins on the IDE male header.
*Next, install a 40-pin IDE Cable.
*Next, if needed set your IDE Hard Drive to the correct "Primary" or "Secondary" setting.
*Finally, install the Hard Drive onto the IDE Cable.

'''Note:''' If the Hard Drive is powered from a secondary Power Supply you need to adhere to the following in order for all to work correctly:
*The GS has to be turned on '''first'''. The Power Supply to the Hard Drive is then turned on '''second'''. Wrong order and the drive may not spin up.
*The two Power Supplies must have a common ground. Without this the MicroDrive/Turbo may not see the Hard Drive.
*Be warned that most newer MicroDrive/Turbo boards have +5v connected to pin Pin 20 of the IDE Connector. Be sure to use a cable which DOES NOT have a cable pin connected, or you cut the cable pin.

== Support: Using ADTPro, Uthernet, and MicroDrive/Turbo Together ==
An incompatibility exists in ADTPro versions 2.0.2 and earlier where ADTPro's Uthernet initialization interferes with the operation of the MicroDrive/Turbo running IIGS firmware. To be specific, if the MicroDrive/Turbo is in a slot number '''lower''' than the Uthernet or Uthernet II, ADTPro will not start . Even if you create and save an ADTPro Uthernet configuration to specify an Uthernet slot using a different computer, it still won't work. There are a number of solutions available:
# Use a version greater than 2.0.2 of ADTPro
# Move your MicroDrive/Turbo to a slot '''higher''' than your Uthernet or Uthernet II card (typical slots are 3 for Uthernet, and 7 for MicroDrive/Turbo)
# Use the //e version of firmware in your MicroDrive/Turbo.

== Support: Running The Preinstalled Games ==
With the CF Card that comes with the MicroDrive/Turbo you will find a "IIE GAMES" and a "GS GAMES" folder, which is part of the "[https://archive.org/details/TotalReplay Total Replay]" distribution. If you try to run the games you will receive an error message of "FILETYPE MISMATCH". First, run "BOOT.SYSTEM" which is a menu system for running the games correctly. Then select and run the game of your choice.

== Self Powered IDE to CF Adapters ==
The MicroDrive/Turbo sold by ReActiveMicro comes with a self powered IDE to CF Adapter with a pre-setup CF Card. They did not sell boards with mechanical HDDs. "Self powered" refers to the IDE to CF Adapter which uses power supplied on Pin 20 of the IDE connector and does not require an external power source. This means the Apple II can supply power to the CF Card and no other power source is needed.

Boards from 2006 to mid 2008 will have +5v connected to Pin 20 of the IDE Connector in the form of a small jumper wire on the rear of the board. Later boards have a small trace added to the face, left side of the board. Over the years some users insisted on trying to install the CF Adapter backwards which would cause a short and burn the added trace from the board. So all boards from late 2017 and on have a fuse added to the small trace for added protection. The pic below on the right with the fuse is a good example of what the added trace looks like and where it is located.

<gallery class="center" widths=300px heights=200px caption="IDE Pin 20 Power Mods">
File:MicroDrive-Turbo-Back-PowerMod1.jpg|Pre-2008 MicroDrive/Turbo With Flywire Power Mod and Self Powered CF Adapter
File:MicroDrive-Turbo-Face-PowerMod2.jpg|2018 MicroDrive/Turbo With "F1" Fuse and Self Powered CF Adapter
</gallery>

== Support: Installing Firmware ==
[[Image:MicroDrive-Turbo_-_Firmware_Install.jpg|thumb|ROM Location And Where To Pry To Remove]]
The MicroDrive Turbo usually comes pre-setup for IIe or IIGS use. This is determined by the Firmware ROM which is installed on the card. The ROM is the small square IC on the upper right of the card. It is the only IC in a socket.

You can use the IIe Firmware in an IIe and IIGS, however it is quite slow in a IIGS compared to the IIgs Firmware. You cannot use the IIGS Firmware in a IIe as it will cause the IIe to crash to Monitor.

The //e Firmware ROM is usually marked with a label that has "II" written on it. This isn't the best way to check which firmware in on the MicroDrive Turbo as the label could have been removed or fallen off. If your MicroDrive/Turbo works in an IIe then the IIe Firmware is installed.

To remove the Firmware ROM you will need a "PLCC Extraction Tool". These can be found on eBay for under $5 usually. You can also use a paperclip, small wire, an awl, small screw driver, or any strong thin implement. Do not pry too hard on the ROM Socket if possible. Reference the picture for the areas on which to pry up.

The new Firmware ROM should be installed in the same orientation with the chip markings facing up. '''Installing the ROM backwards WILL damage it!''' Reference the picture and you will notice one corner of the Socket and ROM are "cut". The other corners are square. There is usually a "DOT" or mark on the case of the IC to help denote which side is which. In the case of the MicroDrive/Turbo we want to make sure the "cut corner" and the "DOT" are facing to the LEFT. The chip markings should be facing up, legible, with the gold Edge Connector (aka - Slot Edge) on the bottom of the MicroDrive Turbo.

<gallery class="center" widths=150px heights=80>
File:Floppy_Icon_514sleeve.svg|MicroDrive-Turbo II, II''plus'', IIe Unenhanced (and IIGS but slow) Firmware|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/2/25/MicroDrive-Turbo-IIe-v1.60b-ROM.bin
File:Floppy_Icon_514sleeve.svg|MicroDrive Turbo IIGS ONLY Firmware|link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/3/33/MicroDrive-Turbo_-_IIgs_v1.00_ROM_-_27512.bin
</gallery>

== Downloadable Files ==
<div class="new_window">
<gallery class="center" widths=150px heights=80 caption="RM MicroDrive-Turbo">
File:PDF_ICON.svg|2024 Manual |link=https://wiki.reactivemicro.com/images/4/4a/MicroDrive_Manual_2024.pdf
<gallery class="center" widths=150px heights=80 caption="MicroDrive-Turbo">
File:RM_Icon_File_Server.svg|Software|link=http://downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/MicroDrive-Turbo/Software/
File:RM_Icon_File_Server.svg|CF Images|link=http://downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/MicroDrive-Turbo/CF_Volume_Images/
File:RM_Icon_File_Server.svg|Assorted Files|link=http://downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/MicroDrive-Turbo/
</gallery>
</div>

[[Category:Hardware]]
[[Category:Apple]]
[[Category:ReActiveMicro Projects]]